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Social Scale and Collective Computation:Does Information Processing Limit Rate of Growth in Scale?

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Journal of Social Computing 2022年第1期3卷 1-17页

作者： Timothy A.Kohler Darcy Bird david h.Wolpert the Department of Anthropology Washington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164-4910USA Santa Fe Institute Santa FeNM 87501USA Crow Canyon Archaeological Center CortezCO 81321USA Cluster of Excellence ROOTS Christian-Albrechts-UniversitätKiel 24118Germany. Max Planck Institute for the Science of human history Jena 07745Germany the Santa Fe Institute Santa FeNM 87501USA Center for Biosocial Complex Systems Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ 85281USA Complexity Science hub Vienna 1080Austria

Collective computation is the process by which groups store and share information to arrive at decisions for collective *** societies engage in effective collective computation depends partly on their *** arrangements and technologies that work for small-and mid-scale societies are inadequate for dealing effectively with the much larger communication loads that societies face during the growth in scale that is a hallmark of the *** important bottleneck for growth may be the development of systems for persistent recording of information(writing),and perhaps also the abstraction of money for generalizing exchange *** on Shin et al.,we identify a Scale Threshold to be crossed before societies can develop such systems,and an Information Threshold which,once crossed,allows more or less unlimited growth in *** introduce several additional articles in this special issue that elaborate or evaluate this Thresholds Model for particular types of societies or times and places in the world.

关键词： social evolution thresholds model information processing writing demographic scale collective computation

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Surgical Area at the Kara Teaching hospital

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Surgical Science 2024年第2期15卷 48-53页

作者： Tamegnon Dossouvi Tchaa hodabalo Towoezim Efoé-Ga Olivier Amouzou Kokou Kouliwa Kanassoua Irokoura Kassagne Ayi Amavi Abossisso Sakiye Komlan Adabra Ekoué david Dosseh Department of General Surgery Dapaong Regional Hospital Center Dapaong Togo Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology Kara Teaching Hospital Kara Togo Department of General Surgery Kara Regional Hospital Center Kara Togo Department of General Surgery Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital Lomé Togo

Objective: To report the management of skin and soft tissue infections in the surgical area of Kara University hospital in Togo. Material and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022, in the general surgery and orthopedic trauma departments. The study focused on soft tissue infections of the pelvic and thoracic limbs and analyzed epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic, and evolutionary data. Results: We registered 165 patients, comprising 109 men and 56 *** sex ratio (F/h) were 0.51. The mean age was 45 years with extremes ranging from 23 to 90 years. Farmers (64.8%) followed by housewives (34.0%) were the social strata most affected. The consultation period varied between 1 and 90 days. The pathologies found were necrotizing fasciitis (53.3%), erysipelas (18.2%), infected limb wounds (12.1%), pyomyositis (9.7%), and necrotizing dermo-hypodermitis (1.8%). The main procedures performed were necrosectomy and grafting (62.9%), sample necrosectomy (18.8%), drainage (9.7%), and pelvic limb amputation (1.2%). Follow-up was favorable in 86.7% of cases. The study noted a death rate of 13.3% due to septic shock secondary to a delay in consultation. Conclusion: Skin and soft tissue infections were a common reason for surgical hospitalization at Kara University hospital, with a high mortality rate due to delayed consultations.

关键词： Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Necrotizing Fasciitis Erysipelas Emergency

Tantalum pentoxide:a new material platform for high-performance dielectric metasurface optics in the ultraviolet and visible region

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第1期13卷 142-152页

作者： Cheng Zhang Lu Chen Zhelin Lin Junyeob Song Danyan Wang Moxin Li Okan Koksal Zi Wang Grisha Spektor david Carlson henri J.Lezec Wenqi Zhu Scott Papp Amit Agrawal School of Optical and Electronic Information&Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei 430074China National Institute of Standards and Technology GaithersburgMD 20899USA University of Maryland College ParkMD 20742USA National Institute of Standards and Technology BoulderCO 80305USA

Dielectric metasurfaces,composed of planar arrays of subwavelength dielectric structures that collectively mimic the operation of conventional bulk optical elements,have revolutionized the field of optics by their potential in constructing high-efficiency and multi-functional optoelectronic systems on *** performance of a dielectric metasurface is largely determined by its constituent material,which is highly desired to have a high refractive index,low optical loss and wide bandgap,and at the same time,be fabrication ***,we present a new material platform based on tantalum pentoxide(Ta2O5)for implementing high-performance dielectric metasurface optics over the ultraviolet and visible spectral *** wide-bandgap dielectric,exhibiting a high refractive index exceeding 2.1 and negligible extinction coefficient across a broad spectrum,can be easily deposited over large areas with good quality using straightforward physical vapor deposition,and patterned into high-aspect-ratio subwavelength nanostructures through commonly-available fluorine-gas-based reactive ion *** implement a series of highefficiency ultraviolet and visible metasurfaces with representative light-field modulation functionalities including polarization-independent high-numerical-aperture lensing,spin-selective hologram projection,and vivid structural color generation,and the devices exhibit operational efficiencies up to 80%.Our work overcomes limitations faced by scalability of commonly-employed metasurface dielectrics and their operation into the visible and ultraviolet spectral range,and provides a novel route towards realization of high-performance,robust and foundry-manufacturable metasurface optics.

关键词： dielectric optics ultraviolet

Manipulation of the intestinal microbiome-a slow journey to primetime

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第21期11卷 4975-4988页

作者： Ofra Kriger-Sharabi Stephen D h Malnick david Fisher Institute of Gastroenterology Assuta Medical CenterAshdod 7747629Israel Department of Internal Medicine Kaplan Medical CenterRehovot 76100Israel Department of Endocrinology Soroka Medical CenterBeer Sheva POB 151Israel

The gut microbiota has important functions in the regulation of normal body *** of the microbiota are being increasingly linked to various disease *** microbiome has been manipulated via the administration of stool from animals or humans,for more than 1000 ***,fecal microbiota transplantation can be performed via endoscopic administration of fecal matter to the duodenum or colon or via capsules of lyophilized *** recently fecal microbial transplantation has been shown to be very effective for recurrent Clostridoides difficile infection(CDI).In addition there is some evidence of efficacy in the metabolic syndrome and its hepatic manifestation,metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD),irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).We review the current literature regarding the microbiome and the pathogenesis and treatment of CDI,MAFLD,IBS and IBD.

关键词： Gut microbiota Fecal microbiota transplantation Clostridoides difficile Metabolic associated fatty liver disease Irritable bowel syndrome Inflammatory bowel disease

Spatially-resolved relaxor to ferroelectric phase switching in 0.93Na_(1/2)Bi_(1/2)TiO_(3)-0.07BaTiO_(3) ceramics

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Journal of Materiomics 2022年第5期8卷 976-981页

作者： Xi Shi Udo Eckstein Yizhe Li david hall Neamul h.Khansur Department of Materials Science and Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg(FAU)ErlangenGermany Department of Materials University of ManchesterManchesterUK

In situ,spatially-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction was utilized to investigate the electric fieldinduced heterogenous phase transformation of nonergodic relaxor 0.93Na^(1/2)Bi^(1/2)TiO_(3)-0.07BaTiO_(3) ceramics.A Cu electrode was coated on one surface of a rectangular sample by aerosol deposition(AD),while a Pt layer was deposited on the opposite surface by sputter *** is anticipated that a different stress state and/or domain morphology should occur on the AD deposited Cu electrode side due to the particle impact-consolidation deposition *** an electric field,different sample regions,i.e.,AD,Middle,and Sputter sides,showed systematic changes in the relaxor to ferroelectric phase transition *** particular,mostgrains transformed at a sub-coercive field of 0.8 kV/mm,while the majority of thegrains only appeared to undergo transitions at a higher field(2.4 kV/mm).Also,the tetragonal phase became the dominant structure at higher field ***,bothandgrains undergo phase switching at lower fields in the region close to the AD-processed *** study indicates that the AD process-induced stress can facilitate the electric field-induced relaxor to ferroelectric phase transition,i.e.,the AD Cu side showed more significant lattice strain and domain texture than the sputter Pt side.

关键词： Relaxor ferroelectric Synchrotron X-ray diffraction Phase transformation

Extracellular matrix remodelling in obesity and metabolic disorders

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Life Metabolism 2023年第4期2卷 7-21页

作者： Vishal Musale david h.Wasserman Li Kang Division of Systems Medicine School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundee DD19SYUnited Kingdom Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping CenterVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN 37235United States

Obesity causes extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling which can develop into serious pathology and fibrosis, having metabolic effects in insulin-sensitive tissues. The ECM components may be increased in response to overnutrition. This review will focus on specific obesity-associated molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms of ECM remodelling and the impact of specific interactions on tissue metabolism. In obesity, a complex network of signalling molecules such as cytokines and growth factors has been implicated in fibrosis. Increased ECM deposition contributes to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance at least in part through the activation of cell surface integrin receptors and CD44 signalling cascades. These cell surface receptors transmit signals to the cell adhesome which orchestrates an intracellular response that adapts to the extracellular environment. Matrix proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides interact through ligand-specific cell surface receptors that interact with the cytosolic adhesion proteins to elicit specific actions. Cell adhesion proteins may have catalytic activity or serve as scaffolds. The vast number of cell surface receptors and the complexity of the cell adhesome have made study of their roles challenging in health and disease. Further complicating the role of ECM-cell receptor interactions is the variation between cell types. This review will focus on recent insights gained from studies of two highly conserved, ubiquitous axes and how they contribute to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. These are the collagen-integrin receptor-IPP (ILK-PINCh-Parvin) axis and the hyaluronan-CD44 interaction. We speculate that targeting ECM components or their receptor-mediated cell signalling may provide novel insights into the treatment of obesity-associated cardiometabolic complications.

关键词： extracellular matrix fibrosis insulin resistance obesity metabolism

Stress enhances expression of calcium-binding proteins and NMDAR subunit genes in the rat hippocampus

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Neuroprotection 2024年第2期2卷 167-178页

作者： Aravind Parthasarathy Ramesha hanumanthappa Sarojini R.Bulbule Kiran P.C. hemalatha Nanjaiah Gopinath G. Siddaiah B.M. david Muniswamy Devaraju Kuramkote Shivanna Neurochemistry Lab Department of BiochemistryKarnatak UniversityDharwadIndia Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA Department of Zoology Karnatak UniversityDharwadIndia

Backgrounds:Oxidative stress impairs the function of calcium-binding proteins and deregulates calcium signaling in living *** have previously explored the overexpression of calcium-binding protein genes in a reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced in vitro cell model of stress that leads to ***,in in vivo models,low levels of stress leads to depressive-like ***,we aimed to analyze gene expression of major calcium-binding proteins(calcineurin,calmodulin,calsyntenin,synaptotagmin,and calreticulin)and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)receptor subunits(glutamate receptor ionotropic[GluN]GluN1,GluN2A,and GluN2B)in the hippocampus of stress-induced ***:Six-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to two stress induction groups and a control group without stress(n=6).Stress was induced by using h_(2)O_(2)(3%in water)or by immobilization(using a sticky mat)over a period of 30 *** of calcium-binding protein genes in the hippocampus,antioxidant assays,structural alterations in hippocampal neurons,and depressive-like behavior were ***:Expression of genes encoding calcium-binding proteins calcineurin,calsyntenin,synaptotagmin and NMDA receptor subunit GluN1 was enhanced in both chemical and physical stress-induced rats compared with control rats(4.25±0.05 vs.1.03±0.02,phe CA2 region of the hippocampus were fewer and appeared disorganized compared with control ***,stressinduced rats showed decreased mobility and lower sucrose preference in behavioral studies compared with control ***:Lower levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species(RONS)can also lead to stress in rats by affecting their calcium signaling,buffering capacity in the neurons leading to depressive symptoms.

关键词： calcineurin h_(2)O_(2) hippocampus immobilization NMDA receptors

Effects of Working Fluid,Tubeside Enhancement and Bundle Depth on the Optimized Fin Geometry of a horizontal Condenser Tube

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Journal of Thermal Science 1992年第2期1卷 123-129页

作者： h.honda T.fukuda InstituteofAdvancedMaterialStudy KyushyuUniversityKasugaFukuoka818Japan InstituteofAdvancedMateria

A theoretical study has been made to optimize the fin geometry of a horizontal finned tube which is to be used for condensers that handle the vapor load of a liquid phase change cooling module,Systematic numerical calculations of the vapor to coolant heat transfer *** dielctric fluids(R-113,FC-72,and FC-87) at atmospheric pressure were selected as the working *** a single tube with optimized fin geometry,the average heat flux increased in the order of FC-87,R-113 and *** the optimum fin height and optimum fin spacing incresaed with increasing vertical bundle depth.

关键词：冷凝器工作流体叶片最佳形状

Effectiveness of non-pyrimethamine-based regimens for toxoplasma encephalitis:A systematic and meta-synthesis study

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022年第3期15卷 106-113页

作者： david Susanto Arthur h.P.Mawuntu Finny Warouw Windy M.V.Wariki Neurology Department Faculty of MedicineSam Ratulangi University/R.D.Kandou HospitalManadoIndonesia Department of Community Medicine Faculty of MedicineSam Ratulangi UniversityManadoIndonesia

Objective:To examine the differences in effectiveness and side effects between pyrimethamine-based and non-pyrimethamine-based regimens for toxoplasma encephalitis since the availability of pyrimethamine in Indonesia is currently limited due to its withdrawal from the ***:A systematic review and meta-synthesis study that was carried out by following a protocol guided by the Preffered Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis(PRISMA).Effectiveness measures included clinical improvement,mortality,and radiological *** evaluated selected articles narratively because of the limitations of *** risk of bias in RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for RCT(ROB 2.0)and cohort studies were assessed using the Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions(ROBINS-1)*** quality was assessed using the GradePro ***:We included two retrospective cohort studies and one *** outcome assessment in these three studies did not show significant difference in effectiveness between pyrimethamine-based and non-pyrimethamine-based regimens for toxoplasma encephalitis ***,drug side effects were consistently higher in the pyrimethamine-based ***:This study has a high risk of *** quality of the research also has a low recommendation ***,the results may be considered for application if a standard regimen is not available.

关键词： Toxoplasma encephalitis Alternative treatment Without pyrimethamine Systematic review Meta-synthesis