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Ex vivo testing of intact eye globes under inflation conditions to determine regional variation of mechanical stiffness

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eye and Vision 2016年第1期3卷 166-177页

作者： Charles Whitford Akram Joda Steve Jones Fangjun Bao Paolo Rama Ahmed Elsheikh School of Engineering University of LiverpoolLiverpool L693GHUK Department of Mechanical Engineering King Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia eye hospital WenZhou Medical UniversityWenZhouChina Ophthalmology Department San Raffaelle HospitalMilanItaly national Institute for health Research(NIHR)Biomedical Research Centre at moorfields eye hospital NHS foundation trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology LondonUK

Background:The eye globe exhibits significant regional variation of mechanical *** aim of this present study is to develop a new experimental technique for testing intact eye globes in a form that is representative of in vivo conditions,and therefore suitable for determining the material properties of the complete outer ocular ***:A test rig has been developed to provide closed-loop control of either applied intra-ocular pressure or resulting apical displacement;measurement of displacements across the external surface of the eye globe using high-resolution digital cameras and digital image correlation software;prevention of rigid-body motion and protection of the ocular surface from environmental *** method has been demonstrated on one human and one porcine eye globe,which were cyclically *** element models based on specimen specific tomography,free from rotational symmetry,were used along with experimental pressure-displacement data in an inverse analysis process to derive the mechanical properties of tissue in different regions of the eye’s outer ***:The test method enabled monitoring of mechanical response to intraocular pressure variation across the surface of the eye *** the two eyes tested,the method showed a gradual change in the sclera’s stiffness from a maximum at the limbus to a minimum at the posterior pole,while in the cornea the stiffness was highest at the centre and lowest in the peripheral ***,for both the sclera and cornea,the load–displacement behaviour did not vary significantly between loading ***:The first methodology capable of mechanically testing intact eye globes,with applied loads and boundary conditions that closely represent in vivo conditions is *** method enables determination of the regional variation in mechanical behaviour across the ocular surface.

关键词： Ocular biomechanics Experimental testing Digital image correlation

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In vivo study of corneal responses to increased intraocular pressure loading

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eye and Vision 2015年第1期2卷 177-186页

作者： Ahmed Elsheikh Charles W.McMonnies Charles Whitford Gavin C.Boneham School of Engineering University of LiverpoolBrownlow HillLiverpool L693GHUK national Institute for health Research(NIHR)Biomedical Research Centre Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia

Background:The cornea is responsible for two-thirds of the eye's refractive power which is a function of the shape and refractive *** aim of this present study is to examine human eyes in vivo for corneal shape changes in response to short-term elevation in intraocular ***:Videokeratographic and tonometric assessments at baseline were compared with the same assessments when intraocular pressure was elevated to approximately double(199±22%)the baseline levels using ophthalmodynamometer applanation of the *** maps of the cornea and limbus were created by combining topographical assessments for central,nasal,temporal,inferior and superior *** finiteelement simulations were custom built for each subject and the stiffness distribution across corneal surface modified to achieve matches between simulated and experimental ***:The stiffness distributions required to achieve simulation-experimental matches showed a consistent trend with the 2.5 mm annulus bounded by the limbus showing a mean stiffness reduction of 47.3±10.8%compared with the central cornea(P=0.001).Conclusions:Corneal structure appears to provide the central cornea with a greater stiffness compared with the peripheral cornea and associated greater tolerance to elevation in intraocular pressure,consistent with the need for stable corneal refraction and *** method adopted to examine corneal biomechanical performance in vivo may have applications in additional studies.

关键词： Corneal biomechanics Topography Numerical simulation

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Retinal imaging in inherited retinal diseases

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Annals of eye Science 2020年第3期5卷 30-49页

作者： Michalis Georgiou Kaoru Fujinami Michel Michaelides UCL Institute of Ophthalmology University College LondonLondonUK moorfields eye hospital NHS foundation trust LondonUK Laboratory of Visual Physiology Division of Vision ResearchNational Institute of Sensory OrgansNational Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical CenterTokyoJapan

Inherited retinal diseases(IRD)are a leading cause of blindness in the working age *** advances in ocular genetics,retinal imaging and molecular biology,have conspired to create the ideal environment for establishing treatments for IRD,with the first approved gene therapy and the commencement of multiple therapy *** scope of this review is to familiarize clinicians and scientists with the current landscape of retinal imaging in *** we present in a comprehensive and concise manner the imaging findings of:(I)macular dystrophies(MD)[Stargardt disease(ABCA4),X-linked retinoschisis(RS1),Best disease(BEST1),pattern dystrophy(PRPH2),Sorsby fundus dystrophy(TIMP3),and autosomal dominant drusen(EFEMP1)],(II)cone and cone-rod dystrophies(GUCA1A,PRPH2,ABCA4 and RPGR),(III)cone dysfunction syndromes[achromatopsia(CNGA3,CNGB3,PDE6C,PDE6H,GNAT2,ATF6],blue-cone monochromatism(OPN1LW/OPN1MW array),oligocone trichromacy,bradyopsia(RGS9/R9AP)and Bornholm eye disease(OPN1LW/OPN1MW),(IV)Leber congenital amaurosis(GUCY2D,CEP290,CRB1,RDH12,RPE65,TULP1,AIPL1 and NMNAT1),(V)rod-cone dystrophies[retinitis pigmentosa,enhanced S-Cone syndrome(NR2E3),Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy(CYP4V2)],(VI)rod dysfunction syndromes(congenital stationary night blindness,fundus albipunctatus(RDH5),Oguchi disease(SAG,GRK1),and(VII)chorioretinal dystrophies[choroideremia(CHM),gyrate atrophy(OAT)].

关键词： Retinal imaging inherited retinal disease retinitis pigmentosa macular dystrophy leber congenital amaurosis

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Comparison of choroidal vessel thickness in children and adult eyes by enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography imaging

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2018年第4期11卷 681-686页

作者： Daren Hanumunthadu Jorge Ruiz-Medrano Sunila Dumpala Ayesha Jabeen Asiya Jabeen Abhilash Goud JoséM Ruiz-Moreno Jay Chhablani moorfields eye hospital national health service foundation trust LondonEC 1V 2PDUnited Kingdom Ophthalmology Unit Clinico San Carlos University HospitalMadrid 28040Spain Alicante Institute of Ophthalmology Vissum CorporationAlicante 03016Spain Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases LV Prasad Eye InstituteHyderabad 500034India Department of Ophthalmology Castilla La Mancha UniversityAlbacete 13071Spain

AIM： To evaluate choroidal thickness, medium choroidal vessel thickness（MCVT） and large choroidal vessel thickness（LCVT） in normal children and adult ***： Manual measurements of subfoveal choroidal thickness（SFCT）, MCVT and LCVT at subfoveal and 750 μm nasal and temporal to fovea locations were completed on enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography（EDI-OCT） scans of normal children and adult ***： Fifty adult and fifty-seven child subjects were included in the study（including 80 adult and 103 child eyes）. Mean（±SD） SFCT of adult and children eyes in the study was 309.3±95.7 μm and 279.3±50.4 μm respectively. SFCT and subfoveal MCVT in adult eyes were significantly more than children（P=0.01 and P≤0.0001 respectively）.CONCLUSION： There is choroidal thickening with associated thickening of medium choroidal vessels in adults, suggesting that there is alteration in choroidal vasculature with ageing.

关键词： choroid ageing optical coherence tomography vasculature thickness

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Unintended changes in ocular biometric parameters during a 6-month follow-up period after FS-LASIK and SMILE

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eye and Vision 2021年第1期8卷 75-82页

作者： Junjie Wang Bernardo T.Lopes Hechen Li Riccardo Vinciguerra Si Cao Songan Wu Rong Zhu Qinmei Wang Xiaobo Zheng Fangjun Bao Ahmed Elsheikh eye hospital Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027ZhejiangChina The Institution of Ocular Biomechanics Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027ZhejiangChina School of Engineering University of LiverpoolLiverpool L693GHUK Humanitas San Pio X hospital MilanItaly national Institute for health Research(NIHR)Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijingChina

Background:Corneal refractive surgery has become reliable for correcting refractive errors,but it can induce unintended ocular changes that alter refractive *** study is to evaluate the unintended changes in ocular biometric parameters over a 6-month follow-up period after femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)and small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE).Methods:156 consecutive myopic patients scheduled for FS-LASIK and SMILE were included in this *** corneal thickness(CCT),mean curvature of the corneal posterior surface(K_(pm)),internal anterior chamber depth(IACD)and the length from corneal endothelium to retina(ER)were evaluated before and after surgery over a 6-month ***:Both the FS-LASIK and SMILE groups(closely matched at the pre-surgery stage)experienced flatter Kpm,shallower IACD and decreased ER 1 week post-surgery(P<0.01),and these changes were larger in FS-LASIK than in SMILE *** the 1 week to 6 months follow up period,K_(pm),IACD and ER remained stable unlike CCT which increased significantly(P<0.05),more in the FS-LASIK ***:During the follow up,the posterior corneal surface became flatter and shifted posteriorly,the anterior chamber depth and the length from the corneal endothelium to retina decreased significantly compared with the pre-surgery *** unintended changes in ocular biometric parameters were greater in patients undergoing FS-LASIK than *** changes present clear challenges for IOL power calculations and should be considered to avoid affecting the outcome of cataract surgery.

关键词： Posterior corneal surface Internal anterior chamber depth The length from corneal endothelium to retina FS-LASIK SMILE

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Consideration of corneal biomechanics in the diagnosis and management of keratoconus: is it important?

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eye and Vision 2016年第1期3卷 141-146页

作者： FangJun Bao Brendan Geraghty QinMei Wang Ahmed Elsheikh The Affiliated eye hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou City 325027China The Institution of Ocular Biomechanics Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou City 325027China School of Engineering University of LiverpoolLiverpool City L693GHUK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondon CityUK

Keratoconus is a bilateral,non-inflammatory,degenerative corneal *** occurrence and development of keratoconus is associated with corneal thinning and conical protrusion,which causes irregular *** the disruption of the collagen organization,the cornea loses its shape and function resulting in progressive visual ***,corneal topography is the most important tool for the diagnosis of keratoconus,which may lead to false negatives among the patient population in the subclinical ***,it is now hypothesised that biomechanical destabilisation of the cornea may take place ahead of the topographic evidence of keratoconus,hence possibly assisting with disease diagnosis and *** article provides a review of the definition,diagnosis,and management strategies for keratoconus based on corneal biomechanics.

关键词： Keratoconus In vivo Corneal biomechanics Corneal collagen cross-linking

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The interplay between inflammation,immunity and commensal microflora in glaucomatous neurodegeneration

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Annals of eye Science 2019年第1期4卷 37-40页

作者： Christin Henein Peng T.Khaw national Institute for health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK School of Pharmacy University College LondonLondonUK

The immensely diverse and rich human gut microbiome has a huge potential to impact health and disease(1).Gut microbiome dysbiosis has been associated with gastro-intestinal inflammatory conditions and extra-intestinal disorders;such as stroke,depression,neurodegenerative,cardiovascular and metabolic disorders(2-6).In the September 2018 issue of nature communications,Chen and colleagues report the findings from a study that found commensal microflora-induced T cell responses mediate progressive neurodegeneration in glaucoma,in mouse glaucoma models(7).

关键词： glaucoma immunity inflammation

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Antibody fragments: Prolonging circulation half-life special issue-antibody research

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2013年第5期4卷 689-698页

作者： Annabelle Patricia Herrington-Symes Monika Farys Hanieh Khalili Steve Brocchini national Institute for health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at moorfields eye hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London UK UCL School of Pharmacy University College London London UK

Antibodies are currently the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. When antibody fragments are included, there are over thirty-five antibody-based medicines approved for human therapy. Many more antibody and antibody-like fragments are being evaluated clinically. Production of antibody fragments can be efficient and their compact size can allows for better tissue extravasation into solid tumors than full antibodies. Unfortunately, a key limitation of antibody fragments for systemic use is their short half-life in circulation. Prolonging their circulation half-life can be accomplished clinically by the covalent conjugation of the antibody fragment to the water-soluble polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Many polymers and strategies are also being pursued to increase antibody fragment half-life.

关键词： Antibody Fragment Half-Life Extension PEGylation Fc Fusion

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Accuracy and reliability of orthogonal polynomials in representing corneal topography

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Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices 2022年第3期15卷 124-133页

作者： Junjie Wang Xuefei Li Zheng Wang Pinakin G.Davey Yiyu Li Lanting Yang Mao Lin Xiaobo Zheng Fangjun Bao Ahmed Elsheikh eye hospital Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina The Institution of Ocular Biomechanics Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina College of Optometry Western University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA School of Engineering University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK national Institute for health Research(NIHR)Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijingChina No.270 Xueyuan West Road Wenzhou CityZhejiang Province325027China

Fitting of corneal topography data to analytical surfaces has been necessary in many clinical and experimental applications,yet absolute superiority of fitting methods was still unclear,and their overfitting risks were not well *** study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of orthogonal polynomials as fitting routines to represent corneal *** orthogonal polynomials,namely,Zernike polynomials(ZPs),pseudo-Zernike polynomials(PZPs),Gaussian-Hermite polynomials(GHPs)and Orthogonal Fourier-Mellin polynomials(OFMPs),were employed to fit anterior and posterior corneal topographies collected from 200 healthy and 174 keratoconic eyes using Pentacam *** fitting performance of these polynomials were compared,and the potential overfitting risks were assessed through a prediction *** results showed that,except for low orders,the fitting performance differed little among polynomials with orders10 regarding surface reconstruction(RMSEs~0.3μm).Anterior surfaces of normal corneas were fitted more efficiently,followed by those of keratoconic corneas,then posterior corneal *** results,however,revealed an alarming fact that all polynomials tended to overfit the data beyond certain ***,closely followed by ZPs,were the most robust in predicting unmeasured surface locations;while PZPs and especially OFMPs overfitted the surfaces *** 10 appeared to be optimum for corneal surfaces with 10-mm diameter,ensuring accurate reconstruction and avoiding *** optimum order however varied with topography diameters and data *** study concluded that continuing to use ZPs as fitting routine for most topography maps,or using GHPs instead,remains a good *** polynomial orders close to the topography diameters(millimeters)is generally suggested to ensure both reconstruction accuracy and prediction reliability and avoid overfitting for both normal and complex(e.g.,keratoconic)corneal surfac

关键词： Corneal topography Orthogonal polynomials Optimum order Overfitting Pentacam

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Review of ex-vivo characterisation of corneal biomechanics

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Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices 2021年第3期11卷 40-46页

作者： JunJie Wang XiaoYu Liu FangJun Bao Bernardo T.Lopes LiZhen Wang Ashkan Eliasy Ahmed Abass Ahmed Elsheikh eye hospital Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina The Institution of Ocular Biomechanics Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijingChina School of Engineering University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK Department of Ophthalmology Federal Univerisity of Sao Paulo(UNIFESP)Sao PauloBrazil national Institute for health Research(NIHR)Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK

The evaluation of the corneal biomechanical behaviour has important clinical *** name a few,the accuracy of the intraocular pressure measurement,the study of corneal ectatic diseases and the assessment and optimisation of corneal surgical procedures are all highly influenced by corneal *** the last 45 years different ex-vivo methods were developed to study corneal biomechanical *** tissue maintenance,support,loading systems,as well as different monitoring strategies of corneal deformations were *** this review,the most important and commonly used methods are outlined,including strip extensiometry,inflation,compression,indentation and tissue separation *** particularities,applications,pros and cons and main applications are discussed.

关键词： Ex-vivo Corneal Biomechanics Experimental testing

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