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The application of protease in aquaculture: Prospects for enhancing the aquafeed industry

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 105-121页

作者： Shiyou Chen Sahya Maulu Jie Wang Xiaoze Xie Xiaofang Liang Hao Wang Junjun Wang Min Xue National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center Institute of Feed Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University School of Biological and marine sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Plymouth centre for Innovative Approach Zambia (CIAZ)

Low-fishmeal and protein-saving diets are two prominent nutritional strategies utilized to address challenges related to the scarcity and sustainability of protein sources in aquaculture. However, these diets have been associated with adverse effects on the growth performance, feed utilization, and disease resistance of aquatic animals. To mitigate these challenges, exogenous protease has been applied to enhance the quality of diets with lower protein contents or fishmeal alternatives, thereby improving the bioavailability of nutritional ingredients. Additionally, protease preparations were also used to enzymatically hydrolyze fishmeal alternatives, thus enhancing their nutritional utilization. The present review aims to consolidate recent research progress on the use of protease in aquaculture and conclude the benefits and limitations of its application, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject and identifying opportunities for future research.

关键词： Protease Low-fishmeal diet Protein-saving diets Exogenous digestive enzyme Aquafeed

A unique subseafloor microbiosphere in the Mariana Trench driven by episodic sedimentation

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marine Life Science & Technology 2024年第1期6卷 168-181页

作者： Jiwen Liu Da-Wei Li Xinxin He Ronghua Liu Haojin Cheng Chenglong Su Mengna Chen Yonghong Wang Zhongsheng Zhao Hanyue Xu Zhangyu Cheng Zicheng Wang Nikolai Pedentchouk David J.Lea-Smith Jonathan D.Todd Xiaoshou Liu Meixun Zhao Xiao-Hua Zhang Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Laboratory for marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laoshan LaboratoryQingdao 266237China Institute of Evolution and marine Biodiversity Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Key Laboratory of marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of EducationOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of Education/College of Marine GeosciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education/Research Vessel CentreOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China School of Environmental sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK School of Biological sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK

Hadal trenches are characterized by enhanced and infrequent high-rate episodic sedimentation events that likely introduce not only labile organic carbon and key nutrients but also new microbes that significantly alter the subseafloor microbiosphere.Currently,the role of high-rate episodic sedimentation in controlling the composition of the hadal subseafloor microbiosphere is unknown.Here,analyses of carbon isotope composition in a~750 cm long sediment core from the Challenger Deep revealed noncontinuous deposition,with anomalous ^(14)C ages likely caused by seismically driven mass transport and the funneling effect of trench geomorphology.Microbial community composition and diverse enzyme activities in the upper~27 cm differed from those at lower depths,probably due to sudden sediment deposition and differences in redox condition and organic matter availability.At lower depths,microbial population numbers,and composition remained relatively constant,except at some discrete depths with altered enzyme activity and microbial phyla abundance,possibly due to additional sudden sedimentation events of different magnitude.Evidence is provided of a unique role for high-rate episodic sedimentation events in controlling the subsurface microbiosphere in Earth’s deepest ocean floor and highlight the need to perform thorough analysis over a large depth range to characterize hadal benthic populations.Such depositional processes are likely crucial in shaping deep-water geochemical environments and thereby the deep subseafloor biosphere.

关键词： Hadal subseafloor Deep water sediment Mariana Trench Radiocarbon Microbial community Redox potential

Design consideration of phthalocyanines as sensitizers for enhanced sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy of cancer

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2024年第3期14卷 1077-1097页

作者： Lindokuhle Cindy Nene Heidi Abrahamse Laser Research centre Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of JohannesburgDoornfontein 2028South Africa

Cancer remains one of the diseases with the highest incidence and mortality globally.Conventional treatment modalities have demonstrated threatening drawbacks including invasiveness,noncontrollability,and development of resistance for some,including chemotherapy,radiation,and surgery.Sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy(SPDT)has been developed as an alternative treatment modality which offers a non-invasive and controllable therapeutic approach.SPDT combines the mechanism of action of sonodynamic therapy(SDT),which uses ultrasound,and photodynamic therapy(PDT),which uses light,to activate a sensitizer and initiate cancer eradication.The use of phthalocyanines(Pcs)as sensitizers for SPDT is gaining interest owing to their ability to induce intracellular oxidative stress and initiate toxicity under SDT and PDT.This review discusses some of the structural prerequisites of Pcs which may influence their overall SPDT activities in cancer therapy.

关键词： Sonodynamic therapy Photodynamic therapy Combinatorial therapy Phthalocyanines Sensitizer Cancer

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Praseodymium metal nanorods as a 5-fluorouracil carrier

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第7期42卷 1328-1336页

作者： Varnitha Manikantan Govindaraj Sri Varalakshmi Ujma Ashapak Tamboli Archana Sumohan Pillai Aleyamma Alexander Anushka Lucas Bose Allben Akash Israel V.M.V.Enoch centre for Nanoscience and Genomics Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University) Department of Applied Chemistry Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University)

Interest in metal nanoparticles as nanoscale drug-carrying vehicles has been increasing.In such an aspect,lanthanide metal nanoparticles are particularly intriguing.Herein,we report praseodymium nanoparticles as a novel anticancer therapeutic transporting agent.The material was made as a composite with the supramolecular host polymer,poly-β-cyclodextrin.The praseodymium nanorods were characterized using standard analytical techniques,including X-ray diffraction（XRD）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）.In addition,they were imaged using transmission electron microscopy.The nanostructures are a long rod-shaped material with 2.0±0.1 μm in length and 230±10 nm in width.The material shows a saturation magnetization value above 30 emu/g with a coercivity value of 130 Oe.The nanocarrier is freighted with the drug 5-fluorouracil,and the encapsulation efficiency is 76.09%.The drug release is continuous from the nanocarrier（polymer-containing praseodymium nanoparticles） and proceeds for above 250 h.The in vitro cytotoxicities of the blank nanocarrier and the 5-fluorouracil-loaded one are deduced by testing them on MCF-7 and Vero（non-cancerous） cell lines.The cytotoxicity on the cancerous cell lines is observed,whereas the noncancerous cells are unaffected.The IC50values on the cell lines are reported.

关键词： Anticancer activity Drug delivery Metal nanoparticles Poly-cyclodextrin Praseodymium Rare earths

Counteracting effects on ENSO induced by ocean chlorophyll interannual variability and tropical instability wave-scale perturbations in the tropical Pacific

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Science China Earth sciences 2024年第2期67卷 387-404页

作者： Rong-Hua ZHANG Feng TIAN Qidong SHI Xiujun WANG Tongwen WU School of marine sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing210044China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao266237China Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing101408China Faculty of Geographical sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China Earth System Modeling and Prediction centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing100081China

Large perturbations in chlorophyll(Chl)are observed to coexist at interannual and tropical instability wave(TIW)scales in the tropical Pacific;at present,their combined effects on El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)through ocean biologyinduced heating(OBH)feedbacks are not understood well.Here,a hybrid coupled model(HCM)for the atmosphere and ocean physics-biogeochemistry(AOPB)in the tropical Pacific is adopted to quantify how ENSO can be modulated by Chl perturbations at interannual and TIW scales,individually or collectively,respectively.The HCM-based sensitivity experiments demonstrate a counteracting effect on ENSO:the bio-climate feedback due to large-scale Chl interannual variability acts to damp ENSO through its impact on upper-ocean stratification and vertical mixing,whereas that due to TIW-scale Chl perturbations tends to amplify ENSO.Because ENSO simulations are sensitively dependent on the ways Chl effects are represented at these different scales,it is necessary to adequately take into account these related differential Chl effects in climate modeling.A bias source for ENSO simulations is illustrated that is related with the Chl effects in the tropical Pacific,adding in a new insight into interactions between the climate system and ocean ecosystem on different scales in the region.These results reveal a level of complexity of ENSO modulations resulting from Chl effects at interannual and TIW scales,which are associated with ocean biogeochemical processes and their interactions with physical processes in the tropical Pacific.

关键词： Ocean chlorophyll Bio-climate feedbacks Interannual variability Tropical instability waves Counteracting effects A hybrid coupled model

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Design of an automated robotic microinjection system for batch injection of zebrafish embryos and larvae

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2024年第1期10卷 89-103页

作者： Zhongyi Guo Nana Ai Wei Ge Qingsong Xu Department of Electromechanical Engineering Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of MacaoMacaoChina Department of Biomedical sciences and centre of Reproduction Development and Aging(CRDA)Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacaoMacaoChina

This paper presents the design of a vision-based automated robotic microinjection system for batch injection of both zebrafish embryos and larvae.A novel visual recognition algorithm based on an automatic threshold and excessive dilatation is introduced to accurately identify the center of zebrafish embryos and larval yolks.A corresponding software system is developed using the producer-consumer model as the framework structure,and a friendly user interface is designed to allow operators to choose from a range of desired functions according to their different needs.In addition,a novel microstructural agarose device is designed and fabricated to simultaneously immobilize mixed batches of embryos and larvae.Moreover,a prototype microinjection system is fabricated by integrating hardware devices with visual algorithms.An experimental study is conducted to verify the performance of the robotic microinjection system.The results show that the reported system can accurately identify zebrafish embryos and larvae and efficiently complete batch microinjection tasks of the mixtures with an injection success rate of 92.05%in 13.88 s per sample.Compared with manual and existing microinjection systems,the proposed system demonstrates the merits of versatility,excellent efficiency,high success rate,high survival rate,and sufficient stability.

关键词： zebra automated hardware

Spin-based magnetic random-access memory for high-performance computing

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National Science Review 2024年第3期11卷 20-23页

作者： Kaiming Cai Tianli Jin Wen Siang Lew School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Interuniversity Microelectronics centre(IMEC) School of Physical and Mathematical sciences Nanyang Technological University

Memory serves as a critical component in today's electronic systems for data storage and processing. In traditional computer architectures, the logic and memory units are physically separated, due to the performance gap in operational speed and capacity among memories, resulting in the fundamental limitation of the von Neumann computers.

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Simulating the Escaping Atmosphere of GJ 436 b with Two-fluid Magnetohydrodynamic Models

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第6期24卷 275-288页

作者： Lei Xing Jianheng Guo Chuyuan Yang Dongdong Yan Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of sciences Key Laboratory for Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects Chinese Academy of Sciences International centre of Supernovae Yunnan Key Laboratory

Observations of transmission spectra reveal that hot Jupiters and Neptunes are likely to possess escaping atmospheres driven by stellar radiation. Numerous models predict that magnetic fields may exert significant influences on the atmospheres of hot planets. Generally, the escaping atmospheres are not entirely ionized, and magnetic fields only directly affect the escape of ionized components within them. Considering the chemical reactions between ionized components and neutral atoms, as well as collision processes, magnetic fields indirectly impact the escape of neutral atoms, thereby influencing the detection signals of planetary atmospheres in transmission spectra. In order to simulate this process, we developed a magnetohydrodynamic multi-fluid model based on MHD code PLUTO. As an initial exploration, we investigated the impact of magnetic fields on the decoupling of H+and H in the escaping atmosphere of the hot Neptune GJ436b. Due to the strong resonant interactions between H and H+, the coupling between them is tight even if the magnetic field is strong. Of course,alternatively, our work also suggests that merging H and H+into a single flow can be a reasonable assumption in MHD simulations of escaping atmospheres. However, our simulation results indicate that under the influence of magnetic fields, there are noticeable regional differences in the decoupling of H+and H. With the increase of magnetic field strength, the degree of decoupling also increases. For heavier particles such as O, the decoupling between O and H+is more pronounced. Our findings provide important insights for future studies on the decoupling processes of heavy atoms in the escaping atmospheres of hot Jupiters and hot Neptunes under the influence of magnetic fields.

关键词： hydrodynamics magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) planets and satellites: atmospheres

Incorporating physiological knowledge into correlative species distribution models minimizes bias introduced by the choice of calibration area

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marine Life Science & Technology 2024年第2期6卷 349-362页

作者： Zhixin Zhang Jinxin Zhou Jorge García Molinos Stefano Mammola Ákos Bede‑Fazekas Xiao Feng Daisuke Kitazawa Jorge Assis Tianlong Qiu Qiang Lin CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical marine Bio-resources and Ecology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied marine Biology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China marine Biodiversity and Ecological Evolution Research Center South China Sea Institute of OceanologyGuangzhou 510301China Global Ocean and Climate Research Center South China Sea Institute of OceanologyGuangzhou 510301China Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba 277-8574Japan Arctic Research Center Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaido 001-0021Japan Finnish Museum of Natural History University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland Molecular Ecology Group(MEG) Water Research Institute(IRSA)National Research Council of Italy(CNR)28922 Verbania PallanzaItaly National Biodiversity Future Center(NBFC) PalermoItaly Institute of Ecology and Botany HUN-REN Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography ELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary Department of Biology University of North CarolinaChapel HillNC 27599USA centre of marine sciences University of AlgarveCampus de GambelasFaroPortugal CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental marine Biology Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China

Correlative species distribution models(SDMs)are important tools to estimate species’geographic distribution across space and time,but their reliability heavily relies on the availability and quality of occurrence data.Estimations can be biased when occurrences do not fully represent the environmental requirement of a species.We tested to what extent species’physiological knowledge might influence SDM estimations.Focusing on the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within the coastal ocean of East Asia,we compiled a comprehensive dataset of occurrence records.We then explored the importance of incorporating physiological knowledge into SDMs by calibrating two types of correlative SDMs:a naïve model that solely depends on environmental correlates,and a physiologically informed model that further incorporates physiological information as priors.We further tested the models’sensitivity to calibration area choices by fitting them with different buffered areas around known presences.Compared with naïve models,the physiologically informed models successfully captured the negative influence of high temperature on A.japonicus and were less sensitive to the choice of calibration area.The naïve models resulted in more optimistic prediction of the changes of potential distributions under climate change(i.e.,larger range expansion and less contraction)than the physiologically informed models.Our findings highlight benefits from incorporating physiological information into correlative SDMs,namely mitigating the uncertainties associated with the choice of calibration area.Given these promising features,we encourage future SDM studies to consider species physi-ological information where available.

关键词： Bayesian approach Climate change Habitat suitability Physiological knowledge Species distribution model