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Amino acids in piglet diarrhea: Effects, mechanisms and insights

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 267-274页

作者： Xihong Zhou Jing Liang Xia Xiong Yulong Yin Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Piglet diarrhea is among one of the most serious health problems faced by the pig industry, resulting in significant economic losses. Diarrheal disease in piglets has a multifactorial etiology that is affected by physiology, environment, and management strategy. Diarrhea is the most apparent symptom of intestinal dysfunction. As a key class of essential nutrients in the piglet diet, amino acids confer a variety of beneficial effects on piglets in addition to being used as a substrate for protein synthesis, including maintaining appropriate intestinal integrity, permeability and epithelial renewal, and alleviating morphological damage and inflammatory and oxidative stress. Thus, provision of appropriate levels of amino acids could alleviate piglet diarrhea. Most amino acid effects are mediated by metabolites, gut microbes, and related signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of dietary amino acid effects on gut health and diarrhea incidence in piglets, and reveal the mechanisms involved. We also provide ideas for using amino acid blends and emphasize the importance of amino acid balance in the diet to prevent diarrhea in piglets.

关键词： Piglet Amino acid Diarrhea Gut microbe Immune

Development of small intestinal barrier function and underlying mechanism in Chinese indigenous and Duroc piglets during suckling and weaning periods

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 429-442页

作者： Sujuan Ding Yating Cheng Md Abul Kalam Azad Qian Zhu Pan Huang Xiangfeng Kong CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in subtropical Region Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

This study explored the developmental changes in small intestinal barrier function and the potential regulatory roles of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in different breeds of piglets during suckling and weaning periods. Taoyuan black(TB), Xiangcun black(XB), and Duroc(DR) piglets(10 litters per breed; half male and half female) were selected for sampling to evaluate the intestinal barrier-related indexes and intestinal microbiota and metabolites at 1, 10, 21(weaned), and 24(3 d after weaning)d old. The results showed that weaning led to severe shedding of small intestinal microvilli and sparse microvilli arrangement. D-lactate level in the ileum of TB and XB piglets during suckling and weaning periods was lower(P < 0.01) than that of DR piglets, as well as the ileal diamine oxidase level at 1 d old.The expression level of mucin 1 was higher(P < 0.05) in the ileum of TB and XB piglets than that of DR piglets, and it was the highest in the ileum of TB piglets at 21 d old. The expression levels of mucin 2 and mucin 13 were higher(P < 0.10) in TB and XB piglets than those of DR piglets at 21 d old, whereas mucin2 and mucin 13 in the ileum of TB and XB piglets were higher(P < 0.05) than those of DR piglets at 24 d old. TB and XB piglets had a lower relative abundance of Escherichia＿Shigella at 21 and 24 d old, but they had higher Streptococcus at 1 and 24 d old than DR piglets(P < 0.01). Differential metabolites between the three breeds of piglets were mainly related to oxidative phosphorylation, steroid biosynthesis, and bile acid synthesis. Collectively, these findings suggest that different pig breeds present differences in the development of the small intestinal barrier function. Compared with DR piglets, TB and XB piglets had higher intestinal permeability during the suckling period and a stronger intestinal mechanical barrier after weaning. Moreover, intestinal microbiota and metabolites are the key factors for developing small intestinal barrier functions in different breeds of piglets.

关键词： Chinese indigenous piglet Duroc piglet Immune function Intestinal barrier function Weaning stress

Diarrhea induced by insufficient fat absorption in weaned piglets:Causes and nutrition regulation

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 299-305页

作者： Yuying Li Pengjun Shi Kang Yao Qian Lin Mansheng Wang Zhenping Hou Wenjie Tang Hui Diao institute of Bast Fiber crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences institute of subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Animal Science Academy Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd

Fat is one of the three macronutrients and a significant energy source for piglets. It plays a positive role in maintaining intestinal health and improving production performance. During the weaning period,physiological, stress and diet-related factors influence the absorption of fat in piglets, leading to damage to the intestinal barrier, diarrhea and even death. Signaling pathways, such as fatty acid translocase(CD36), pregnane X receptor(PXR), and AMP-dependent protein kinase(AMPK), are responsible for regulating intestinal fat uptake and maintaining intestinal barrier function. Therefore, this review mainly elaborates on the reasons for diarrhea induced by insufficient fat absorption and related signaling pathways in weaned-piglets, with an emphasis on the intestinal fat absorption disorder. Moreover, we focus on introducing nutritional strategies that can promote intestinal fat absorption in piglets with insufficient fat absorption-related diarrhea, such as lipase, amino acids, and probiotics.

关键词： Weaned piglet Diarrhea Fat absorption Nutrient regulation

Soil properties and not plant factors affect both abundant and rare microbial taxa after thinning in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第2期35卷 81-94页

作者： Wanxia Peng Tongqing Song Hu Du Feng Wang Fuping Zeng Yang Wang Shulin Chen Yinzhu Chen Key Laboratory of Agro‑Ecological Processes in subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesChangsha 410125People’s Republic of China Guangxi Industrial Technology Research institute for Karst Desertification Control Nanning 530001People’s Republic of China Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems Institute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesChangsha 410125People’s Republic of China Hubei Ecology Polytechnic College Wuhan 430200People’s Republic of China Hubei Tongshan Damushan State Forest Farm Tongshan 437652People’s Republic of China

Thinning is an effective management step for sustainable forest development,yet less attention is paid to the restoration of soil microbiota after thinning.In this study,both abundant and rare soil microbial communities(i.e.,bacterial,fungal),were evaluated under various thinning treatments in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu using Mi Seq sequencing.Thinning did not significantly change either abundant or rare bacterial and fungal community composition,but affected their alpha diversity.The Shannon–Wiener indexes of rare fungal taxa under medium thinning were significantly lower than in the light thinning(P<0.05 level).Xanthobacteraceae dominated the abundant bacterial taxa,and Saitozyma and Mortierlla the abundant fungal taxa.The most common rare bacterial taxa varied;there was no prevalent rare fungal taxa under different thinnings.In addition,soil available nitrogen,total phosphorus,and p H had significant effects on rare bacterial taxa.Nutrients,especially available phosphorus,but not nitrogen,affected abundant and rare soil fungi.The results indicate that soil properties rather than plant factors affect abundant and rare microbial communities in soils of mixed stands.Thinning,through mediating soil properties,influences both abundant and rare bacterial and fungal communities in the mixed C.lanceolata and S.tzumu stand.

关键词： Diversity Abundant taxa Rare taxa Thinning Mixed stand

A simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system permits ultra-multiplex genome editing in plants

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The Crop Journal 2024年第2期12卷 569-582页

作者： Suting Wu Htin Kyaw Zhijun Tong Yirong Yang Zhiwei Wang Liying Zhang Lihua Deng Zhiguo Zhang Bingguang Xiao William Paul Quick Tiegang Lu Guoying Xiao Guannan Qin Xue'an Cui Biotechnology Research institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsMinistry of EducationCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002FujianChina Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan crops Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002FujianChina Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesChangsha 410125HunanChina School of Biosciences The University of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffield S102TNUK Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research CenterYunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural SciencesKunming 650021YunnanChina

The development and maturation of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing system provides a valuable tool for plant functional genomics and genetic improvement.Currently available genome-editing tools have a limited number of targets,restricting their application in genetic research.In this study,we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9 plant ultra-multiplex genome editing system consisting of two template vectors,eight donor vectors,four destination vectors,and one primer-design software package.By combining the advantages of Golden Gate cloning to assemble multiple repetitive fragments and Gateway recombination to assemble large fragments and by changing the structure of the amplicons used to assemble sg RNA expression cassettes,the plant ultra-multiplex genome editing system can assemble a single binary vector targeting more than 40 genomic loci.A rice knockout vector containing 49 sg RNA expression cassettes was assembled and a high co-editing efficiency was observed.This plant ultra-multiplex genome editing system advances synthetic biology and plant genetic engineering.

关键词： CRISPR/Cas9 Multiplex genome editing Assembly system Plant

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Tissue distribution of cadmium and its effect on reproduction in Spodoptera exigua

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第1期23卷 195-204页

作者： Honghua Su Menglu Wu Yong Yang Yan Deng Yizhong Yang Qingming Sun College of Plant Protection Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China institute of Fruit Tree Research Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource UtilizationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree ResearchGuangzhou 510640China

Vegetable fields are often contaminated by heavy metals,and Spodoptera exigua is a major vegetable pest which is stressed by heavy metals mainly by feeding.In this study,cadmium accumulation in the tissues of S.exigua exposed to cadmium and its effects on the growth and development of the parents and the offspring were investigated.Under the stress of different concentrations of cadmium(0.2,3.2,and 51.2 mg kg^(-1)),the cadmium content in each tissue of S.exigua increased in a dose-dependent manner.At the larval stage,the highest cadmium accumulation was found in midgut in all three cadmium treatments,but at the adult stage,the highest cadmium content was found in fat body.In addition,the cadmium content in ovaries was much higher than in testes.When F1S.exigua was stressed by cadmium and the F_(2)generation was not fed a cadmium-containing diet,the larval survival,pupation rate,emergence rate and fecundity of the F_(2)generation were significantly reduced in the 51.2 mg kg^(-1)treatment compared to the corresponding F1generation.Even in the F_(2)generation of the 3.2 mg kg^(-1)treatment,the fecundity was significantly lower than in the parental generation.The fecundity of the only-female stressed treatment was significantly lower than that of the only-male stressed treatment at the 3.2 and 51.2 mg kg^(-1)cadmium exposure levels.When only mothers were stressed at the larval stage,the fecundity of the F_(2)generation was significantly lower than that of the F1generation in the 51.2 mg kg^(-1)treatment,and it was also significantly lower than in the 3.2 and 0.2 mg kg^(-1)treatments.The results of our study can provide useful information for forecasting the population increase trends under different heavy metal stress conditions and for the reliable environmental risk assessment of heavy metal pollution.

关键词： heavy metal pollution cadmium Spodoptera exigua tissue distribution reproduction

The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第1期15卷 20-34页

作者： Chuni Wang Yao Peng Yiru Zhang Juan Xu Sheng Jiang Leli Wang Yulong Yin institute of subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina Tianjin institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina

Valine is an essential amino acid and a type of branched-chain amino acid. Due to the involvement of branchedchain amino acids in various metabolic pathways, there has been a surge of interests in valine nutrition and its role in animal physiology. In pigs, the interactions between valine and other branched-chain amino acids or aromatic amino acids are complex. In this review, we delve into the interaction mechanism, metabolic pathways, and biological functions of valine. Appropriate valine supplementation not only enhances growth and reproductive performances, but also modulates gut microbiota and immune functions. Based on past observations and interpretations, we provide recommended feed levels of valine for weaned piglets, growing pigs, gilts, lactating sows, barrows and entire males. The summarized valine nutrient requirements for pigs at different stages offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in animal husbandry.

关键词： Additional dosage Biological function Metabolic pathway Pig Valine

Leucine regulates lipid metabolism in adipose tissue through adipokine-mTOR-SIRT1 signaling pathway and bile acid—microbe axis in a finishing pig model

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 158-173页

作者： Yunju Yin Saiming Gong Mengmeng Han Jingzun Wang Hanjing Shi Xianji Jiang Liu Guo Yehui Duan Qiuping Guo Qinghua Chen Fengna Li Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessHunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production College of Animal Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University College of Modern Agricultural Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Life Science and Engineering Northwest Minzu University

This study was conducted to explore the regulatory mechanism of leucine (Leu) on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs.Twenty-four Duroc×Landrace×Large cross pigs with an average body weight of68.33±0.97 kg were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups with 8 replicates per group (1 pig per replicate).The dietary treatments were as follows:control group (CON),0.25%Leu group and 0.50%Leu group.The experimental period was 42 d.The results showed as follows.(1) Compared with the CON,0.25%and 0.50%Leu increased (P<0.01) the average daily gain (ADG),while the average backfat thickness (ABT) and the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain (F:G ratio) were decreased (P<0.05).(2)In the 0.25%Leu group,the relative mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c),recombinant fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1),chemerin and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ) were decreased but the level of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) were increased in backfat tissue.In the 0.25%Leu group,the protein levels of p-Rictor,p-Raptor,p-eIF4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1),p-silent mating type information regulator 2homolog 1 (p-SIRT1) and acetylation ribosome s6 protein kinase 1 (Ac—S6K1) were increased (P<0.05).(3) Compared to the CON,the diversity of gut microbiota in the 0.25%Leu group was increased.Principal component analysis showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio was higher in the 0.25%Leu group than the CON,but the relative abundance of Firmicutes,Treponema and Shigella was lower than in the CON (P<0.05).(4) Four different metabolites were screened out from the serum of finishing pigs including allolithocholic acid (alloLCA),isolithocholic acid (isoLCA),ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA),which correlate to various degrees with the above microorganisms.In conclusion,Leu could promote adipose tissue lipolysis of finishing pigs through the mTOR-SIRT1 signaling pathway,and S6K1 is a

关键词： Leu Lipid metabolism Gut microbiota Bile acid

Flavonoids from mulberry leaves inhibit fat production and improve fatty acid distribution in adipose tissue in finishing pigs

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 147-157页

作者： Yingying Liu Yinglin Peng Chen Chen Huibo Ren Ji Zhu Yuan Deng Qingming Cui Xionggui Hu Jianhua He Huali Li Xinghui Zhu Yulong Yin Jun He Yi Xiao College of Animal Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University Hunan institute of Animal and Veterinary Science Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breed Germplasm Resources College of Information and Intelligence Hunan Agricultural University institute of subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences

This study evaluated the effects of flavonoids from mulberry leaves (FML) on plasma biochemical indices,serum activities of lipid metabolism-related enzymes,fat morphology,fatty acid composition,and lipid metabolism in different adipose tissues of finishing pigs.We used 120 Chinese hybrid barrows of Berkshire and Bama mini-pigs with an average initial body weight of 45.11±4.23 kg.The pigs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups and fed a control diet based on corn,soybean meal,and wheat bran or a control diet supplemented with 0.02%,0.04%,0.08%,or 0.16%FML.Each experimental group had six replicates (pens),with four pigs per pen.After a 7-d adaptation period,the feeding trial was conducted for 58 d.Blood and adipose tissue samples were collected from 30 pigs (one pig per pen)at the end of the test.The results showed that FML supplementation significantly decreased the feed intake to body gain ratio,the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and free fatty acids,and the serum activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (linear or quadratic effects,P<0.05),and decreased the plasma triglyceride concentration (quadratic,P=0.07).Increasing FML supplementation increased the average daily gain and serum activities of lipoprotein lipase (linear and quadratic effects,P<0.05) and adipose triglyceride lipase (linear,P<0.05).Dietary FML supplementation decreased the adipocyte area in the dorsal subcutaneous adipose (DSA) tissue of finishing pigs (linear,P=0.05) and increased the adipocyte area in the visceral adipose tissue (quadratic,P<0.01).Increasing FML supplementation decreased the C20:1 content in DSA,abdominal subcutaneous adipose,and visceral adipose tissues of finishing pigs (P<0.05) and increased the C18:3n3 and n-3 PUFA contents(P<0.05).The lipid metabolism genes were regulated by the PPARγ-LXRa-ABCA1 signaling pathway,and their expressions differed in different adipose tissues.These findings suggest that FML improved growth performance,regulated lipid metabolism,inhibited fat production

关键词： Finishing pig Mulberry leaf Flavonoid Lipid metabolism Fatty acid Lard