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Diabetes-inducing effects of bronchial asthma

World Journal of Diabetes 2025年第1期16卷 121-139页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi adel salah bediwy Nermin Kamal Saeed Hosameldin A bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Faculty of Medicine Tanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain

BACKGROUND The relationship between diabetes mellitus(DM)and asthma is complex and can impact disease *** To explore the bidirectional influences between the two conditions on clinical outcomes and disease *** We systematically reviewed the literature on the relationship between DM and asthma,focusing on their impacts,mechanisms,and therapeutic *** studies were assessed,which investigated the effect of glycemic control on asthma outcomes,lung function,and *** study highlighted the role of specific diabetes medications in managing *** The results showed that poor glycemic control in diabetes can exacerbate asthma,increase hospitalizations,and reduce lung ***,severe asthma,especially in obese individuals,can complicate diabetes management and make glycemic control more *** diabetes-associated mechanisms,such as inflammation,microangiopathy,and oxidative stress,can exacerbate asthma and decrease lung *** diabetes medications exhibit anti-inflammatory effects that show promise in mitigating asthma *** The complex interrelationship between diabetes and asthma suggests bidirectional influences that affect disease course and *** and microvascular complications associated with diabetes may worsen asthma outcomes,while asthma severity,especially in obese individuals,complicates diabetes ***,the current research has limitations,and more diverse longitudinal studies are required to establish causal relationships and identify effective treatment strategies for individuals with both conditions.

关键词： Diabetes mellitus Bronchial asthma Glycemic control Lung function Asthma exacerbation Disease interaction Microangiopathy

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Insulin-resistance in paediatric age:Its magnitude and implications

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World Journal of Diabetes 2022年第4期13卷 282-307页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi adel salah bediwy Nermin Kamal Saeed Department of Pediatrics Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511Egypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Chest Disease Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthManama 12Bahrain Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503Bahrain

Insulin resistance(IR)is insulin failure in normal plasma levels to adequately stimulate glucose uptake by the peripheral *** is becoming more common in children and adolescents than *** is a strong association between obesity in children and adolescents,IR,and the metabolic syndrome *** shows marked variation among different races,crucial to understanding the possible cardiovascular risk,specifically in high-risk races or ethnic *** causes of IR include insulin receptor mutations,mutations that stimulate autoantibody production against insulin receptors,or mutations that induce the formation of abnormal glucose transporter 4 molecules or plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 molecules;all induce abnormal energy pathways and end with the development of *** parallel increase of IR syndrome with the dramatic increase in the rate of obesity among children in the last few decades indicates the importance of environmental factors in increasing the rate of *** patients with IR do not develop diabetes mellitus(DM)***,IR is a crucial risk factor to develop DM type-II in *** standards for IR in children are not yet established due to various *** measures of insulin sensitivity include the hyperinsulinemia euglycemic glucose clamp and the insulin-suppression *** model analysis of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and oral glucose tolerance test provide an indirect estimate of metabolic insulin sensitivity/*** main aim of the treatment of IR in children is to prevent the progression of compensated IR to decompensated IR,enhance insulin sensitivity,and treat possible *** are three main lines for treatment:Lifestyle and behavior modification,pharmacotherapy,and *** review will discuss the magnitude,implications,diagnosis,and treatment of IR in children。

关键词： Insulin resistance Children Diabetes mellitus Obesity Genetic Acquired

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Pleural effusion in critically ill patients and intensive care setting

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第5期11卷 989-999页

作者： adel salah bediwy Mohammed Al-Biltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed Hosameldin A bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Chest Diseases Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Chest Diseases University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Chairperson of the Pathology DepartmentSalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 26671Bahrain Microbiology Section Pathology DepartmentRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain Faculty of Medicine Tanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain

Pleural effusion usually causes a diagnostic dilemma with a long list of differential *** studies found a high prevalence of pleural effusions in critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients,with a wide range of variable prevalence rates of up to 50%-60%in some *** review emphasizes the importance of pleural effusion diagnosis and management in patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU).The original disease that caused pleural effusion can be the exact cause of ICU *** is an impairment in the pleural fluid turnover and cycling in critically ill and mechanically ventilated *** are also many difficulties in diagnosing pleural effusion in the ICU,including clinical,radiological,and even laboratory *** difficulties are due to unusual presentation,inability to undergo some diagnostic procedures,and heterogenous results of some of the performed *** effusion can affect the patient’s outcome and prognosis due to the hemodynamics and lung mechanics changes in these patients,who usually have frequent ***,pleural effusion drainage can modify the ICUadmitted patient’s ***,pleural effusion analysis can change the original diagnosis in some cases and redirect the management toward a different way.

关键词： Pleural effusion Intensive care unit Mechanical ventilation Diagnosis Drainage Pigtail catheters

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Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection:Epidemiological and clinical implications

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021年第16期27卷 1716-1727页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Yasser El-Sawaf Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Microbiology Section Pathology DepartmentSalmaniya Medical ComplexManama 12Bahrain Department of Microbiology Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Chest Diseases Tanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Tropical Medicine Tanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Gastroenterology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is a threat worldwide for individuals of all ages,including *** manifestations could be the initial presenting manifestation in many patients,especially in *** symptoms are more common in patients with severe disease than in patients with non-severe *** 48.1%of patients had a stool sample that was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)viral *** typically form 1%-8%of all laboratoryconfirmed cases of *** manifestations of COVID-19 in children are not rare,with a prevalence between 0 and 88%,and a wide variety of presentations,including diarrhoea,vomiting,and abdominal pain,can develop before,with or after the development of respiratory *** manifestations such as appendicitis or liver injury could also appear,especially in the presence of multisystem inflammatory *** this review,we discussed the epidemiology of COVID-19 gastrointestinal diseases in children as well as their implications on the diagnosis,misdiagnosis,prognosis,and faecal-oral transmission route of COVID-19 and the impact of gastrointestinal diseases on the gut microbiome,child nutrition,and disease management.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal diseases Children Dysbiosis Faecal-oral transmission

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Cardiometabolic effects of breastfeeding on infants of diabetic mothers

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World Journal of Diabetes 2023年第5期14卷 617-631页

作者： Reem Elbeltagi Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Department of Medicine Irish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Pediatrics Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511Egypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12Bahrain Department of Microbiology Irish Royal College of SurgeonBahrainBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Chest Diseases Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain

BACKGROUND Breast milk is the best and principal nutritional source for neonates and *** may protect infants against many metabolic diseases,predominantly obesity and type 2 *** mellitus(DM)is a chronic metabolic and microvascular disease that affects all the body systems and all ages from intrauterine life to late *** protects against infant mortality and diseases,such as necrotizing enterocolitis,diarrhoea,respiratory infections,viral and bacterial infection,eczema,allergic rhinitis,asthma,food allergies,malocclusion,dental caries,Crohn's disease,and ulcerative *** also protects against obesity and insulin resistance and increases intelligence and mental *** diabetes has short and long-term impacts on infants of diabetic mothers(IDM).Breast milk composition changes in mothers with gestational *** To investigate the beneficial or detrimental effects of breastfeeding on the cardiometabolic health of IDM and their *** We performed a database search on different engines and a thorough literature review and included 121 research published in English between January 2000 and December 15,2022,in this *** Most of the literature agreed on the beneficial effects of breast milk for both the mother and the infant in the short and long *** protects mothers with gestational diabetes against obesity and type 2 *** some evidence of the protective effects of breastfeeding on IDM in the short and long term,the evidence is not strong enough due to the presence of many confounding factors and a lack of sufficient *** We need more comprehensive research to prove these *** many obstacles that may enface mothers with gestational diabetes to start and maintain breastfeeding,every effort should be made to encourage them to breastfeed.

关键词： Breast milk Breastfeeding Gestational diabetes mellitus Cardiometabolic effects Infants of diabetic mothers Obesity

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COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction:A systematic review

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第22期11卷 5252-5272页

作者： Reem Elbeltagi Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Paediatrics Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Paediatrics University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Paediatrics University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityDr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Pathology DepartmentSalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12ManamaBahrain Microbiology Section Pathology DepartmentThe Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of BahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Chest Disease Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityDr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671ManamaBahrain

BACKGROUND It is common for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection to occur in the gastrointestinal tract,which can present itself as an initial *** severity of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is often reflected in the prevalence of gastrointestinal ***-19 can damage the nerve supply to the digestive system,leading to gastrointestinal autonomic *** is still much to learn about how COVID-19 affects the autonomic nervous system and the gastrointestinal *** To thoroughly explore the epidemiology and clinical aspects of COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction,including its manifestations,potential mechanisms,diagnosis,differential diagnosis,impact on quality of life,prognosis,and management and prevention *** We conducted a thorough systematic search across various databases and performed an extensive literature *** review encompassed 113 studies published in English from January 2000 to April 18,*** According to most of the literature,gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction can seriously affect a patient's quality of life and ultimate *** factors can influence gastrointestinal autonomic nervous *** have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has a well-documented affinity for both neural and gastrointestinal tissues,and the virus can produce various gastrointestinal symptoms by reaching neural tissues through different *** symptoms include anorexia,dysgeusia,heartburn,belching,chest pain,regurgitation,vomiting,epigastric burn,diarrhea,abdominal pain,bloating,irregular bowel movements,and *** is the most prevalent symptom,followed by anorexia,nausea,vomiting,and abdominal *** COVID-19 vaccination may rarely induce autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal symptoms,COVID-19-induced autonomic effects significantly impact the patient's condition,general health,prognosis,and quality of *** diagnosis a

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction Long COVID Post-COVID Autonomic nervous system

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Decoding the genetic landscape of autism:A comprehensive review

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第3期13卷 98-136页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Eman A bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityAlghrabiaTanta 31511Egypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonMuharraqBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityAlghrabiaTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Internal Medicine Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityAlgharbiaTanta 31527Egypt Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainMuharraqBusiateen 15503Bahrain

BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by heterogeneous symptoms and genetic *** advancements in genetic and epigenetic research have provided insights into the intricate mechanisms contributing to ASD,influencing both diagnosis and therapeutic *** To explore the genetic architecture of ASD,elucidate mechanistic insights into genetic mutations,and examine gene-environment *** A comprehensive systematic review was conducted,integrating findings from studies on genetic variations,epigenetic mechanisms(such as DNA methylation and histone modifications),and emerging technologies[including Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)-Cas9 and single-cell RNA sequencing].Relevant articles were identified through systematic searches of databases such as PubMed and Google *** Genetic studies have identified numerous risk genes and mutations associated with ASD,yet many cases remain unexplained by known factors,suggesting undiscovered genetic *** insights into how these genetic mutations impact neural development and brain connectivity are still *** modifications,particularly DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs,also play significant roles in ASD *** technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 and advanced bioinformatics are advancing our understanding by enabling precise genetic editing and analysis of complex genomic *** Continued research into the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of ASD is crucial for developing personalized and effective *** efforts integrating multidisciplinary expertise and international collaborations are essential to address the complexity of ASD and translate genetic discoveries into clinical *** unresolved questions and ethical considerations surrounding genetic research will pave the way for improved diagnostic tools and targ

关键词： Autism spectrum disorder Genetics Epigenetics Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-Cas9 Gene-environment interactions Personalized medicine

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Gut microbiota in various childhood disorders:Implication and indications

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第18期28卷 1875-1901页

作者： Nermin Kamal Saeed Mohammed Al-Beltagi adel salah bediwy Yasser El-Sawaf Osama Toema Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthManama 12Bahrain Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pediatrics Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511Egypt Department of Chest Disease Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Tropical Medicine Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527Egypt Department of Gastroenterology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain

Gut microbiota has a significant role in gut development,maturation,and immune system *** exerts considerable effects on the child's physical and mental *** gut microbiota composition and structure depend on many host and microbial *** host factors include age,genetic pool,general health,dietary factors,medication use,the intestine's pH,peristalsis,and transit time,mucus secretions,mucous immunoglobulin,and tissue oxidation-reduction *** microbial factors include nutrient availability,bacterial cooperation or antagonism,and bacterial *** part of the gut has its microbiota due to its specific *** gut microbiota interacts with different body parts,affecting the pathogenesis of many local and systemic *** is a common finding in many childhood disorders such as autism,failure to thrive,nutritional disorders,coeliac disease,Necrotizing Enterocolitis,helicobacter pylori infection,functional gastrointestinal disorders of childhood,inflammatory bowel diseases,and many other gastrointestinal *** is also observed in allergic conditions like atopic dermatitis,allergic rhinitis,and *** can also impact the development and the progression of immune disorders and cardiac disorders,including heart *** supplements could provide some help in managing these ***,we are still in need of more *** this narrative review,we will shed some light on the role of microbiota in the development and management of common childhood disorders.

关键词： Gut microbiota Dysbiosis Children Gastrointestinal disorders Immune disorders Allergic disorders Cardiac disorders

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Cow’s milk-induced gastrointestinal disorders:From infancy to adulthood

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2022年第6期11卷 437-454页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatrics Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pathology Microbiology SectionSalmaniya Medical ComplexManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pathology Microbiology SectionRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Chest Diseases Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Chest Diseases University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain

Milk is related to many gastrointestinal disorders from the cradle to the grave due to the many milk ingredients that can trigger gastrointestinal discomfort and ***’s milk protein allergy(CMPA)is the most common food allergy,especially in infancy and childhood,which may persist into *** are three main types of CMPA;immunoglobulin E(IgE)-mediated CMPA,non-IgEmediated CMPA,and mixed *** appears before the first birthday in almost all *** may start even during the neonatal period and can be severe enough to simulate neonatal ***(often non-IgE mediated)can present with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux,eosinophilic esophagitis,hemorrhagic gastritis,food protein-induced protein-losing enteropathy,and food protein-induced enterocolitis *** CMPAs are benign and outgrown during *** is not as common in adults as in children,but when present,it is usually severe with a protracted *** intolerance is a prevalent condition characterized by the development of many symptoms related to the consumption of foods containing *** intolerance has four typical types:Developmental,congenital,primary,and *** intolerance and CMPA may be the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms for many functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and *** are also common in inflammatory bowel *** consumption may have preventive or promoter effects on cancer *** may also become a source of microbial infection in humans,causing a wide array of diseases,and may help increase the prevalence of antimicrobial *** editorial summarizes the common milk-related disorders and their symptoms from childhood to adulthood.

关键词： Cow’s milk Adults Children Functional gastrointestinal disorders Cow’s milk protein allergy Lactose intolerance,Inflammatory bowel disease Zoonosis

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Fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases:Pros and cons

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第2期13卷 198-220页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupBahrainManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain

BACKGROUND Fecal calprotectin is a valuable biomarker for assessing intestinal inflammation in pediatric gastrointestinal ***,its role,pros,and cons in various conditions must be comprehensively *** To explore the role of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases,including its advantages and *** A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed,PubMed Central,Google Scholar,and other scientific research engines until February 24,*** review included 88 research articles,56 review articles,six metaanalyses,two systematic reviews,two consensus papers,and two letters to the *** Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive marker for detecting intestinal inflammation and monitoring disease activity in pediatric conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders,inflammatory bowel disease,coeliac disease,coronavirus disease 2019-induced gastrointestinal disorders,gastroenteritis,and cystic fibrosis-associated intestinal ***,its lack of specificity and susceptibility to various confounding factors pose challenges in *** these limitations,fecal calprotectin offers significant advantages in diagnosing,monitoring,and managing pediatric gastrointestinal *** Fecal calprotectin holds promise as a valuable tool in pediatric gastroenterology,offering insights into disease activity,treatment response,and *** protocols and guidelines are needed to optimize its clinical utility and mitigate interpretation *** research is warranted to address the identified limitations and enhance our understanding of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.

关键词： Fecal calprotectin Pediatric gastrointestinal diseases Functional gastrointestinal disorders Inflammatory bowel disease Coeliac disease COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal disorders Infectious gastroenteritis Cystic fibrosis

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