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Metabolomic changes in children with autism

World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第2期13卷 171-197页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManamaBahrainManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Chest Disease University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Chest Disease University Medical CenterDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManamaManama 26671Bahrain Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain

BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and repetitive *** profiling has emerged as a valuable tool for understanding the underlying metabolic dysregulations associated with *** To comprehensively explore metabolomic changes in children with ASD,integrating findings from various research articles,reviews,systematic reviews,meta-analyses,case reports,editorials,and a book *** A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases,including PubMed,PubMed Central,Cochrane Library,Embase,Web of Science,CINAHL,Scopus,LISA,and NLM catalog up until January *** criteria encompassed research articles(83),review articles(145),meta-analyses(6),systematic reviews(6),case reports(2),editorials(2),and a book chapter(1)related to metabolomic changes in children with *** criteria were applied to ensure the relevance and quality of included *** The systematic review identified specific metabolites and metabolic pathways showing consistent differences in children with ASD compared to typically developing *** metabolic biomarkers may serve as objective measures to support clinical assessments,improve diagnostic accuracy,and inform personalized treatment *** profiling also offers insights into the metabolic alterations associated with comorbid conditions commonly observed in individuals with *** Integration of metabolomic changes in children with ASD holds promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy,guiding personalized treatment approaches,monitoring treatment response,and improving *** research is needed to validate findings,establish standardized protocols,and overcome technical challenges in metabolomic *** advancing our understanding of metabolic dysregulations in ASD,clinicians can improve the lives of affected individuals and their families.

关键词： Autism spectrum disorder Metabolic dysregulations Metabolomic changes Children Mitochondrial dysfunction Oxidative stress Amino acids

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Fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases:Pros and cons

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第2期13卷 198-220页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupBahrainManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain

BACKGROUND Fecal calprotectin is a valuable biomarker for assessing intestinal inflammation in pediatric gastrointestinal ***,its role,pros,and cons in various conditions must be comprehensively *** To explore the role of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases,including its advantages and *** A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed,PubMed Central,Google Scholar,and other scientific research engines until February 24,*** review included 88 research articles,56 review articles,six metaanalyses,two systematic reviews,two consensus papers,and two letters to the *** Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive marker for detecting intestinal inflammation and monitoring disease activity in pediatric conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders,inflammatory bowel disease,coeliac disease,coronavirus disease 2019-induced gastrointestinal disorders,gastroenteritis,and cystic fibrosis-associated intestinal ***,its lack of specificity and susceptibility to various confounding factors pose challenges in *** these limitations,fecal calprotectin offers significant advantages in diagnosing,monitoring,and managing pediatric gastrointestinal *** Fecal calprotectin holds promise as a valuable tool in pediatric gastroenterology,offering insights into disease activity,treatment response,and *** protocols and guidelines are needed to optimize its clinical utility and mitigate interpretation *** research is warranted to address the identified limitations and enhance our understanding of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.

关键词： Fecal calprotectin Pediatric gastrointestinal diseases Functional gastrointestinal disorders Inflammatory bowel disease Coeliac disease COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal disorders Infectious gastroenteritis Cystic fibrosis

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Microphallus early management in infancy saves adulthood sensual life:A comprehensive review

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第2期13卷 16-37页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Majed A Shaikh Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511Egypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterSulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Medical Microbiology Section and Pathology Salmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12Bahrain Department of Medical Microbiology Section and Pathology Irish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterSulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pediatrics Ibn Al Nafees HospitalManama 54533Bahrain Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503Bahrain

Microphallus/Micropenis is a rare condition with significant physical and psychological implications for affected *** article comprehensively reviews micropenis,its etiology,epidemiology,and various treatment *** conducted a thorough literature review to collect relevant information on micropenis and microphallus,as well as related *** primary databases were PubMed,Medline,and Google *** searched for articles published in English between 2000 and *** analysis included 67 review articles,56 research studies,11 case reports,one guideline,and one *** search terms included"microphallus","micropenis","congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","androgen insensitivity syndrome","pediatric management of micropenis","testosterone therapy",and"psychosocial implications of micropenis".We focused on diagnosing micropenis and related conditions,including hormonal assessments,medical and surgical treatment options,psychosocial and psychological well-being,sexual development of adolescents,and sociocultural influences on men's perceptions of penile ***,we explored parenting and family dynamics in cases of micropenis and disorders of sex development,implications of hormonal treatment in neonates,and studies related to penile augmentation procedures and their *** article highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in addressing the physical and psychological well-being of individuals with *** procedures,such as penile lengthening and girth enhancement,and non-surgical approaches like hormonal therapy are *** significance of psychological support,education,and lifestyle modifications is *** management and comprehensive care are crucial for individuals with micropenis,from infancy to adolescence and beyond.A multidisciplinary approach involving urologists,endocrinologists,and mental health professionals is *** assessment of treatment e

关键词： Microphallus Micropenis Hypogonadism Children Adults Sensual life Testosterone therapy

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Decoding the genetic landscape of autism:A comprehensive review

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第3期13卷 98-136页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Eman A bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityAlghrabiaTanta 31511Egypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonMuharraqBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityAlghrabiaTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Internal Medicine Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityAlgharbiaTanta 31527Egypt Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainMuharraqBusiateen 15503Bahrain

BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by heterogeneous symptoms and genetic *** advancements in genetic and epigenetic research have provided insights into the intricate mechanisms contributing to ASD,influencing both diagnosis and therapeutic *** To explore the genetic architecture of ASD,elucidate mechanistic insights into genetic mutations,and examine gene-environment *** A comprehensive systematic review was conducted,integrating findings from studies on genetic variations,epigenetic mechanisms(such as DNA methylation and histone modifications),and emerging technologies[including Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)-Cas9 and single-cell RNA sequencing].Relevant articles were identified through systematic searches of databases such as PubMed and Google *** Genetic studies have identified numerous risk genes and mutations associated with ASD,yet many cases remain unexplained by known factors,suggesting undiscovered genetic *** insights into how these genetic mutations impact neural development and brain connectivity are still *** modifications,particularly DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs,also play significant roles in ASD *** technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 and advanced bioinformatics are advancing our understanding by enabling precise genetic editing and analysis of complex genomic *** Continued research into the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of ASD is crucial for developing personalized and effective *** efforts integrating multidisciplinary expertise and international collaborations are essential to address the complexity of ASD and translate genetic discoveries into clinical *** unresolved questions and ethical considerations surrounding genetic research will pave the way for improved diagnostic tools and targ

关键词： Autism spectrum disorder Genetics Epigenetics Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-Cas9 Gene-environment interactions Personalized medicine

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Pulse oximetry in pediatric care:Balancing advantages and limitations

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第3期13卷 69-97页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of Surgeon in BahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain

BACKGROUND Pulse oximetry has become a cornerstone technology in healthcare,providing non-invasive monitoring of oxygen saturation levels and pulse *** its widespread use,the technology has inherent limitations and challenges that must be addressed to ensure accurate and reliable patient *** To comprehensively evaluate the advantages,limitations,and challenges of pulse oximetry in clinical practice,as well as to propose recommendations for optimizing its *** A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies related to pulse oximetry and its applications in various clinical *** articles were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria,and data were synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of the *** Pulse oximetry offers numerous advantages,including non-invasiveness,real-time feedback,portability,and ***,several limitations and challenges were identified,including motion artifacts,poor peripheral perfusion,ambient light interference,and patient-specific factors such as skin pigmentation and hemoglobin *** for optimizing pulse oximetry use include technological advancements,education and training initiatives,quality assurance protocols,and interdisciplinary *** Pulse oximetry is crucial in modern healthcare,offering invaluable insights into patients’oxygenation *** its limitations,pulse oximetry remains an indispensable tool for monitoring patients in diverse clinical *** implementing the recommendations outlined in this review,healthcare providers can enhance the effectiveness,accessibility,and safety of pulse oximetry monitoring,ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of care.

关键词： Pulse oximetry Oxygen saturation Monitoring Advantages Limitations Challenges Recommendations Clinical practice Non-invasive Children

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Gastrointestinal tolerability of organic infant formula compared to traditional infant formula: A systematic review

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2024年第1期13卷 125-140页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Mohamed Basiony Hamza Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12ManamaBahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Pulmonology Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlghrabiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671ManamaBahrain Department of Medicine The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511AlgahrbiaEgypt

BACKGROUND Infants'nutrition significantly influences their growth,development,and overall *** the increasing demand for organic infant formula driven by the perception of health benefits and growing awareness of natural feeding options,it is crucial to conduct a comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability between organic and traditional infant *** To provide a concise and precise analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic infant formula compared to traditional infant *** to limited direct comparisons,the review synthesizes available literature on each formula type,presenting insights into their potential effects on infants'digestive *** An extensive literature search was conducted,compiling studies on organic and traditional infant formulas,their compositions,and reported effects on gastrointestinal *** searched academic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar and specialized nutrition,paediatrics,and infant health journals using relevant keywords till October 1,*** Although specific comparative studies are scarce and formula heterogeneity is a significant limitation,this systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of organic infant formulas'composition and potential *** scientific evidence directly comparing gastrointestinal tolerability is limited,organic formulas strive to use carefully selected organic ingredients to imitate breast milk *** benefits include improved lipid profiles,higher methionine content,and decreased antibiotic-resistant bacteria *** the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic and traditional infant formulas is crucial for parents and healthcare providers to make informed *** Despite limitations in direct comparisons,this systematic review provides insights into the composition and potential benefits of organic infant *** emphasizes the need for further research to eluci

关键词： Organic infant formula Traditional infant formula Gastrointestinal tolerability Formula ingredients Digestive health Infant nutrition Organic farming

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Insulin-resistance in paediatric age:Its magnitude and implications

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World Journal of Diabetes 2022年第4期13卷 282-307页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi adel salah bediwy Nermin Kamal Saeed Department of Pediatrics Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511Egypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Chest Disease Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthManama 12Bahrain Microbiology Section Department of PathologyIrish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503Bahrain

Insulin resistance(IR)is insulin failure in normal plasma levels to adequately stimulate glucose uptake by the peripheral *** is becoming more common in children and adolescents than *** is a strong association between obesity in children and adolescents,IR,and the metabolic syndrome *** shows marked variation among different races,crucial to understanding the possible cardiovascular risk,specifically in high-risk races or ethnic *** causes of IR include insulin receptor mutations,mutations that stimulate autoantibody production against insulin receptors,or mutations that induce the formation of abnormal glucose transporter 4 molecules or plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 molecules;all induce abnormal energy pathways and end with the development of *** parallel increase of IR syndrome with the dramatic increase in the rate of obesity among children in the last few decades indicates the importance of environmental factors in increasing the rate of *** patients with IR do not develop diabetes mellitus(DM)***,IR is a crucial risk factor to develop DM type-II in *** standards for IR in children are not yet established due to various *** measures of insulin sensitivity include the hyperinsulinemia euglycemic glucose clamp and the insulin-suppression *** model analysis of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and oral glucose tolerance test provide an indirect estimate of metabolic insulin sensitivity/*** main aim of the treatment of IR in children is to prevent the progression of compensated IR to decompensated IR,enhance insulin sensitivity,and treat possible *** are three main lines for treatment:Lifestyle and behavior modification,pharmacotherapy,and *** review will discuss the magnitude,implications,diagnosis,and treatment of IR in children。

关键词： Insulin resistance Children Diabetes mellitus Obesity Genetic Acquired

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Pleural effusion in critically ill patients and intensive care setting

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第5期11卷 989-999页

作者： adel salah bediwy Mohammed Al-Biltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed Hosameldin A bediwy Reem Elbeltagi Department of Chest Diseases Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Chest Diseases University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pediatric University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityDr.Sulaiman Al Habib Medical GroupManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Chairperson of the Pathology DepartmentSalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 26671Bahrain Microbiology Section Pathology DepartmentRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusiateen 15503MuharraqBahrain Faculty of Medicine Tanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain

Pleural effusion usually causes a diagnostic dilemma with a long list of differential *** studies found a high prevalence of pleural effusions in critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients,with a wide range of variable prevalence rates of up to 50%-60%in some *** review emphasizes the importance of pleural effusion diagnosis and management in patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU).The original disease that caused pleural effusion can be the exact cause of ICU *** is an impairment in the pleural fluid turnover and cycling in critically ill and mechanically ventilated *** are also many difficulties in diagnosing pleural effusion in the ICU,including clinical,radiological,and even laboratory *** difficulties are due to unusual presentation,inability to undergo some diagnostic procedures,and heterogenous results of some of the performed *** effusion can affect the patient’s outcome and prognosis due to the hemodynamics and lung mechanics changes in these patients,who usually have frequent ***,pleural effusion drainage can modify the ICUadmitted patient’s ***,pleural effusion analysis can change the original diagnosis in some cases and redirect the management toward a different way.

关键词： Pleural effusion Intensive care unit Mechanical ventilation Diagnosis Drainage Pigtail catheters

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Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection:Epidemiological and clinical implications

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021年第16期27卷 1716-1727页

作者： Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Yasser El-Sawaf Department of Pediatric Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Microbiology Section Pathology DepartmentSalmaniya Medical ComplexManama 12Bahrain Department of Microbiology Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-BahrainBahrainBusaiteen 15503MuharraqBahrain Department of Chest Diseases Tanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Department of Tropical Medicine Tanta UniversityTanta 31527AlgharbiaEgypt Department of Gastroenterology University Medical CenterArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is a threat worldwide for individuals of all ages,including *** manifestations could be the initial presenting manifestation in many patients,especially in *** symptoms are more common in patients with severe disease than in patients with non-severe *** 48.1%of patients had a stool sample that was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)viral *** typically form 1%-8%of all laboratoryconfirmed cases of *** manifestations of COVID-19 in children are not rare,with a prevalence between 0 and 88%,and a wide variety of presentations,including diarrhoea,vomiting,and abdominal pain,can develop before,with or after the development of respiratory *** manifestations such as appendicitis or liver injury could also appear,especially in the presence of multisystem inflammatory *** this review,we discussed the epidemiology of COVID-19 gastrointestinal diseases in children as well as their implications on the diagnosis,misdiagnosis,prognosis,and faecal-oral transmission route of COVID-19 and the impact of gastrointestinal diseases on the gut microbiome,child nutrition,and disease management.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal diseases Children Dysbiosis Faecal-oral transmission

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Cardiometabolic effects of breastfeeding on infants of diabetic mothers

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World Journal of Diabetes 2023年第5期14卷 617-631页

作者： Reem Elbeltagi Mohammed Al-Beltagi Nermin Kamal Saeed adel salah bediwy Department of Medicine Irish Royal College of SurgeonBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Pediatrics Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31511Egypt Department of Pediatrics University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain Medical Microbiology Section Department of PathologySalmaniya Medical ComplexMinistry of HealthKingdom of BahrainManama 12Bahrain Department of Microbiology Irish Royal College of SurgeonBahrainBusaiteen 15503Bahrain Department of Chest Diseases Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTanta 31527Egypt Department of Pulmonology University Medical CenterKing Abdulla Medical CityArabian Gulf UniversityManama 26671Bahrain

BACKGROUND Breast milk is the best and principal nutritional source for neonates and *** may protect infants against many metabolic diseases,predominantly obesity and type 2 *** mellitus(DM)is a chronic metabolic and microvascular disease that affects all the body systems and all ages from intrauterine life to late *** protects against infant mortality and diseases,such as necrotizing enterocolitis,diarrhoea,respiratory infections,viral and bacterial infection,eczema,allergic rhinitis,asthma,food allergies,malocclusion,dental caries,Crohn's disease,and ulcerative *** also protects against obesity and insulin resistance and increases intelligence and mental *** diabetes has short and long-term impacts on infants of diabetic mothers(IDM).Breast milk composition changes in mothers with gestational *** To investigate the beneficial or detrimental effects of breastfeeding on the cardiometabolic health of IDM and their *** We performed a database search on different engines and a thorough literature review and included 121 research published in English between January 2000 and December 15,2022,in this *** Most of the literature agreed on the beneficial effects of breast milk for both the mother and the infant in the short and long *** protects mothers with gestational diabetes against obesity and type 2 *** some evidence of the protective effects of breastfeeding on IDM in the short and long term,the evidence is not strong enough due to the presence of many confounding factors and a lack of sufficient *** We need more comprehensive research to prove these *** many obstacles that may enface mothers with gestational diabetes to start and maintain breastfeeding,every effort should be made to encourage them to breastfeed.

关键词： Breast milk Breastfeeding Gestational diabetes mellitus Cardiometabolic effects Infants of diabetic mothers Obesity

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