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Natural nest substrates influence squamate embryo physiology but have little effect on hatchling phenotypes

Integrative Zoology 2022年第4期17卷 550-566页

作者： Joshua M.HALL Jocelyn MIRACLE Cindy D.SCRUGGS Daniel A.WARNER Department of Biological Sciences Auburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA

Vertebrate embryos require access to water;however,many species nest in terrestrial habitats that vary considerably in moisture content.Oviparous,non-avian reptiles have served as models to understand how environmental factors,like moisture availability,influence development because eggs are often exposed to prevailing environments in the absence of parental care.Though much research demonstrates the importance of water absorption by eggs,many ecological factors that influence moisture availability in natural nests have received little attention.For example,the type of substrate in which nests are constructed is understudied.We experimentally incubated eggs of the brown anole lizard(Anolis sagrei)in 2 naturally occurring nest substrates that were treated with varying amounts of water to determine how natural substrates influence development at different moisture concentrations.One substrate consisted of sand and crushed seashells and the other was mostly organic material(i.***.decayed plant material).Both are common nesting substrates at our field site.When controlling for water uptake by eggs,we found that egg survival and hatchling phenotypes were similar between substrates;however,embryos developed more quickly in the sand/shell substrate than the organic substrate,indicating substrate-specific effects on embryo physiology.These results demonstrate that different natural substrates can result in similar developmental outcomes if the water available to eggs is comparable;however,some aspects of development,like developmental rate,are affected by the type of substrate,independent of water availability.Further study is required to determine how natural substrates influence embryo physiology independent of water content.

关键词： developmental plasticity egg incubation hydric conditions nesting behavior nest-site selection

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GDNF to the rescue:GDNF delivery effects on motor neurons and nerves,and muscle re-innervation after peripheral nerve injuries

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第4期17卷 748-753页

作者： Alberto F.Cintrón-Colón Gabriel Almeida-Alves Juliana M.VanGyseghem John M.Spitsbergen biological sciences department Western Michigan UniversityKalamazooMIUSA

Peripheral nerve injuries commonly occur due to trauma,like a traffic accident.Peripheral nerves get severed,causing motor neuron death and potential muscle atrophy.The current golden standard to treat peripheral nerve lesions,especially lesions with large(≥3 cm)nerve gaps,is the use of a nerve autograft or reimplantation in cases where nerve root avulsions occur.If not tended early,degeneration of motor neurons and loss of axon regeneration can occur,leading to loss of function.Although surgical procedures exist,patients often do not fully recover,and quality of life deteriorates.Peripheral nerves have limited regeneration,and it is usually mediated by Schwann cells and neurotrophic factors,like glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,as seen in Wallerian degeneration.Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is a neurotrophic factor known to promote motor neuron survival and neurite outgrowth.Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is upregulated in different forms of nerve injuries like axotomy,sciatic nerve crush,and compression,thus creating great interest to explore this protein as a potential treatment for peripheral nerve injuries.Exogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor has shown positive effects in regeneration and functional recovery when applied in experimental models of peripheral nerve injuries.In this review,we discuss the mechanism of repair provided by Schwann cells and upregulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,the latest findings on the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in different types of peripheral nerve injuries,delivery systems,and complementary treatments(electrical muscle stimulation and exercise).Understanding and overcoming the challenges of proper timing and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor delivery is paramount to creating novel treatments to tend to peripheral nerve injuries to improve patients'quality of life.

关键词： electrical muscle stimulation exercise glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor delivery motor neuron nerve gap neurotrophic factor peripheral nerve injury Schwann cells skeletal muscle atrophy

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Enrichment of novel Tau isoform with altered biochemical properties in Alzheimer's disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第11期18卷 2397-2398页

作者： Chin-Tong Ong Temasek Life sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore

Aberrant splicing in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder cha racterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid-β plaques and Tau-containing intracellular neurofib rilla ry tangles (Knopman et al.,2021).Cognitive decline in AD due to neuronal and synaptic loss is caused by the complex interplay between pathological amyloid-β and Tau species with the impaired innate clearance pathways.There are two types of AD based on disease aetiology (Knopman et al.,2021).

关键词： Alzheimer impaired

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Metagenomes of polyamine-transforming bacterioplankton along a nearshore-open ocean transect

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Marine Life Science & Technology 2022年第2期4卷 268-276页

作者： Xinxin Lu Kai Wang Xiaozhen Mou Department of Biological Sciences Kent State UniversityKentOHUSA

Short-chained aliphatic polyamines (PAs) have recently been recognized as an important carbon, nitrogen, and/or energy source for marine bacterioplankton. To study the genes and taxa involved in the transformations of different PA compounds and their potential variations among marine systems, we collected surface bacterioplankton from nearshore, offshore, and open ocean stations in the Gulf of Mexico and examined their metagenomic responses to additions of single PA model compounds (putrescine, spermidine, or spermine). Genes affiliated with PA uptake and all three known PA degradation pathways, i.e., transamination, γ-glutamylation, and spermidine cleavage, were significantly enriched in most PA-treated metagenomes. In addition, identified PA-transforming taxa were mostly the alpha and gamma classes of Proteobacteria, with less important contributions from members of Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes. These findings suggest that PA transformations are ubiquitous, have diverse pathways, and are carried out by a broad range of the bacterioplankton taxa in the Gulf of Mexico. Identified PA-transforming bacterial genes and taxa were different among nearshore, offshore, and open ocean sites, but were little different among individual compound-amended metagenomes at any specific site. These observations further indicate that PA-transforming taxa and genes are site-specific and with high similarities among PA compounds.

关键词： Polyamines Microbial transformation Putrescine Spermidine Spermine

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Cranial differences in three-toed jerboas(Dipodinae,Dipodidae,Rodentia)according to recent taxonomic revisions

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Current Zoology 2023年第4期69卷 475-490页

作者： Bader H.Alhajeri Zahraa Hasan Hasan Alhaddad Department of Biological Sciences Kuwait UniversitySafat13060Kuwait

Recent phylogenetic studies amended the taxonomy of three-toed jerboas(subfamily Dipodinae),including raising subspecies to full species.Here,we use geometric morphometrics to compare scaled-shape differences in dipodine crania while considering their revised taxonomy.We sampled Dipus deasyi,D.sagitta halli,D.s.sowerbyi,Jaculus blanfordi blanfordi,J.hirtipes,J.jaculus,J.loftusi,J.orientalis gerboa,J.o.mauritanicus,and Stylodipus andrewsi.Crania were not sexually dimorphic.Common allometry explained some of the shape variation,for example,reduced braincases in larger specimens.Most operational taxonomic unit pairs differed in both size and shape.Dipus and Stylodipus clustered together based on their cranial shape.Jaculus differed from the aforementioned genera by its larger tympanic bulla,broader braincase,larger infraorbital foramen,along with reduced molars and rostra.Jaculus orientalis differed from other Jaculus by its broader face versus reduced cranial vault.Jaculus blanfordi(subgenus Haltomys)resembles members of the subgenus Jaculus more than its consubgener(J.orientalis).Jaculus loftusi,previously considered a synonym of J.jaculus,clearly differed from the latter by its shorter rostrum,smaller infraorbital foramen,and more caudolaterally expanded tympanic bulla.Jaculus hirtipes,another recent synonym of J.jaculus,resembled J.blanfordi more in scaled cranial shape than it did J.jaculus.Dipus sagitta halli and D.s.sowerbyi were indistinguishable,but they clearly differed from D.deasyi(recently raised to full species)with the latter having a larger molar row,more inflated tympanic bulla,and shorter,slenderer rostrum.Ecological explanations for detected cranial shape differences are considered,including diet and habitat(particularly substrate).

关键词： crania Dipus deasyi Jaculus hirtipes Jaculus loftusi jerboa Stylodipus andrewsi

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Effects of sun compass error on spatial search by Clark’s nutcrackers

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Integrative Zoology 2019年第2期14卷 172-181页

作者： Debbie M.KELLY Ken CHENG Russell BALDA Alan C.KAMIL department of Psychology University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffUSA Department of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnUSA

Animals employ compasses during navigation,but little attention has been paid to how accuracy is maintained in the face of compass error,which is inevitable in biological systems.The use of multiple landmarks may minimize the effect of compass error.We allowed Clark’s nutcrackers to cache seeds in an outdoor aviary with either one or four landmarks present,and subsequently subjected them to small clock-shifts mimicking the effects of compass error.As predicted,the results showed a significant decrease in search accuracy following the clock-shift when one landmark was present but not when four landmarks were present.These results support that nutcrackers encode information from the sun as well as terrestrial landmarks,and these spatial cues are used in a flexible manner.Overall,our results are important as they support the hypothesis that multiple landmarks may be used during situations where the sun compass has even a small amount of error.

关键词： Clark’s nutcracker clock-shift error landmarks sun compass

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Animal models in the study of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease:A historical perspective

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Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2022年第1期5卷 27-37页

作者： Rajashree Banerjee Arushi Rai Shreyas M.Iyer Sonia Narwal Meghana Tare Department of Biological Sciences Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilaniIndia

Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are two of the most prevalent and disabling neurodegenerative diseases globally.Both are proteinopathic conditions and while occasionally inherited,are largely sporadic in nature.Although the advances in our understanding of the two have been significant,they are far from complete and neither diagnosis nor the current practices in treatment and rehabilitation is adequately helpful.Animal models have historically found application as testing beds for novel therapeutics and continue to be valuable aids in pharmacological research.This review chronicles the development of those models in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease,and highlights the shifting paradigms in studying two humanspecific conditions in non-human organisms.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease animal models neurodegeneration Parkinson's disease

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Metabolic relationships between marine red algae and algae‑associated bacteria

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Marine Life Science & Technology 2024年第2期6卷 298-314页

作者： Kyung Hyun Kim Jeong Min Kim Ju Hye Baek Sang Eun Jeong Hocheol Kim Hwan Su Yoon Che Ok Jeon Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Hannam UniversityDaejon 34054Republic of Korea department of Life Science Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul 06974Republic of Korea Department of Biological Sciences Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon 16419Republic of Korea

Mutualistic interactions between marine phototrophs and associated bacteria are an important strategy for their success-ful survival in the ocean,but little is known about their metabolic relationships.Here,bacterial communities in the algal sphere(AS)and bulk solution(BS)of nine marine red algal cultures were analyzed,and Roseibium and Phycisphaera were identified significantly more abundantly in AS than in BS.The metabolic features of Roseibium RMAR6-6(isolated and genome-sequenced),Phycisphaera MAG 12(obtained by metagenomic sequencing),and a marine red alga,Porphyridium purpureum CCMP1328(from GenBank),were analyzed bioinformatically.RMAR6-6 has the genetic capability to fix nitrogen and produce B vitamins(B1,B2,B5,B6,B9,and B12),bacterioferritin,dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP),and phenylacetate that may enhance algal growth,whereas MAG 12 may have a limited metabolic capability,not producing vitamins B9 and B12,DMSP,phenylacetate,and siderophores,but with the ability to produce bacitracin,possibly modulating algal microbiome.P.purpureum CCMP1328 lacks the genetic capability to fix nitrogen and produce vitamin B12,DMSP,phenylacetate,and siderophore.It was shown that the nitrogen-fixing ability of RMAR6-6 promoted the growth of P.pur-pureum,and DMSP reduced the oxidative stress of P.purpureum.The metabolic interactions between strain RMAR6-6 and P.purpureum CCMP1328 were also investigated by the transcriptomic analyses of their monoculture and co-culture.Taken together,potential metabolic relationships between Roseibium and P.purpureum were proposed.This study provides a bet-ter understanding of the metabolic relationships between marine algae and algae-associated bacteria for successful growth.

关键词： Metabolic relationship Marine red algae Symbiotic bacteria Roseibium Phycisphaera Porphyridium

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Epidemic time series similarity is related to geographic distance and age structure

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2022年第4期7卷 690-697页

作者： Tad A.Dallas Grant Foster Robert L.Richards Bret D.Elderd Department of Biological Sciences University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29208USA Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA70802USA

Objective:More similar locations may have similar infectious disease dynamics.There is clear overlap in putative causes for epidemic similarity,such as geographic distance,age structure,and population size.We compare the effects of these potential drivers on epidemic similarity compared to a baseline assumption that differences in the basic reproductive number(R0)will translate to differences in epidemic trajectories.Methods:Using COVID-19 case counts from United States counties,we explore the importance of geographic distance,population size differences,and age structure dissimilarity on resulting epidemic similarity.Results:We find clear effects of geographic space,age structure,population size,and R0 on epidemic similarity,but notably the effect of age structure was stronger than the baseline assumption that differences in R0 would be most related to epidemic similarity.Conclusions:Together,this highlights the role of spatial and demographic processes on SARS-CoV2 epidemics in the United States.

关键词： Epidemic similarity SARS-CoV2 Age structure Distance decay

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Phytochemical analysis and inhibitory effects of Calligonum polygonoides on pancreatic α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzymes

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2022年第3期42卷 426-431页

作者： Mushtaq Ahmed Naila Sher Nadia Mushtaq Rahmat Ali Khan department of Biotechnology Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of Science&TechnologyBannu 28100KPK-Pakistan department of Botany Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of Science&TechnologyBannu 28100KPKPakistan

OBJECTIVES:To estimate the existence of phytochemicals and then to determine the antidiabetic activity againstα-amylase andβ-glucosidase inhibition in vitro.METHODS:The study was carried out by following standard procedures.RESULTS:Phytochemicals analysis indicated the presence of different phytochemicals.The total phenolic content was 6.055 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid content was 5.706 mg RU/g in the plant extract.The total saponins,alkaloids,and tannins contents were(0.044%),(2.88%)and(2.862 nm)respectively.α-amylase inhibition activity of Calligonum polygonoides(CP)extract was 70%with IC50 of 610μg/mL and that ofβ-glucosidase inhibition activity was 65%with IC50 of 640μg/mL.CONCLUSION:The findings reported for the first time the antidiabetes-promoting effects of an extract of CP in vitro,thus validating their promising anti-diabetes potential.

关键词： Calligonum polygonoides phytochemicals alpha-amylases beta-glucosidase

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