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Development and preservation mechanism of deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第11期67卷 3367-3385页

作者： Anjiang SHEN Anping HU Zhanfeng QIAO Jianfeng ZHENG Min SHE Liyin PAN key laboratory of carbonate reservoir CNPCHangzhou 310023China State Energy key laboratory of carbonate Oil and Gas Hangzhou 310023China petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology Hangzhou 310023China

Exploration practice has proved that deep and ultra-deep reservoirs consist of mainly matrix-porous dolomite reservoirs and fractured-vuggy karst reservoirs and still will be very important targets for future exploration, in which large oil and gas fields such as Anyue, Yuanba, Halahatang, Fuman and Shunbei have been discovered. This paper systematically summarizes three theoretical and technical achievements in studying deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs in the past decade.(1) The micro-zone and multi-parameter experiment analysis technology featured by determining the “age, temperature, pressure and fluid properties” of carbonate reservoirs, together with experimental simulation of cross-tectonic-period pore formation and preservation featured by the “multi-stage, continuous, visualized and online detection technology”, providing useful tools for studying the pore formation and preservation mechanism of deep and ultra-deep carbonate rocks from the perspective of“forward” and “inversion”.(2) Deep and ultra-deep matrix-porous dolostone reservoirs are still controlled by sedimentary facies,among which reef(mound) and/or beach contribute most. The reservoir space is mainly composed of sedimentary primary pores and supergene dissolution pores and fractures, though some of reservoir spaces are formed by burial dissolution and they tend to develop and may locally concentrate following the pre-existing porous zone. In other words, burial dissolution vugs are inherited rather than newly formed. Early dolomite precipitation(or dolomitization) has a high potential to preserve early pores.(3) The development and preservation mechanism of fractured-vuggy karst limestone reservoirs in deep and ultra-deep realm was analyzed. Pene-contemporaneous dissolution and interlayer and buried-hill karstification control the development of early and late supergene fractured-vuggy reservoirs. Strike-slip faults superimposed with supergene karstification lead to the development of “fen

关键词： Deep and ultra-deep formation carbonate reservoirs Matrix-porous dolomite reservoir Fractured-vuggy karst reservoir Genersis and distribution of carbonate reservoirs

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A New Growth Model of Fault Attributes in a Strike-Slip Fault System in the Tarim Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第5期94卷 1373-1380页

作者： ZHANG Yintao WU Guanghui WANG Junfang LI Guohui WAN Xiaoguo YANG Tianyi School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China petrochina Tarim Oilfield Company KorlaXinjiang 841000China petrochina key laboratory of carbonate reservoir Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China

Fault attributes generally display a consistent power–law-scaling *** on new 3 D seismic data,however,we found some exceptional fault attribute relationships of lengths(L)–throw(T)(vertical component of displacement),overlap zone length(Lo)–width(Wo)from a strike-slip fault system of the Ordovician carbonates in the Tarim *** L–T relationship shows two linear segments with breakup at^40 km in fault *** presents an exceptional throw increase in the second stage,which is attributed to a localization of vertical displacement and deformation in overlapping zones other than the different fault scales in a mature fault *** Lo–Wo relationship in the overlapping zones shows multiply stepped-shape patterns,suggesting multiple fault differential growth and periodic increase in fault ***,we propose a new alternative growth model of fault attributes in strike-slip fault zones,in which the overlapping zones accumulated localized displacement and deformation in the intracratonic strike-slip fault zone.

关键词： fault modeling fault attributes strike-slip fault overlapping zone power-law-scaling fault growth process

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Features and origins of massive dolomite of Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation in the northwest Tarim Basin:Evidence from petrography and geochemistry

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Petroleum Science 2021年第5期18卷 1323-1341页

作者： Zhan-Feng Qiao Shao-Nan Zhang An-Jiang Shen Guan-Ming Shao Min She Peng Cao Xiao-Wei Sun Jie Zhang Rui-Xin Guo Xiu-Cheng Tan State key laboratory of Oil and Gas reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengduSichuan 610500China petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology HangzhouZhejiang 310023China key laboratory of carbonate reservoir China National Petroleum CorporationHangzhouZhejiang 310023China

An integrated petrographical and geochemical study of the massive dolomite of the lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation of the Tarim Basin,outcropping at Yonganba recognized three dolomite types:very finely to finely crystalline nonplanar-a to planar-s dolomite(D1);medium crystalline planar-s to planar-e dolomite(D2);and coarse crystalline nonplanar-a dolomite(D3).All have been affected by burial.D1 and D2 dolomites developed initially before or during shallow burial and later recrystallized,whereas D3 dolomite replaced the initial limestone entirely during *** three dolomites have similar geochemical *** D2 dolomite tends to have more inter-crystalline pores(inherited from primary pores)and higher porosity due to its outstanding compaction resistance during shallow burial;whereas D3 dolomite does not retain appreciable primary pores due to strong cementation and pressure dissolution before *** study provides a useful model for understanding the origin and porosity development of burial dolomite,in particular Paleozoic dolomite.

关键词： Burial dolomite Dolomitization Massive dolomite Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation Tarim Basin

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Dolomitization of the Ordovician subsalt Majiagou Formation in the central Ordos Basin,China:fluid origins and dolomites evolution

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Petroleum Science 2021年第2期18卷 362-379页

作者： Ying Xiong Li-Chao Wang Xiu-Cheng Tan Yun Liu Ming-Jie Liu Zhan-Feng Qiao State key laboratory of Oil and Gas reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina Division of key laboratory of carbonate reservoirs CNPCSouthwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina Institute of Subsurface Energy Systems Clausthal University of Technology38678Clausthal-ZellerfeldGermany Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyChengdu610000SichuanChina key laboratory of carbonate reservoir CNPCHangzhou310023ZhejiangChina

The Middle Ordovician subsalt Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin comprises pervasively dolomitized shallow marine limestone and is a major reservoir rich in natural gas *** types of dolomite matrix and cement were identified based on petrographic textures:(very)finely crystalline,non-planar to planar-s matrix dolomite(Md1);finely to medium crystalline,planar-s to planar-e matrix dolomite(Md2);microbialites comprising dolomite microcrystals(Md3);and finely to coarsely crystalline dolomite cement(Cd).The Md1 and Md2 dolomites were controlled by alternating lagoon-shoal facies and haveδ13C values(−1.89 to+1.45‰VPDB for Md1,−1.35 to+0.42‰VPDB for Md2)that fall within or are slightly higher than the coeval seawater,suggesting the dolomitizing fluid of evaporated ***2 dolomite was then subjected to penecontemporaneous karstification by meteoric water and burial recrystallization by sealed brines during diagenesis,as indicated by its relatively lowerδ18O values(−8.89 to−5.73‰VPDB)and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios(0.708920–0.710199).Md3 dolomite comprises thrombolite and stromatolite and is interpreted to form by a combination of initial microbial mediation and later replacive dolomitization related to evaporated *** dolomite was associated with early-formed karst system in the Md2 host *** lowestδ18O values(−11.78 to−10.18‰VPDB)and 87Sr/86Sr ratios(0.708688–0.708725)and fluid inclusion data(Th:123–175°C)indicate involvement of hydrothermal fluid from which the Cd dolomite precipitated during deep *** results reveal the multi-stage dolomitization history of the Majiagou Formation and provide new constraints on fluid origins and dolomites evolution during deep burial in old superimposed basins,such as the Ordos Basin and elsewhere.

关键词： Dolomitization Fluid origin Dolomite reservoir Hydrothermal alteration Ordos Basin

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Origin and Distribution of Grain Dolostone reservoirs in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation,Sichuan Basin,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第1期91卷 204-218页

作者： SHEN Anjiang HU Anping PAN Liyin SHE Min petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology Hangzhou 310023 Zhejiang China key laboratory of carbonate reservoirs CNPC Hangzhou 310023 Zhejiang China

Dolostones in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation have become one of the most significant gas exploration domains in China. Over a trillion cubic meters of gas reservoirs have been discovered in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area; however, the origins and distribution of the dolostone reservoirs are not well understood. This work discussed the geology and geochemistry of the dolostone reservoirs in the Longwangmiao Formation to determine their origin and distribution. Two understandings are acquired： firstly, a carbonate ramp provided excellent conditions for grain beach deposition, while the presence of a hypersaline lake was favorable for the contemporaneous dolomitization of grain beach deposits. Petrographic and geochemical evidence further confirm that the Longwangmiao dolostone was formed during the contemporaneous stage. Secondly, the reservoir characteristics indicate that the grain beach sediments provide material basis for the development of the Longwangmiao dolostone reservoirs. reservoir dissolution simulation experiments show that the porosity of the reservoirs was formed by dissolution during contemporaneous and burial stages. The dissolution pores formed during the contemporaneous stage were controlled by sequence interfaces. The large scale dissolution vugs formed during the burial stage subsequently spread along the pre-existing porosity and fracture zones. This study therefore identified that the development of grain dolostone reservoirs in a shallow water ramp under arid climatic conditions generally met the following conditions：（1） reefal beach deposits lay a foundation for reservoir development;（2） superficial conditions are an important determining factor for reservoir porosity; and（3） burial conditions provide environment for porosity preservation and modification.

关键词： Sichuan Basin Longwangmiao Formation grain dolostone meteoric dissolution buried dissolution origin of reservoir distribution of reservoir

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reservoir geological modeling and significance of Cambrian Xiaoerblak Formation in Keping outcrop area, Tarim Basin, NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第3期47卷 536-547页

作者： ZHENG Jianfeng PAN Wenqing SHEN Anjiang YUAN Wenfang HUANG Lili NI Xinfeng ZHU Yongjin key laboratory of carbonate reservoir CNPCHangzhou 310023China petrochina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology Hangzhou 310023China Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChinaKorla 841000China

Take the Cambrian Xiaoerblak Formation in the Keping(Kalpin) outcrop area as an example, a 28 km reservoir scale geological model was built based on description of 7 profiles, observation of more than 1000 thin sections, petrophysical analysis of 556 samples and many geochemical tests. The Xiaoerblak Formation, 158–178 m thick, is divided into three members and 5 submembers, and is composed of laminated microbialite dolomite(LMD), thrombolite dolomite(TD), foamy-stromatolite dolomite(FSD), oncolite dolomite(OD), grain dolomite(GD)/crystalline dolomite with grain ghost and micritic dolomite(MD)/argillaceous dolomite. The petrology features show that its sediment sequence is micro-organism layer – microbial mound/shoal – tidal flat in carbonate ramp background from bottom up. The reservoir has 5 types of pores, namely, framework pore, dissolved vug, intergranular and intragranular dissolved pore and intercrystalline dissolved pore, as main reservoir space. It is found that the development of pore has high lithofacies selectivity, FSD has the highest average porosity, TD, OD and GD come second. The reservoir is pore-vug reservoir with medium-high porosity and medium-low permeability. The dolomite of Xiaoerblak Formation was formed in para-syngenetic to early diagenetic stage through dolomitization caused by seawater. The reservoir development is jointly controlled by sedimentary facies, micro-organism type, high frequency sequence interface and early dolomitization. The classⅠand Ⅱ reservoirs, with an average thickness of 41.2 m and average reservoir-stratum ratio of about 25.6%, have significant potential. It is predicted that the microbial mounds and shoals in the middle ramp around the ancient uplift are the favorable zones for reservoir development.

关键词： Tarim Basin Keping area Xiaoerblak Formation dolomite microbialite reservoir genesis geological modeling

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Occurrence and conceptual sedimentary model of Cambrian gypsum-bearing evaporites in the Sichuan Basin, SW China

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1179-1191页

作者： Hong Liu Xiucheng Tan Yonghao Li Jian Cao Bin Luo State key laboratory of Oil and Gas reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Division of Sedimentology and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Petro China Key Laboratory of Carbonate ReservoirSouthwest Petroleum University School of Earth Science and Technology Southwest Petroleum University School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company

During the Cambrian, gypsum-bearing evaporites formed in the Sichuan Basin, SW China. These rocks are important for oil and gas sealing, but details of their distribution and origin are not well established. This study examines the regional distribution and origin of the gypsum-bearing evaporites using a comprehensive analysis of drilling data from 34 wells, 5 measured cross-sections in the basin and surrounding area, and 96 maps of area-survey data. Results show that in the stratigraphic succession, the gypsum-bearing evaporites occur mainly in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, the Middle Cambrian Douposi Formation, and the Middle-Upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Group. Geographically, the rocks are found mainly in the southeastern part of the basin, and the distribution of deposits shows an overall SW-NE trend. The sedimentary environments for evaporite formation were evaporative lagoon and inter-platform basin in a platform setting. Gypsum was generated by the underwater concentration of sea water in a strongly evaporative environment. Both an evaporative restricted platform and a mixeddeposition restricted platform model appear to be applicable to the development of gypsum in the Sichuan Basin. The gypsum-bearing evaporites with the best sealing capacity are located mostly in the southeastern part of the basin. These constraints can be applied directly to regional exploration, and have implications for the regional paleogeography and paleoclimate.

关键词： Sichuan Basin Cambrian Gypsum-bearing evaporite Evaporative lagoon Inter-platform basin Platform

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Viscosity profile prediction of a heavy crude oil during lifting in two deep artesian wells

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017年第7期25卷 976-982页

作者： Yibo Li Hao Gao Wanfen Pu Bing Wei Yafei Chen Dong Li Qiang Luo State key laboratory of Oil and Gas reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Research Institute of Experiment and Detection Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyPetroChina

It has been known that the productivity of artesian wells is strongly dependent on the rheological properties of crude oils. This work targets two deep artesian wells(>5000 m) that are producing heavy crude oil. The impacts of well conditions including temperature, pressure and shear rate, on the crude oil rheology were comprehensively investigated and correlated using several empirical rheological models. The experimental data indicate that this heavy oil is very sensitive to temperature as result of microstructure change caused by hydrogen bonding. The rheological behavior of the heavy oil is also significantly impacted by the imposed pressure, i.e., the viscosity flow activation energy(Eμ) gently increases with the increasing pressure. The viscosity–shear rate data are well fitted to the power law model at low temperature. However, due to the transition of fluid feature at high temperature(Newtonian fluid), the measured viscosity was found to slightly deviate from the fitting data. Combining the evaluated correlations, the viscosity profile of the heavy crude oil in these two deep artesian wells as a function of well depth was predicted using the oilfield producing data.

关键词： Heavy oil Rheological properties Empirical correlation Viscosity profile predication Lifting process Artesian well

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Sedimentology of reefal buildups of the Xiannüdong Formation(Cambrian Series 2),SW China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2019年第2期8卷 170-180页

作者： Hao Tang Stephen Kershaw Xiu-Cheng Tan Hong Liu Fei Li Cheng Shen Fei-Fan Lu Xue-Fei Yang Division of key laboratory of carbonate reservoir of CNPC Southwest Petroleum University Shandong Provincial key laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Mineral Shandong University of Science and Technology Department of Life Sciences Brunel University

The reefs in the Xiannüdong Formation(Cambrian Series 2) are the oldest archaeocyathan–microbial bioconstructions in China,but the details of their microbial structures have not been previously ***,a new section at Tangjiahe site,northern Sichuan Province,contains very well-preserved microbial fabrics that provide these details,and is described in this *** Tangjiahe section contains three levels of reefal buildups that were constructed by a consortium of archaeocyaths and calcimicrobes in varying *** lowest(oldest) reefal buildup is a calcimicrobial biostrome,possibly in the form of a wide mound with a low relief(unconfirmed due to outcrop limitation),which was formed by Epiphyton with rare small archaeocyaths,and is sandwiched by flat-pebble *** middle reefal buildup is a high-relief calcimicrobial mound,enclosed by oolites,that was built by intergrown Renalcis and *** fossils are uncommon,and were bound into the framework by microbial *** uppermost(youngest) reefal buildup is a low-relief archaeocyathan mound lacking calcimicrobes but partly having microbially-clotted textures attached on *** built or aided archaeocyaths to form the framework of Tangjiahe *** three buildups formed in low-energy lagoons behind ooid shoals,and the environment was nutrient-rich due to terrigenous influx from adjacent *** reefs thus resemble most Early Cambrian reefs,in settings consistent with eutrophic,calm environments,and are characterized by the domination or aid of calcimicrobial components in framework construction.

关键词： Microbialites Archaeocyaths Reefs Cambrian Series 2 Southwest China

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The reservoir characteristics research of Devonian Jinbaoshi Formation,Northwest Sichuan Basin,SW China

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Petroleum 2022年第3期8卷 332-343页

作者： Shixuan Zhang Xiucheng Tan Hao Tang Cheng Huang Zhimin Jin Minglong Li Yuwei Shen State key laboratory of Oil and Gas reservoir Geology and Exploration Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China Southwest Petroleum University Division of Key Laboratory of Carbonate ReservoirsCNPCChengdu610500China

A great breakthrough was achieved on the Middle Devonian's oil-gas exploration in the Longmenshan area in northwestern ***,only the Guanwushan Formation was researched in *** underlying formation-Jinbaoshi Formation as a set of the potential well reservoir and its reservoir characteristics have not been *** on the section's fine description,thin section analysis,and core borehole logging,combined with petrophysical analysis,the reservoir characteristics,controlling factors,and evolution process of the Jinbaoshi Formation reservoir in the Longmenshan area are deeply studied in this *** results showed that the Jinbaoshi Formation has developed a set of sand-shale interbedding deposit of terrigenous clastic and carbonate *** reservoir lithology is mainly quartz sandstone and calcareous quartz *** quartz sandstone reservoir has good physical properties,but the calcareous quartz sandstone has the characteristics of strong heterogeneity,low porosity,and *** intergranular pores are mainly developed in the reservoir *** the development of intercrystalline pores and intergranular dissolved pores can also be seen,but the development frequency is low,and the scale is *** them,the Devonian Jinbaoshi Formation quartz sandstone's average porosity is about 8%,and the highest is 18.43%.The main diagenesis types of the Jinbaoshi Formation are compaction,recrystalization,and *** is the main reason for the destruction of original pores,and dissolution is the main driving force for later porosity and permeability *** fragments,calcareous silty clasts,and bioclastic grains are the main dissolution *** formation of intergranular dissolved pores significantly improves the physical properties of the ***,the reservoir development of the Jinbaoshi Formation is mainly controlled both by favourable sedimentary facies and *** sandstone and ca

关键词： Northwest Sichuan basin Middle Devonian Jinbaoshi Formation Quartz sandstone Calcareous quartz sandstone Diagenesis reservoir space

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