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口罩在医疗和社区环境中对感染的预防作用

英国医学杂志中文版 2016年第1期19卷 37-51页

作者： C raina macintyre Abrar Ahmad Chughtai 王莉洁 School of Public Health and Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 NSW Australia 解放军总医院呼吸内科

口罩被推荐用于预防通过飞沫传播的疾病，呼吸面罩用于呼吸道气溶胶传播的疾病。然而。各指南中有关推荐及所用术语各不相同。近期研究表明，临床实践中飞沫和空气传播的概念比人们以往所认为的更为复杂。关于口罩的一些随机悔床试验在... 详细信息

口罩被推荐用于预防通过飞沫传播的疾病，呼吸面罩用于呼吸道气溶胶传播的疾病。然而。各指南中有关推荐及所用术语各不相同。近期研究表明，临床实践中飞沫和空气传播的概念比人们以往所认为的更为复杂。关于口罩的一些随机悔床试验在社区和医疗环境中已经开展，它们采用包括混合干预（例如口罩和洗手）在内的各种不同的干顸措施，研究结果也各不相同。9个在社区中进行的关于口罩评价的试验中，有8个试验是口罩用于健康人的呼吸系统防护。这些研究发现，若能早期使用口罩且依从性高，戴口罩和洗手可顸防社区感染。在医务工作者中进行的两个试验证明，他们更倾向于佩戴哥吸面罩预防临床哥吸系统疾病。使用可重复刊用的布口罩在全球普遍存在，尤其是在亚洲这样存在新发感染的重点地区，然而并没有临床研究指导布口罩的使用，多数政策也没有提供相关指南。关于口罩的卫生经济学分析非常少，而少数几个已发表的成本效益模型也没有使用的临床疗效数据。各种不同的、甚至相互冲突的政策和指南，正体现了口罩和呼吸面罩相关研究的缺乏。进一步的研究应当着眼于探究口罩抵御特定感染威胁如流感和肺结核的功效，评估布口罩的功效，调查一些常规做法如口罩的重复使用，评价依从性，填补政策空白，并利用悔床疗效评估得出成本效益数据。

关键词：医疗保健防感染设置社区口罩

Independent and Interactive Effects of Environmental Conditions on Aerosolized Surrogate SARS-CoV-2-Beijing,China,June to September 2020

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China CDC weekly 2022年第26期4卷 565-569,I0004,I0005页

作者： Yixin Mao Yueyun Luo Wenda Zhang Pei Ding Xia Li Fuchang Deng Kaiqiang Xu Min Hou Cheng Ding Youbin Wang Zhaomin Dong raina macintyre Xiaoyuan Yao Song Tang Dongqun Xu China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health National Institute of Environmental HealthChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention BeijingChina University of South Carolina ColumbiaSCUSA School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijingChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine Beihang UniversityBeijingChina The Kirby Institute Faculty of MedicineThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia Center for Global Health School of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina

Summary What is already known about this topic?Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity play important roles in the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)via droplets/*** is added by this report?Higher relative humidity(61%–80%),longer spreading time(120 min),and greater dispersal distance(1 m)significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus *** was an interaction effect between relative humidity and spreading *** are the implications for public health practice?The findings contribute to our understanding of the impact of environmental factors on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via airborne droplets/aerosols.

关键词： humidity finding interaction

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中国与澳大利亚医学教育培养模式的比较研究

中华医学教育探索杂志 2015年第1期14卷 1-6页

作者：莫佳瑜孔宪明王春鸣 raina macintyre Joanne Travaglia Chinthaka Balasooriya 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院绩效管理办公室 200127 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院院长办公室 200127 2052 New South Wales AustraliaThe University of New South Wales

中国医疗卫生体制正面临重大改革，医学教育也随之进行了快速调整，以满足我国卫生服务和医药卫生事业发展的需要。然而，医学教育体制的调整以及全国不同地区的学制设置的差异，导致我国医学教育学制和与之相对应学位的定义很难进行国... 详细信息

中国医疗卫生体制正面临重大改革，医学教育也随之进行了快速调整，以满足我国卫生服务和医药卫生事业发展的需要。然而，医学教育体制的调整以及全国不同地区的学制设置的差异，导致我国医学教育学制和与之相对应学位的定义很难进行国际的同步比较，也使我国医学学位和学制很难被国际上许多国家教育部门所理解。结合澳大利亚高等医学教育的理论和实践经验，从招生、学制建设、课程设置和教学模式等方面，与中国的医学教育培养模式进行系统性对比和分析，为完善我国高等医学教育体系提供参考，更为我国医学教育体制与国外成熟体制间的相互参照奠定基础。

关键词：医学教育教育体系培养模式

Filtration efficiency of face masks against aerosolized surrogate SARS-CoV-2 at different social distances

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Science Bulletin 2022年第6期67卷 565-568页

作者： Song Tang Xia Li Pei Ding Yixin Mao Fuchang Deng Yu’e Cha Siqi Zhuang Cheng Ding Jiao Wang Youbin Wang Xiaoning Zhao Rachael M.Jones Biao Kan C.raina macintyre Dongqun Xu Xiaoming Shi China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health National Institute of Environmental HealthChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100021China Center for Global Health School of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166China Section of Ecological Environment&Energy Resources Beijing Institute of MetrologyBeijing 100012China Department of Family and Preventive Medicine School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City 84108USA State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China The Kirby Institute Faculty of MedicineThe University of New South WalesSydney 2052Australia

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is an unpreedented global *** has become clear that COVID-19 is transmitted by virus-containing droplets(>5μm)and aerosols(<5μm),and that all human exhalatory activities(e.g.,breathing,speaking,singing,shouting,coughing,and sneezing)result in the emission of suspended droplets/aerosols of various *** an example,COVID-19 patients exhale millions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)RNA copies into the air per hour[1].SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols play a profound role in disease transmission,as they can linger and remain viable in the air for a long duration(~16 h)[2]and travel a long distance(~4.8 m)due to their smaller size[3].

关键词：过滤效率气溶胶替代物

The Relationship between Human Papillomavirus and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in China—A Review of the Evidence

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2013年第1期3卷 17-34页

作者： Surabhi S. Liyanage Qian Li Yang Zheng Holly Seale Philip J. Crowe Anthony T. Newall Bayzidur Rahman Eva Segelov Chenxu Qu Fanghui Zhao Junfeng Liu Zhanhai Gao Weixian Shi Peng Yang Aye Moa Chandini raina macintyre Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China Department of Cancer Epidemiology Cancer Institute Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Beijing China Department of Medicine St. Vincent’s Hospital Clinical School The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia Department of Surgery Fourth Hospital Shijiazhuang China Department of Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia School of Public Health and Community Medicine The University of New South Wales Medicine The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia

Background: China has one of the highest incidence rates of oesophageal cancer in the world. The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been extensively researched in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with indeterminate results. The majority of these studies have been conducted in the Chinese population. Evidence for a definitive HPV-OSCC association could potentially support prophylactic vaccination in target populations, highlighting the need for ongoing investigation. The aim of this review is to summarise the findings of HPV DNA in OSCC tissue in Chinese subjects, with a view to informing further research in this area. Methods: A systematic literature search of the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, Medline, Embase and PubMed was conducted for all studies in English and Chinese language, examining OSCC tissue for HPV DNA in China. Reference lists of retrieved articles were reviewed and hand searches of relevant, key journals were conducted, to source articles which were not electronically indexed. Sixty-four studies met our selection criteria. Data from case-control and cross-sectional studies were analysed separately for any HPV-OSCC association, using the Epi InfoTM 3.5.3 software program. Results: From all studies conducted in the Chinese population, 2166/5953 (36%) of all OSCC tissue and 478/1684 (28%) of healthy control tissue, tested positive for HPV. We found that 11/16 case-control and cross-sectional studies had a statistically significant crude odds ratio, which supported a potential HPV-OSCC association. The largest study, carried out in the high incidence County of Anyang in Henan Province, reported 207/265 (78%) OSCC tissues testing positive for HPV DNA against 203/357 (57%) controls and had an unadjusted odds ratio of 2.71 (p-value Conclusion: A rigorous meta-analysis would improve interpretation of the data and a well-designed large-scale case-control study is warranted. If a link is found between HPV and OSCC, pro

关键词： Human Papillomavirus Oesophageal Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma HPV Vaccine China

医务人员呼吸道感染影响因素的巢式病例对照研究

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国际病毒学杂志 2011年第5期18卷 129-133页

作者：张奕 Chandini raina macintyre 杨鹏 Holly Seale 王小莉刘文婷 Simon Cauchemez Neil Ferguson 王全意北京市疾病预防控制中心传染病地方病控制所 100013 澳大利亚新南威尔士大学公共卫生和社区医学学院 2052 SW7 2AZ英国帝国理工大学传染病流行病学所

目的探索医务人员在院内感染呼吸道传染病的影响因素，针对性的提出院感防范重点及感染控制改进建议。方法本研究采用巢式病例对照研究的方法。选取北京市东城区和西城区的9家二级以上医院，将符合条件的医务人员作为一个队列，对其医... 详细信息

目的探索医务人员在院内感染呼吸道传染病的影响因素，针对性的提出院感防范重点及感染控制改进建议。方法本研究采用巢式病例对照研究的方法。选取北京市东城区和西城区的9家二级以上医院，将符合条件的医务人员作为一个队列，对其医疗行为进行为期一个月的观察。依据咽拭子病原学检测结粜削定研究对象的呼吸道感染状况，并将他们分为病例组和对照组。通过问卷调查了解并比较肼组人员在职、眦暴露与防护行为等方面的差异。数据分析应用STATA11．0软件完成，危险因素的分析采用非条件Logistic回归。结果共有481名医务人员完成本次研究，随访率为100％。在481名研究对象中有40例经实验室确诊为呼吸道感染，纳入病例组，其他441人纳入对照组。单因素分析显示，医院级别、工作科室、高危操作、接触病人后洗手等四个因素可能与医务人员发生呼吸道感染相关。多因素非条件logistic回归分析发现，共有2个因素进入回归方程，其中从事高危操作（OR=2．42，95％CI1．06～5．50）为发生呼吸道感染的危险因素，接触病人后洗手（OR=0．41，95％CI0．19—0．89）为保护性因素。结论为防止医务人员在院内感染呼吸道传染病，针对其危险因素所采取的干预措施亟待开展。

关键词：医务人员呼吸道感染危险因素巢式病例对照研究

Combinatorial strategies for cancer eradication by silibinin and cytotoxic agents:efficacy and mechanisms

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2007年第9期28卷 1466-1475页

作者： Komal raina Rajesh AGARWAI Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of PharmacyUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences CenterDenverCO 80262USA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of PharmacyUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences CenterDenverCO 80262USA University of Colorado Cancer CenterUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences CenterDenverCO 80262USA

In an effort to develop effective alternative strategies that increase the therapeu-tic efficacy and minimize the systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents,moreefforts are being directed towards the investigation of dietary supplements andother phytotherapeutic agents for their synergistic efficacy in combination withanticancer *** such agent is silibinin,which has shown promisingchemopreventive and anticancer effects in various in vitro and in vivo *** present review summarizes the effects of the combination of silibinin andchemotherapeutic drugs on the growth inhibition,cell cycle regulation,andapoptosis induction in prostate,breast,and lung cancer ***,theresults indicate a synergistic effect of silibinin on growth inhibition,reversal ofchemoresistance,apoptosis induction,and a strong increase in G2-M checkpointarrest when given in combination with these *** results are highlysignificant with respect to the combined chemotherapy approach,wherein thecriteria for combination is that the response has to be synergistic and that thedrugs should not share common mechanisms of resistance and not overlap intheir major side-effects.

关键词： silibinin chemotherapeutic agents combined chemotherapy phytotherapeutic agents

Double-vessel verylate stent thrombosis following Resolute Onyx zotarolimus eluting stents implantation in an octogenarian

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2018年第10期15卷 639-643页

作者： George Kassimis Tushar raina Department of Cardiology Cheltenham General HospitalGloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCheltenhamUnited Kingdom Second Department of Cardiology Hippokration HospitalMedieal SchoolAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece

Compared with bare-metal stents (BMS),drug-eluting stems (DES)have shown better clinical outcomes for pa- tients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by inhibition of neo-intirnal hyperplasia.[1]However,early- generation DES produced late thrombotic events,more than l-year,by delaying arterial healing of stented vessels,[2-5] New-generation DES have been developed'with thinner stent struts,more biocompatible polymer coatings for drug release,and a variety of antiproliferative agents with similar or superior anti-restenotic efficacy.[6]This development has led to a significant improvement in the efficacy and safety of new-generation DES,and consistently lower rates of very late stent thrombosis (VLST).[7,8]In fact,use of new-ge- neration DES is the standard treatment in contemporary PCI practice.[9]

关键词： Double vessel occlusion Myocardial infarction Very late stent thrombosis Zotarolimus eluting stents

Analysis of Dielectric and Electro-optic Responses of Nanomaterials Doped Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Mixture

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2011年第12期27卷 1094-1098页

作者： Neeraj Pankaj Kumar K.K. raina Material Research Laboratory School of Physics and Materials Science Thapar University Patiala 147004 India Department of BIN Fusion Technology Chonbuk National University Jeonju Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea Department of Applied Science Chitkara University Jansala Rajpura Patiala-140401 Punjab India

Dielectric and rotational viscosity measurements of a multi-component ferroelectric liquid crystal mixture were performed by adding a small concentration （0.01 wt%） of silica and multi walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs）. Liquid crystals turn out to be outstanding hosts for nanomaterials. A remarkable increase in the rotational viscosity was noticed in CNT doped system as compared to silica doped same liquid crystal system. Comparison of dielectric studies shows higher value of permittivity and dielectric losses for silica-doped sample than those of CNT doped sample. The results have been interpreted both experimentally and theoretically.

关键词： Ferroelectric liquid crystals Silica nanoparticles Carbon nanotubes Dielectricpermittivity Rotational viscosity