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Aversive and non-reward learning in the fire-bellied toad using familiar and unfamiliar prey stimuli

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Current Zoology 2011年第6期57卷 709-716页

作者： ursula DICKE： Antje HEIDORN Gerhard ROTH Brain Research Institute University of Bremen 28334 Bremen Germany

The present study investigated how snapping behavior toward familiar and unfamiliar prey is modified by reward omission and aversive conditioning in the f^re-bellied toad Bombina orientalis. Toads were trained to snap at cricket images by rewarding them with live crickets. The task was learned, and the learning criterion （10 snapping responses within 2 minutes） was reached in all individuals investigated. Subsequent reward omission did not alter the frequency of snapping to the familiar cricket stimulus. Snapping decreased only in some individuals, when a mild foot shock was applied at snapping. However, at presenta- tion of images of hitherto unfamiliar meal worms and foot-shock application at snapping to the stimulus, the majority of toads diminished snapping significantly. Snapping responses decreased more rapidly, when snapping at meal worms was not rewarded or a footshock was applied uncorrelated to the presentation of or snapping at meal worms. These results demonstrate that in toads familiarity and unfamiliarity of prey stimuli are important factors in aversive learning, because well-trained responses to familiar stimuli become immune against reward omission. Furthermore, at presentation of unfamiliar stimuli, omission of reward and un- correlated footshock had a stronger aversive effect than correlated footshock [Current Zoology 57 （6）： 709-716, 2011 ].

关键词： Negative conditioning Food preference Amphibian Bombina orientalis Response extinction

Artificial sweetener sucralose: a possible modulator of autoimmune diseases

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第11期8卷 5123-5125页

作者： Nicolle Kränkel ursula Rauch-Kroehnert Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité Klinik für KardiologieAngiologie und IntensivmedizinCampus Benjamin-Franklin(CBF)12203BerlinGermany DZHK(German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner site BerlinBerlinGermany Friede Springer—Centre of Cardiovascular Prevention@Charité Charité—University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany

In their research article in Nature in March 2023,Fabio Zani and colleagues reported that high concentrations of the zero-calorie artificial sweetener sucralose affected the proliferation and differentiation of T cells toward interferon-γ-producing subsets,with no effect observed for B cells and myeloid cells.1 The publication has raised high hopes in the lay press on a widely available cure for patients suffering from autoimmune diseases.

关键词： autoimmune interferon diseases

Role of classical conditioning in learning gastrointestinal symptoms

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第25期13卷 3430-3437页

作者： ursula Stockhorst Paul Enck Sibylle Klosterhalfen Institute of Psychology General Psychology Ⅱ and Biological Psychology University of Osnabrueck Osnabrueck Germany Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University Hospital Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany

Nausea and/or vomiting are aversive gastrointestinal （GI） symptoms. Nausea and vomiting manifest unconditionally alter a nauseogenic experience. However, there is correlative, quasiexperimental and experimental evidence that nausea and vomiting can also be learned via classical （Pavlovian） conditioning and might occur in anticipation of the nauseogenic event. Classical conditioning of nausea can develop with chemotherapy in cancer patients. Initially, nausea and vomiting occur during and alter the administration of cytotoxic drugs （post-treatment nausea and vomiting） as unconditioned responses （UR）. In addition, 20%-30% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy report these side effects, despite antiemetic medication, when being re-exposed to the stimuli that usually signal the chemotherapy session and its drug infusion. These symptoms are called anticipatory nausea （AN） and/or anticipatory vomiting （ANV） and are explained by classical conditioning. Moreover, there is recent evidence for the assumption that post- chemotherapy nausea is at least partly influenced by learning. Alter summarizing the relevant assumptions of the conditioning model, revealing that a context can become a conditioned stimulus （CS）, the present paper summarizes data that nausea and/or vomiting is acquired by classical conditioning and, consequently, may be alleviated by conditioning techniques. Our own research has focussed on two aspects and is emphasized here. First, a conditioned nausea model was established in healthy humans using body rotation as the nausea- inducing treatment. The validity of this motion-sickness model to examine conditioning mechanisms in the acquisition and alleviation of conditioned nausea and associated endocrine and immunological responses is summarized. Results from the rotation-induced motion sickness model showed that gender is an important moderator variable to be considered in further studies. This paper concludes with a review of the application of the demon

关键词： Cancer patients Classical conditioning Anticipatory nausea and vomiting Post chemotherapynausea Motion sickness Cortisol Tumor necrosisfactor-a Gender

Land Parcel Land Use History as a Key to Site Selectionfor Documenting Soil Contamination Risk: a Case Study from Australian Suburbia

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2005年第4期8卷 257-261,275页

作者： YU Jie ursula Pietrzak Jim Peterson School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering Wuhan University 129 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430079 China 不详

In that orcharding in early to mid twentieth century southeastern Australia involved use of certain heavy metal and As compounds in regular pest control spray procedures, some interest attaches to the possibility that these landparcels are underlain by soils with above background Cu, Pb and As levels. Interpretation of Land cover changes allowed land parcels previously occupied by orchards to be identified in the 1950s through time series air photos. A comparison of soil analysis results referring to soil samples from control sites, and from land parcels formerly occupied by orchardists, shows that contamination (above background) levels of cations in the pesticides can be found in the top 6 cm of former orchard soils. It is clear that digital spatial data handling and culturally informed air photo interpretation has a place in soil contamination studies, land use planning (with particular reference to re development) and in administration of public health.

关键词： aerial photography digital orthophoto image soil contamination soil analysis land-use planning public health

Re-mention of an old neurodegenerative disease:Alzheimer's disease

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2013年第15期58卷 1731-1736页

作者： ZHANG Peng ADAMS ursula YUAN ZengQiang State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Biological Sciences The University of Chicago

Alzheimer's disease(AD),the most common form of neuropsychiatric disorder,is characterized by neuronal degeneration and inexorably progressing dementia,especially in the elderly *** a rapidly aging population in both developed and developing countries,AD has emerged as one of the largest growing problems *** drugs improve the symptoms of AD,but do not have any profound intervention to delay its ***,understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the genes tied to AD will be crucial to the development of therapeutic *** review will summarize the aetiology,pathology,and the evidence for the genetic components in AD,discuss the proposed amyloid cascade and the following tau hyperphosphorylation hypothesises,oxidative stress mediated neuronal cell death,as well as the function of Retromer complex during the developing of *** laboratory's current research progress and the challenges that still remained will be also highlighted.

关键词：神经退行性疾病阿尔茨海默氏症阿尔茨海默氏病 Complex 老年痴呆症神经细胞死亡淀粉样蛋白精神障碍

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment(Moreton Bay, Australia)

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第3期27卷 82-96页

作者： Ronald S.Musenze ursula Werner Alistair Grinham James Udy Zhiguo Yuan Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC) The University of Queensland Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering Design Arts and Technology Makerere University School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Healthy Waterways Ltd.

Surface water methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N20） concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments （Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia）. Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010-2012. Water-air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH4 and N2O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH4 and N2O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH4 varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N2O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH4 fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH4/（m^***） while N20 varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N2O/（m^2-day）. Weighted emissions （t CO2-e） were 63%-90% N2O dominated implying that a reduction in N2O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays＇ greenhouse gas （GHG） budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH4 and N2O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.

关键词： Greenhouse gas emissions Subtropical aquatic systems Bay Methane Nitrous oxide Uncertainty

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)as a useful tool to evaluate the treatment efficacy of positive airways pressure therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS):A pilot study

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2014年第2期7卷 143-152页

作者： Zhongxing Zhang Maja Schneider ursula Fritschi Lsabela Lehner Ramin Khatami Sleep Center Clinic BarmelweidSwitzerland Department of Neurology Uniuersity Hospital Zurich University of ZurichSuitzerland

In obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSA)the periodic reduction or cessation of breathing dueto narrowing or occlusion of the upper airway during slep leads to an impaired cerebral vascularautoregulation that is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk,including ***-tinuous positive airways pressure(CPAP)therapy at night is the most effective treatment forOSA and has been shown to reduce the cardiovascular risk in OSA ***,there is nosuitable bedside monitoring method evaluating the recovery of cerebral hemodynamics duringCPAP ***-infrared spectroscopy(NiRS)is idelly suited for non-invasive monitoringthe cerebral hemodynamics during sleep due to its properties of local measurement,totally sa feapplication and good tolerance to *** this pilot study,we monitored cerebral hemody-namics during standard CPAP therapy at night in thre patients with severe OSA using *** found periodic oscllations in HbO2,HHb,tisue oxygenation index(TO1)and blood volume(BV)associa ted with periodic apnea events without CPAP in all OSA *** osillationswere eliminated under the optimal CPAP pressures in all *** results sugg ested thatthe recovery of cerebral hemodynamics impaired by apnea events can be evaluated by bedsideNIRS measurements in real time during ll night CPAP *** is a usefi bedsidemonitoring tool to evaluate the treatment elicacy of CPAP therapy in patients with OSA.

关键词： Sleep cerebral hemodynamics hemodynamic oscillations bedside monitoring.

Association mapping for root system architecture traits under two nitrogen conditions in germplasm enhancement of maize doubled haploid lines

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The Crop Journal 2020年第2期8卷 213-226页

作者： Langlang Ma Chunyan Qing ursula Frei Yaou Shen Thomas Lübberstedt Department of Agronomy Iowa State UniversityAmes 50010USA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region Maize Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130China

Root system architecture(RSA)contributes to nitrogen(N)uptake and utilization in *** this study,a germplasm enhancement of maize double haploid population of 226 lines genotyped with 61,634 SNPs was used to investigate the genetic basis of RSA under two N levels using a genome-wide association study(GWAS).GLM+PCA,FarmCPU,and MLM models were utilized to balance false positives and false *** total,33 and 51 significant SNP-trait associations were detected under high and low N conditions,*** high N,SNP S9_2483543 was detected by all *** disequilibrium(LD)regions of some SNPs overlapped with the intervals of QTL for RSA and N response that were detected in previous *** particular,several known genes,Rtcs,Rtcl,Rtcl,and Ms44,were located in the LD regions of S1_9992325,S9_151726472,S9_154381179,and S4_197073985,*** the candidate genes identified by this study,GRMZM2G139811,GRMZM2G314898,GRMZM2G054050,GRMZM2G173682,GRMZM2G470914,GRMZM2G462325,GRMZM2G416184,and GRMZM2G064302 were involved in seedling,seed,and root system development or N metabolism in Arabidopsis or *** markers identified in this study can be used for marker-assisted selection of RSA traits to improve nitrogen use efficiency in maize breeding,and the candidate genes will contribute to further understanding of the genetic basis of RSA under diverse N conditions.

关键词： germplasm breeding seedling

In vitro Metabolomic Approaches to Investigating the Potential Biological Effects of Phenolic Compounds:An Update

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2017年第4期15卷 236-245页

作者： ursula Catalan Laura Barrubes Rosa Maria Vails Rosa Soila Laura Rubio Functional Nutrition Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group(NFOC-Salut)Technological Center of Nutrition and Health(CTNS)lnstitut d'lnvestigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili(IISPV)Faculty of Medicine and ttealth SciencesUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReus 43201Spain Food Technology Department Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO CenterLleida 25198Spain

Dietary phenolic compounds （PCs） have been receiving intercst lor their presumcd roles ill disease prevention. However, there is a lack of studies on the underlying molecular mechanisnls. In this regard, in vitro metabolomic approaches are suitable for the investigation o1 the molecular changes in response to PC exposure. Up to date, the biological effects of PCs have only been cxalnined for PCs from rosemary （Rosmarinus officinalis）, olive oil, and reSVCl-atrol using cell-based mctabolomic approach, although transcriptomic and/or proteomic studies have also been conducted in the same in vi[ro cell experiment in some cases. Our integral analysis of the reviewed studies suggest that PCs may be involved not only in basic cellular processes or macro-and micro-nutrient meta- bolism, but also in specific metabolic pathways that have been thoroughly investigated. These modulated pathways could have a clinical impact on neurodegenerativc diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, the in vitro metabolomic approaches provide additional information of the molecular mechanisms involved in disease risk reduction of dietary PCs. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of action of PCs, more metabolomic cell-based studies are nccdcd and testing the physiological conjugated forms of PCs in these cell systems could be of special interest.

关键词： Cell-based Metabolomics Phenolic compounds Mechanism of action Disease prevention