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Hydromechanical characterization of gas transport amidst uncertainty for underground nuclear explosion detection

Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第6期16卷 2019-2032页

作者： Wenfeng Li Chelsea W.Neil J William Carey Meng Meng Luke P.Frash Philip H.Stauffer Earth and Environmental Sciences Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87544USA Department of Mineral Engineering New Mexico TechSocorroNM87801USA

Given the challenge of definitively discriminating between chemical and nuclear explosions using seismic methods alone,surface detection of signature noble gas radioisotopes is considered a positive identification of underground nuclear explosions(UNEs).However,the migration of signature radionuclide gases between the nuclear cavity and surface is not well understood because complex processes are involved,including the generation of complex fracture networks,reactivation of natural fractures and faults,and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)coupling of radionuclide gas transport in the *** this study,we provide an experimental investigation of hydro-mechanical(HM)coupling among gas flow,stress states,rock deformation,and rock damage using a unique multi-physics triaxial direct shear rock testing *** testing system also features redundant gas pressure and flow rate measurements,well suited for parameter uncertainty *** porous tuff and tight granite samples that are relevant to historic UNE tests,we measured the Biot effective stress coefficient,rock matrix gas permeability,and fracture gas permeability at a range of pore pressure and stress *** Biot effective stress coefficient varies from 0.69 to 1 for the tuff,whose porosity averages 35.3%±0.7%,while this coefficient varies from 0.51 to 0.78 for the tight granite(porosity<1%,perhaps an underestimate).Matrix gas permeability is strongly correlated to effective stress for the granite,but not for the porous *** experiments reveal the following key engineering implications on transport of radionuclide gases post a UNE event:(1)The porous tuff shows apparent fracture dilation or compression upon stress changes,which does not necessarily change the gas permeability;(2)The granite fracture permeability shows strong stress sensitivity and is positively related to shear displacement;and(3)Hydromechanical coupling among stress states,rock damage,and gas flow appears to be

关键词： Underground nuclear explosion uncertainty quantification Radionuclide transport Biot effective stress coefficient Fracture permeability Matrix permeability

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A planet in transition:The onset of plate tectonics on Earth between 3 and 2 Ga?

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第1期9卷 51-60页

作者： Kent C.Condie Department of Earth and Environmental Science New Mexico Tech

Many geological and geochemical changes are recorded on Earth between 3 and 2 *** the more important of these are the following:(1)increasing proportion of basalts with"arc-like"mantle sources;(2)an increasing abundance of basalts derived from enriched(EM)and depleted(DM)mantle sources;(3)onset of a Great Thermal Divergence in the mantle;(4)a decrease in degree of melting of the mantle;(5)beginning of large lateral plate motions;(6)appearance of eclogite inclusions in diamonds;(7)appearance and rapid increase in frequency of collisional orogens;(8)rapid increase in the production rate of continental crust as recorded by zircon age peaks;(9)appearance of ophiolites in the geologic record,and(10)appearance of global LIP(large igneous province)events some of which correlate with global zircon age *** of these changes may be tied directly or indirectly to cooling of Earth's mantle and corresponding changes in convective style and the strength of the lithosphere,and they may record the gradual onset and propagation of plate tectonics around the *** further understand the changes that occurred between 3 and 2 Ga,it is necessary to compare rocks,rock associations,tectonics and geochemistry during and between zircon age *** of peak and inter-peak basalts and TTGs needs to be evaluated in terms of geodynamic models that predict the existence of an episodic thermal regime between stagnant-lid and plate tectonic regimes in early planetary evolution.

关键词： Plate tectonics Zircon age peaks Mantle evolution Stagnant lid Continental crust LIP events

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Examination of literature on colloidal dispersion gels for oil recovery

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Petroleum Science 2021年第4期18卷 1097-1114页

作者： Dongmei Wang Randall S.Seright University of North Dakota United States new mexico tech United States

This paper examines literature that claims,suggests,or implies that floods with"colloidal dispersion gels"(CDGs)are superior to polymer floods for oil *** motivation for this report is *** CDGs can propagate deep into the porous rock of a reservoir,and at the same time,provide resistance factors or residual resistance factors that are greater than those for the same polymer formulation without the crosslinker,then CDGs should be used in place of polymer solutions for most/all polymer,surfactant,and ASP *** contrast,if the claims are not valid,(1)money spent on crosslinker in the CDG formulations was wasted,(2)the mobility reduction/mobility control for CDG field projects was under-designed,and(3)reservoir performance could have been damaged by excessive loss of polymer,face-plugging by gels,and/or excessive fracture *** this review,the clear answer is that there is no credible evidence that colloidal dispersion gels can propagate deep into the porous rock of a reservoir,and at the same time,provide resistance factors or residual resistance factors that are greater than those for the same polymer formulation without the *** have been sold using a number of misleading and invalid *** commonly,Hall plots are claimed to demonstrate that CDGs provide higher resistance factors and/or residual resistance factors than normal polymer ***,because Hall plots only monitor injection pressures at the wellbore,they reflect the composite of face plugging/formation damage,in-situ mobility changes,and fracture *** plots cannot distinguish between these effects-so they cannot quantify in situ resistance factors or residual resistance *** studiesdwhere CDG gelants were forced through short cores during 2-3 h-have incorrectly been cited as proof that CDGs will propagate deep(hundreds of feet)into the porous rock of a reservoir over the course of *** contrast,most legitimate laboratory s

关键词： Conformance improvement Colloidal dispersion gels Polymer flooding Mobility control

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Energy Management of Echelon Flying Northern Bald Ibises with Different Wingspans and Variable Wingtip Spacing

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2022年第1期19卷 44-61页

作者： Mostafa Hassanalian Amir Mirzaeinia Niyem Bawana Frank Heppner Department of Mechanical Engineering New Mexico TechSocorroNM87801USA Department of Computer Science and Engineering New Mexico TechSocorroNM87801USA Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode IslandKingstonRI02881USA

In this paper,the flocking flight of Northern Bald Ibises(Geronticus eremita)and their induced drag during the flock are *** Bald Ibises are long-range migratory *** birds fly in an echelon and V-shaped formation,possibly to reduce their drag;therefore,as a result,they may save energy to fly *** aerodynamic drag forces of each individual bird and the flock are modeled *** analysis shows how,during flocking flight,the drag force reduces as the size of the flock ***,wingtip spacing effects on the total drag of the flock are *** fraction of drag reduction of individual ibises is also *** initial arrangement scenarios are considered for flocks of ibises of different sizes in this *** shuffling algorithms are applied for position switching and energy balancing of the ibises during their *** is suggested that ibises can save energy by means of different arrangements of flock members during long *** results indicate that how different sizes of the birds can manipulate their positions to fly further and save energy during migration.

关键词： Drag Echelon Energy Flock Ibises Wingtips spacing

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Interannual and Interdecadal Variability of Winter Precipitation over China in Relation to Global Sea Level Pressure Anomalies

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2002年第5期19卷 914-926页

作者： Jianjun Xu Johnny C.L Chan Department of Physics&Materials Science City University of Hong KongChina Department of Earth&Environmental Science New Mexico Tech801 Leroy PlaceSocorro87801 New MexicoUSA

Based on the method of rotated principal component (RPC) analysis and wavelet transforms, the winter precipitation from 36 stations over China for the period 1881-1993 is examined. The results show that the three leading space-time modes correspond, in sequence, to winter rainfall anomalies over the reaches of the Yangtze River, the bend of the Yellow River, and the northeastern region of China. The three modes exhibit interannual oscillations with quasi-biennial and 8-year periods as well as interdecadal oscillations with 16- and 32-year periods. The interannual oscillation (< 10 years) occurs in phase over the different areas, and its maximum amplitude migrates northward considerably with prominent interdecadal variations. However, the interdecadal oscillations (10-32 years) are out of phase over the different regions, and the amplitude variations have the characteristics of stationary waves. The rainfall anomalies appear to be closely related to the anti-phase changes of mean sea-level pressure (SLP) over the Asian mainland and the North Pacific. When the SLP rises over the North Pacific and decreases over the Asian mainland, the precipitation over East China increases noticeably. The linkage between the rainfall over China and the SLP anomalies apparently results from the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon and its associated temperature and moisture advection.

关键词： wavelet transform winter precipitation China SLP

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A great thermal divergence in the mantle beginning 2.5 Ga:Geochemical constraints from greenstone basalts and komatiites

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第4期7卷 543-553页

作者： Kent C.Condie Richard C.Aster Jeroen van Hunen Department of Earth and Environmental Science New Mexico Tech Geosciences Department Colorado State University Department of Earth Sciences University of Durham

Greenstone basalts and komatiites provide a means to track both mantle composition and magma generation temperature with time. Four types of mantle are characterized from incompatible element distributions in basalts and komatiites： depleted, hydrated, enriched and mantle from which komatiites are derived. Our most important observation is the recognition for the first time of what we refer to as a Great Thermal Divergence within the mantle beginning near the end of the Archean, which we ascribe to thermal and convective evolution. Prior to 2.5 Ga, depleted and enriched mantle have indistinguishable thermal histories, whereas at 2.5-2.0 Ga a divergence in mantle magma generation temperature begins between these two types of mantle. Major and incompatible element distributions and calculated magma generation temperatures suggest that Archean enriched mantle did not come from mantle plumes, but was part of an undifferentiated or well-mixed mantle similar in composition to calculated primitive mantle. During this time, however, high-temperature mantle plumes from dominantly depleted sources gave rise to komatiites and associated basalts. Recycling of oceanic crust into the deep mantle after the Archean may have contributed to enrichment ofTi, A1, Ca and Na in basalts derived from enriched mantle sources. After 2.5 Ga, increases in Mg# in basalts from depleted mantle and decreases in Fe and Mn reflect some combination of growing depletion and cooling of depleted mantle with time. A delay in cooling of depleted mantle until after the Archean probably reflects a combination of greater radiogenic heat sources in the Archean mantle and the propagation of plate tectonics after 3 Ga.

关键词： Archean greenstones Mantle thermal evolution Basalts Mantle geochemistry Komatiites

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Effect of loading direction on interaction of two pre-existing open and closed flaws in a rock-like brittle material

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Underground Space 2020年第3期5卷 242-257页

作者： Mahtab Alitalesh Mahmoud Yazdani Ahmadali Fakhimi Marjan Naeimabadi School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran Department of Mineral Engineering New Mexico TechSocorroNMUSA

Investigations of the growth,interaction,and coalescence of cracks are important because they help to provide tools for the more realistic modeling of rock masses containing low persistence discontinuities and better estimations of the strength and stiffness of a rock *** the coalescence mechanism is useful for justifying the mechanism of continental crustal deformation,evaluating the structural failure of slopes with rock bridges,and analyzing the stability of tunnels when a mode I or mix mode failure mechanism is *** evaluation of crack growth can provide valuable information about the mechanism for the formation of new geological structures,and the formation,evolution,and growth of *** paper reports the results of diametrical compression tests on rocklike disk-shaped *** specimen contained two pre-existing open or closed *** growth,interaction,and coalescence of the pre-existing flaws were investigated both physically and numerically.A hybrid bonded particle-finite element system was used in the numerical *** results of the physical and numerical studies were in good *** particular,the induced crack patterns showed close agreement in the physical and numerical *** microscope image processing was used in the physical tests to study the dislocations along the initial *** was shown that wing crack formation was responsible for the failure of the specimen when flaws were inclined with respect to the loading *** crack growth and linkage were shown to be affected by the friction between faces of the *** addition,the slip distributions at the flaws surfaces were illustrated and examined to understand the crack propagation *** effects of the flaws on the disk failure loads were assessed both numerically and experimentally as well.

关键词： Pre-existing flaws Brazilian disk Fracture mechanics Crack propagation Coalescence Bonded particle simulation

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Information theoretic conditions for tracking in leader-follower systems with communication constraints

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控制理论与应用（英文版） 2013年第3期11卷 376-385页

作者： Yongxiang RUAN Sudharman K.JAYAWEERA Chaouki T.ABDALLAH Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of New Mexico

In this paper, we introduce a general framework for tracking in leader-follower systems under communication constraints, in which the leader and follower systems as well as the corresponding controllers are spatially distributed and connected over communication links. We provide necessary conditions on the channel data rate of each communication link for tracking of the leader-follower systems. By considering the forward and feedback channels as one cascade channel, we also provide a lower bound for the data rate of the cascade channel for the system to track a reference signal such that the tracking error has finite second moment. Examples and simulations are provided to demonstrate some of the results.

关键词： Networked control systems Leader-follower systems Information theory

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Analytical and Observational Investigation of Colors Effects on Drag Reduction in Penguins

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2022年第4期19卷 1036-1053页

作者： Grace Tenorio Anna Zagrai William Allen Mostafa Hassanalian Department of Mechanical Engineering New Mexico TechSocorroNM87801USA Cottonwood Valley Charter School SocorroNM87801USA Depertment of Biosciences Swansea UniversitySwanseaSA28PPUK

All 18 extant species of penguin are strongly countershaded,having dark dorsal and light ventral *** this paper,the thermal effects of this body color in penguins are investigated through analytical and observational ***,a thermal analysis that takes into account the environmental characteristics of penguins’habitats,fluxes,and morphology is used to analytically calculate penguin dorsal surface ***,a turbulent analytical solution for a heated boundary layer over a flat plate is applied to show that the dark color on the top of the penguins’bodies is very effective at skin drag *** verify this result,a 2D model penguin is computationally analyzed at different temperatures,confirming in principle underwater skin drag reduction through color-based surface warming with efficiency savings of up to 30%.Finally,to study how color-based increases in body surface temperatures are maintained through foraging dives,thermal cameras are used to measure the surface temperature of captive penguins before and after *** study shows conceptually that dark dorsal coloration in penguins could have a significant influence on in-water drag.

关键词： Animal coloration Drag Energy balance Irradiation Penguin Thermal imaging Skin friction

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Evaluating Watershed Vulnerability in Bernalillo County, new mexico Using Expert Testimony, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, and GIS

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第7期11卷 866-885页

作者： Tracy Sadler Clinton P. Richardson Phillip Miller Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering New Mexico Tech Socorro NM USA new mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources New Mexico Tech Socorro NM USA

Geographic Information System (GIS) software was used to create a watershed vulnerability model for Bernalillo County, new mexico. Watershed vulnerability was investigated as a function of soil erosion and infiltration criteria: precipitation, land slope, soil erodibility (K-factor), vegetation cover (NDVI), land use, drainage density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and hydrologic soil group. Respective criteria weights were derived using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) supported by expert opinion. A survey of 10 experts, representing new mexico Institute of Mining and technology (NMT), the new mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (NMBGMR), and the United States Geologic Survey (USGS), provided model input data for an integrated pair-wise comparison matrix for soil erosion and for infiltration. Individual criteria weights were determined by decomposing the respective fuzzy synthetic extent matrix using the centroid method. GIS layers were then combined based on criteria weights to produce maps of soil erosion potential and infiltration potential. A composite watershed vulnerability map was generated by equal weighting of each input map. Model results were categorized into five vulnerability categories: not vulnerable (N), slightly vulnerable (SV), moderately vulnerable (MV), highly vulnerable (HV), and extremely vulnerable (EV). The resulting FAHP/GIS model was used to generate a watershed vulnerability map of discrete areas in Bernalillo County, which may be vulnerable to stormwater run-off events and soil erosion. Such high volume run-off events can cause erosion damage to property and infrastructure. Alternatively, in areas near urban development, stormwater run-off may contribute non-point-source pollutant contamination of new mexico’s surface water resources. The most problematic areas in Bernalillo County are present in the Eastern and Northwestern portions. However, less than 1% of the total area lies within the lowest and highest vulne

关键词： Stormwater Control Measures Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems Geographic Information System Watershed Vulnerability

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