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High Responsivity and Ultra-Low Detection Limits in Nonlinear a-Si:H p-i-n Photodiodes Enabled by Photogating

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Photonic Sensors 2023年第4期13卷 27-38页

作者： Andreas BABLICH maurice mÜller Rainer BORNEmANN Andreas NACHTIGAL Peter HARING BOLÍVAR Institute of Graphene-Based Nanotechnology University of SiegenHölderlinstr.357076 SiegenGermany Institute of High Frequency and Quantum Electronics University of SiegenHölderlinstr.357076 SiegenGermany

Photodetectors operating at the wavelength in the visible spectrum are key components in high-performance optoelectronic *** this work,massive nonlinearities in amorphous silicon p-i-n photodiodes enabled by the photogating are presented,resulting in responsivities up to 744 mA/W at blue *** detectors exhibit significant responsivity gains at optical modulation frequencies exceeding mHz and a more than 60-fold enhanced spectral response compared to the non-gated *** detection limits down to 10.4 nW/mm^(2) and mean signal-to-noise ratio enhancements of 8.5dB are demonstrated by illuminating the sensor with an additional 6.6μW/mm^(2) red ***-optical simulations verify photocarrier modulation due to defect-induced field screening to be the origin of such high responsivity *** experimental results validate the theory and enable the development of commercially viable and complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CmOS)compatible high responsivity photodetectors operating in the visible range for low-light level imaging and detection.

关键词： Photogating amorphous silicon a-Si:H nonlinearity photodetector responsivity gain

Contact tracing-Old models and new challenges

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Infectious Disease modelling 2021年第1期6卷 222-231页

作者： Johannes müller mirjam Kretzschmar mathematical Institute Technical University of MunichBoltzmannstr.385748GarchingGermany Institute for Computational Biology Helmholtz Center Munich85764NeuherbergGermany Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityHeidelberglaan 1003584CXUtrechtthe Netherlands

Contact tracing is an effective method to control emerging infectious *** the 1980’s,modellers are developing a consistent theory for contact tracing,with the aim to find effective and efficient implementations,and to assess the effects of contact tracing on the spread of an infectious *** the progress made in the area,there remain important open *** addition,technological developments,especially in the field of molecular biology(genetic sequencing of pathogens)and modern communication(digital contact tracing),have posed new challenges for the modelling *** the present paper,we discuss modelling approaches for contact tracing and identify some of the current challenges for the field.

关键词： Contact tracing mathematical models

mAPPING PARADIGmS OF EUROPEAN INTERNET REGULATION： THE EXAmPLE OF INTERNET CONTENT CONTROL

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Frontiers of Law in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2018年第3期13卷 329-341页

作者： michael W. mǖller Law Clerk Higher Regional Court of Munich Munich 80335 Germany

The article introduces three of the paradigms used to analyze intemet regulation and applies them to the history of internet content control in Europe. It builds on Thomas Kuhn＇s notion of paradigms and previous works on regulatory theory, defining regulatory paradigms as a ＂shared understanding of the purpose of regulation, of the way of thinking about how regulation works, and of the set of institutional arrangements and instruments through which regulation is conducted.＂ Building on this definition, the prevalent concepts of the paradigms of intemet regulation refer to the intention, mechanisms, and the intensity of regulation. The article discusses these concepts with regard to the regulation of interact content control in Europe and analyzes three paradigm shifts that have taken place since the early days of the intemet. These paradigm shifts concern the responsiveness, differentiation, and intensity of regulation.

关键词： internet regulation internet content control regulatory paradigms

modulation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor activity: the key to successful neural regeneration?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第1期15卷 53-54页

作者： Isabel Gross anja U.Brauer Research Group Anatomy School for Medicine and Health ScienceCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany Research Center for Neurosensory Science Carl von Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany

The central nervous system(CNS)is characterized by a remarkably elaborate cellular architecture comprising large numbers of glial and neuronal cells with enormous functional diversity,organized into highly complex and specific *** development,the various neural cell types must first be correctly specified,then assume their appropriate positions through carefully choreographed cellular migration,and finally establish and refine their functional connections,often over long *** end result of all these processes is an extraordinarily intricate anatomical structure,able to receive,integrate,and store information and orchestrate appropriate responses.

关键词： neural specified finally

Arctic sea-ice extent: No record minimum in 2023 or recent years

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2025年第1期18卷 52-55页

作者： Ola m.Johannessen Tor I.Olaussen Nansen Scientific Society BergenNorway Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center BergenNorway

Arctic sea-ice extent reaches its minimum each year in September. On 11 September 2023 the minimum was 4.969 million square kilometers(***^(2)). This was not a record low, which occurred in 2012, when the minimum was 4.175 ***^(2), 0.794 ***^(2) less than the minimum in 2023. However, the ice extent had decreased by 0.432 ***^(2) compared with 2022. Nevertheless, the summer melting in 2023 was remarkably less than expected when considering the strong heat waves in the atmosphere and ocean, with record temperatures set around the world. In general, there is a high correlation between the long-term decrease in sea-ice extent and the increasing CO_(2) in the atmosphere, where the increase of CO_(2) in recent decades explains about 80% of the decrease in sea ice in September, while the remainder is caused by natural variability.

关键词： Sea ice Arctic minimum ice Climate

Effects of six years of simulated N deposition on gross soil N transformation rates in an old-growth temperate forest

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 644-653页

作者： Peng Tian Jinbo Zhang Christoph müller Zucong Cai Guangze Jin College of Forestry Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040HeilongjiangPeople’s Republic of China School of Geography Sciences Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023People’s Republic of China Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing 210023People’s Republic of China Department of Plant Ecology(IFZ) Justus-Liebig University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 2635392 GiessenGermany School of Biology and Environmental Science University College DublinDublinIreland

Elevated atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has been detected in many regions of China, but its effects on soil N transformation in temperate forest ecosystems are not well known. We therefore simulated N deposition with four levels of N addition rate(N0, N30, N60, and N120) for6 years in an old-growth temperate forest in Xiaoxing’an mountains in Northeastern China. We measured gross N transformation rates in the laboratory usingN tracing technology to explore the effects of N deposition on soil gross N transformations taking advantage of N deposition soils. No significant differences in gross soil N transformation rates were observed after 6 years of N deposition with various levels of N addition rate. For all N deposition soils, the gross NH~+ immobilization rates were consistently lower than the gross N mineralization rates,leading to net N mineralization. Nitrate(NO~-) was primarily produced via oxidation of NH~+(i.e., autotrophic nitrification), whereas oxidation of organic N(i.e., heterotrophic nitrification) was negligible. Differences between the quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not significant for any treatment, which likely explains the lack of a significant effect on gross nitrification rates. Gross nitrification rates were much higher than the total NO~- consumption rates,resulting in a build-up of NO~-, which highlights the high risk of N losses via NO~- leaching or gaseous N emissions from soils. This response is opposite that of typical N-limited temperate forests suffering from N deposition,suggesting that the investigated old-growth temperate forest ecosystem is likely to approach N saturation.

关键词： N deposition Gross soil N transformation Temperate forest ecosystem ^(15)N tracing technology

Extrahepatic complications to cirrhosis and portal hypertension: Haemodynamic and homeostatic aspects

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第42期20卷 15499-15517页

作者： S?ren m?ller Jens H Henriksen Flemming Bendtsen Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear medicine Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research Copenhagen University Hospital University of Copenhagen Gastro Unit Medical Division Hvidovre Hospital Hvidovre Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen

In addition to complications relating to the liver, patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension develop extrahepatic functional disturbances of multiple organ systems. This can be considered a multiple organ failure that involves the heart, lungs, kidneys, the immune systems, and other organ systems. Progressive fibrosis of the liver and subsequent metabolic impairment leads to a systemic and splanchnic arteriolar vasodilatation. This affects both the haemodynamic and functional homeostasis of many organs and largely determines the course of the disease. With the progression of the disease, the circulation becomes hyperdynamic with cardiac, pulmonary as well as renal consequences for dysfunction and reduced survival. Infections and a changed cardiac function known as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy may be involved in further aggravation of other complications such as renal failure precipitatingthe hepatorenal *** with end-stage liver disease and related complications as for example the hepatopulmonary syndrome can only radically be treated by liver *** a bridge to this treatment,knowledge on the mechanisms of the pathophysiology of complications is essential for the choice of vasoactive drugs,antibiotics,drugs with specific effects on fibrogenesis and inflammation,and drugs that target specific receptors.

关键词： Fibrogenesis Splanchnic haemodynamics Inflammation Bacterial translocation Infections Systemic circulation Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy Hepatopulmonary syndrome Portopulmonary hypertension Hepatorenal syndrome Ascites

Autoencoder-based anomaly root cause analysis for wind turbines

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Energy and AI 2021年第2期4卷 57-65页

作者： Cyriana m.A.Roelofs marc-Alexander lutz Stefan Faulstich Stephan Vogt Fraunhofer IEE Konigstor 59Kassel 34119Germany Intelligent Embedded Systems Universitat KasselWilhelmshoher Allee 67Kassel 34121Germany

A popular method to detect anomalous behaviour or specific failures in wind turbine sensor data uses a specific type of neural network called an *** models have proven to be very successful in detecting such deviations,yet cannot show the underlying cause or failure *** information is necessary for the implementation of these models in the planning of maintenance *** this paper we introduce a novel method:*** use ARCANA to identify the possible root causes of anomalies detected by an *** describes the process of reconstruction as an optimisation problem that aims to remove anomalous properties from an anomaly *** reconstruction must be similar to the anomaly and thus identify only a few,but highly explanatory anomalous features,in the sense of Ockham’s *** proposed method is applied on an open data set of wind turbine sensor data,where an artificial error was added onto the wind speed sensor measurements to acquire a controlled test *** results are compared with the reconstruction errors of the autoencoder *** ARCANA method points out the wind speed sensor correctly with a significantly higher feature importance than the other features,whereas using the non-optimised reconstruction error does *** though the deviation in one specific input feature is very large,the reconstruction error of many other features is large as well,complicating the interpretation of the detected ***,we apply ARCANA to a set of offshore wind turbine *** case studies are discussed,demonstrating the technical relevance of ARCANA.

关键词： Anomaly detection Autoencoder Root cause analysis Predictive maintenance Wind turbine Explainable artificial intelligence

Longitudinal monitoring and prediction of long-term outcome of scar stiffness on pediatric patients

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Burns & Trauma 2021年第1期9卷 196-206页

作者： Bettina müller Edoardo mazza Clemens Schiestl Julia Elrod Institute for mechanical Systems Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichLeonhardstrasse 218092 ZurichSwitzerland Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyUeberlandstrasse 1298600 DübendorfSwitzerland Burn Center Division of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryUniversity Children’s Hospital ZurichSteinwiesstrasse 758032 ZürichSwitzerland Children’s Research Center(CRC) University Children’s Hospital ZurichSteinwiesstrasse 758032 ZürichSwitzerland

Background:Hypertrophic scarring after burn injury is one of the greatest unmet challenges in patients with burn injuries.A better understanding of the characteristics of scar maturation and early prediction of the long-term outcome of scarring are prerequisites for improving targeted therapies and pivotal for patient ***:Repeated measurements of scar stiffness in 11 pediatric patients were performed over the course of 1 year using 2 suction devices,the Cutometer and the *** addition,the observer pliability score of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale was *** longitudinal study allowed quantification of the ability of each of the measured parameters to reflect scar maturation,as indicated by change in skin pliability/stiffness,over time(using linear regression);the ability to distinguish individual patients(intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC));the correlation of the devices(Spearman correlation coefficient);and the ability to predict longterm scar maturation based on early scar assessment(using receiver operating characteristic).Results:All the tools used showed significant longitudinal decrease of scar stiffness from 3 months until 12 months after the *** Nimble(ICC_(patient)^(Nimble)=0.99)and the Cutometer(ICC_(patient)^(Cuto)=0.97)demonstrated an excellent ability to distinguish between individual *** Nimble seemed to be able to predict the 12-month pliability of scars based on early(3-month)measurements(area under the curve(AUC)_(12m)^(POSAS)=0.67;AUC_(12m)^(C)=0.46;AUC_(12m)^(N)=0.79).Conclusions:The results of this preliminary study suggest that all 3 tools provide suitable means to quantify alterations in scar stiffness over *** evidence suggests the Nimble is most favorable for predicting changes in stiffness associated with long-term scar *** studies with a larger sample size are required to validate tissue suction as a clinical tool for analysis of changes of scar stiffne

关键词： Pediatric burns Scar maturation POSAS Cutometer Nimble