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Male genitourinary schistosomiasis-related symptoms among long-term Western African migrants in Spain: a prospective population-based screening study

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贫困所致传染病(英文) 2024年第2期13卷 1-10页

作者： Roure Sílvia Vallès Xavier Pérez-Quílez Olga López-Mu?oz Israel Chamorro Anna Abad Elena Valerio Lluís Soldevila Laura Espa?a Sergio Hegazy Alaa H. A. Fernández-Rivas Gema Gorriz Ester Herena Dolores Oliveira Mário Miralles Maria Carme Conde Carmen Montero-Alia Juan José Fernández-Pedregal Elia Miranda-Sánchez Jose Llibre Josep M. Isnard Mar Bonet Josep Maria Estrada Oriol Prat Núria Clotet Bonaventura The Schisto-Stop study group Primary Health Care Unit Mataró-(Rocafonda-Palau) Barcelona North Metropolitan Health Directorate Catalan Institute for Health Camí Ral el Ravalet Mataró Barcelona Spain Barcelona North Metropolitan Primary Care Directorate Catalan Institute for Health Ctra. de Barcelona Sabadell Barcelona Spain Directorate for Innovation and Interdisciplinary Cooperation Barcelona North Metropolitan Health Directorate Catalan Institute for Health C/Can Ruti S/N Badalona Spain IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital c/Can Ruti s/n Badalona Spain Infectious Diseases Directorate Barcelona North Metropolitan Health Directorate Catalan Institute for Health C/Can Ruti S/N Badalona Spain International Health Program (PROSICS) Barcelona North Metropolitan Territorial Directorate for Infectious Diseases Catalan Institute for Health CAP La Salut Passatge dels Encants S/N Badalona Spain Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions c/Can Ruti s/n Badalona Spain Infectious Diseases Department Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol c/Can Ruti s/n Badalona Spain Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute c/Can Ruti s/n Badalona Spain Microbiology Department Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital c/Can Ruti s/n Badalona Spain Department of Genetics and Microbiology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona c/Can Ruti s/n Badalona Spain Faculty of Medicine University of Asyut El Fateh Assiut Governorate Egypt Department of Urology Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital c/Can Ruti s/n Badalona Spain Canovelles Primary Health Care Unit Barcelona North Metropolitan Health Directorate Catalan Institute for Health C/Indústria Canovelles Spain

Background schistosomiasis is highly endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and frequently imported to Europe. Male urogenital manifestations are often neglected. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of genitourinary clinical signs and symptoms among long-term African migrants in a non-endemic European country using a serology test.Methods We carried out a prospective, community-based cross-sectional study of adult male migrants from sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain.Schistosoma serology tests and microscopic urine examinations were carried out, and clinical data were obtained from an electronic medical record search and a structured questionnaire.Results We included 388 adult males, mean age 43.5 years [Standard Deviation (SD) = 12.0, range: 18–76]. The median time since migration to the European Union was 17 [Interquartile range (IQR): 11–21] years. The most frequent country of origin was Senegal (N = 179, 46.1%). Of the 338, 147 (37.6%) tested positive forSchistosoma. Parasite eggs were present in the urine of only 1.3%. Nine genitourinary clinical items were significantly associated with positiveSchistosoma serology results: pelvic pain (45.2%;OR = 1.57, 95%CI: 1.0–2.4), pain on ejaculation (14.5%;OR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.0–3.5), dyspareunia (12.4%;OR = 2.45, 95%CI: 1.2–5.2), erectile dysfunction (9.5%;OR = 3.10, 95%CI: 1.3–7.6), self-reported episodes of infertility (32.1%;OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.0–2.8), haematuria (55.2%;OR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.5–3.6), dysuria (52.1%;OR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.3–3.1), undiagnosed syndromic STIs (5.4%), and orchitis (20.7%;OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.0–3.1). Clinical signs tended to cluster.Conclusions Urogenital clinical signs and symptoms are prevalent among male African long-term migrants with a positiveSchistosoma serology results. Genital involvement can be frequent even among those with long periods of non-residence in their sub-Saharan African countries of origin. Further research is needed to develop diagnostic tools and validate therapeutic approaches to chronic schistosomiasis.

关键词： schistosomiasis Chronic schistosomiasis Urogenital schistosomiasis Male genital schistosomiasis Longterm migrant

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry traces the geographical source of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus forskali,involved in schistosomiasis transmission

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第1期13卷 98-99页

作者： Papa Mouhamadou Gaye EI Hadj Ibrahima Ndiaye Souleymane Doucoure Doudou Sow Mapenda Gaye Ndiaw Goumballa Carole Cassagne Coralie L'Ollivier Oleg Medianikov Cheikh Sokhna Stephane Ranque Aix-Marseille University IRD AP-HM SSA VITROME Marseille France VITROME International IRD-UCAD Campus Dakar Senegal Hospital-University Institut (IHU) Mediterranée Infection Marseille France Departement of Animal Biology Faculty of Sciences and Techniques UCAD Dakar Senegal Department of Parasitology-Mycology UFR Sciences de la Santé Université Gaston Berger Saint-Louis Senegal

Background Freshwater snails of the genera Bulinus spp.,Biomphalaria spp.,and Oncomelania spp.are the main intermediate hosts of human and animal schistosomiasis.Identification of these snails has long been based on mor-phological and/or genomic criteria,which have their limitations.These limitations include a lack of precision for the morphological tool and cost and time for the DNA-based approach.Recently,Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorp-tion/lonization Time-Of-Flight(MALDI-TOF)mass spectrometry,a new tool used which is routinely in clinical microbi-ology,has emerged in the field of malacology for the identification of freshwater snails.This study aimed to evaluate the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus forskali snail populations according to their geographicalorigin.Methods This study was conducted on 101 Bi.pfeifferi and 81 Bu.forskali snails collected in three distinct geo-graphical areas of Senegal(the North-East,South-East and central part of the country),and supplemented with wild and laboratory strains.Specimens which had previously been morphologically described were identified by MALDl-TOF MS[identification log score values(LSV)≥1.7],after an initial blind test using the pre-existing database.After DNA-based identification,new reference spectra of Bi.pfeiferi(n=10)and Bu.forskali(n=5)from the geographical areas were added to the MALDI-TOF spectral database.The final blind test against this updated database was per-formed to assess identification at the geographic source level.Results MALDI-TOF MS correctly identified 92.1%of 101 Bi.pfeifferi snails and 98.8%of 81 Bu.forskali snails.At the final blind test,88%of 166 specimens were correctly identified according to both their species and sampling site,with LSVs ranging from 1.74 to 2.70.The geographical source was adequately identified in 90.1%of 91 Bi.pfeifferi and 85.3%of 75 Bu.forskalii samples.Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that MALDI-TOF MS can identify and differentiate snail populations according to geographic

关键词： Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry Snail Intermediate host Biomphalaria pfeifferi Bulinus forskali schistosomiasis Senegal

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Chromosome-level genome assembly of Oncomelania hupensis: the intermediate snail host of Schistosoma japonicum

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第1期13卷 16-26页

作者： Qin Liu Lei Duan Yun-Hai Guo Li-Min Yang Yi Zhang Shi-Zhu Li Shan Lv Wei Hu Nan-Sheng Chen Xiao-Nong Zhou National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Chinese Centerfor Tropical Diseases Research) NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector BiologyWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious DiseasesShanghai 200025People's Republic of China School of Global Health Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025People's Republic of China School of Life Science Fudan UniversityShanghai 200438People's Republic of China CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoShandong 266071People'sRepublicofChina

Background Schistosoma japonicum is a parasitic flatworm that causes human schistosomiasis,which is a signif-cant cause of morbidity in China,the Philippines and Indonesia.Oncomelania hupensis(Gastropoda:Pomatiopsidae)is the unique intermediate host of S.japonicum.A complete genome sequence of O.hupensis will enable the funda-mental understanding of snail biology as well as its co-evolution with the S.japonicum parasite.Assembling a high-quality reference genome of O.hupehensis will provide data for further research on the snail biology and controlling the spread of S.japonicum.Methods The draft genome was de novo assembly using the long-read sequencing technology(PacBio Sequel I)and corrected with llumina sequencing data.Then,using Hi-C sequencing data,the genome was assembled at the chromosomal level.CAFE was used to do analysis of contraction and expansion of the gene family and CodeML module in PAML was used for positive selection analysis in protein coding sequences.Results A total length of 1.46 Gb high-quality O.hupensis genome with 17 unique full-length chromosomes(2n=34)of the individual including a contig N50 of 1.35 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 75.08 Mb.Additionally,95.03%of these con-tig sequences were anchored in 17 chromosomes.After scanning the assembled genome,a total of 30,604 protein-coding genes were predicted.Among them,86.67%were functionally annotated.Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that O.hupensis was separated from a common ancestor of Pomacea canaliculata and Bellamya purificata approximately 170 million years ago.Comparing the genome of O.hupensis with its most recent common ancestor,it showed 266 significantly expanded and 58 significantly contracted gene families(P<0.05).Functional enrichment of the expanded gene families indicated that they were mainly involved with intracellular,DNA-mediated transposi-tion,DNA integration and transposase activity.Conclusions Integrated use of multiple sequencing technologies,we have successfully constructed the genome at the chromosomal-level of O

关键词： schistosomiasis Schistosoma japonicum Oncomelania hupensis Chromosome-level genome

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schistosomiasis control in Senegal:results from community data analysis for optimizing preventive chemotherapy intervention with praziquantel

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第6期12卷 101-102页

作者： Boubacar Diop Khadime Sylla NDèye MBackéKane Oumou Kaltoum Boh Babacar Guèye Mady Ba Idrissa Talla Malang Mané Rose Monteil Boniface Kinvi Honorat Gustave Marie Zoure Jorge Cano Ortega Pauline Mwinzi Moussa Sacko Babacar Faye Programme National de Lutte Contre les Bilharzioses et les Géo-Helminthiases Direction de la Lutte Contre la Maladie (DLM) Ministère de la Santé et de l’Action Sociale (MSAS) Dakar Senegal Department of Parasitology and Mycology Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Odontology Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD) Dakar Senegal WHO Country Office Dakar Senegal Département de Santé Publique Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Université Amadou Hampathé Ba Dakar Senegal FHI 360 Chargé des Enquêtes et Evaluation des Maladies et des Campagnes de DMM Dakar Senegal Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN) WHO Africa Regional Office Brazzaville Congo Service de Parasitologie Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP) Bamako Mali

Background Over the past two decades,preventive chemotherapy(PC)with praziquantel(PZQ)is the major strategy for controlling schistosomiasis in Senegal.The objective of this analysis was to update the endemicity of schistosomiasis at community level for better targeting mass treatment with PZQ in Senegal.Methods Demographic and epidemiological data from 1610 community health areas were analyzed using the schistosomiasis community data analysis tool of Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases which developed by World Health Organization/Africa Ofce(WHO/AFRO).The tool uses a WHO/AFRO decision tree for areas without epidemiological data to determine whether mass treatment should be continued at community level.Descriptive analysis was performed.Results Overall,the endemicity of 1610 community health areas were updated based on the data from the district endemicity(33.5%)and the form of Join request for selected PC medicine(40.5%).Up to 282(17.5%)and 398(24.7%)of community health areas were classifed as moderate and high endemicity.41.1%of communities were non endemic.High endemicity was more important in Tambacounda,Saint Louis,Matam,Louga and Kedougou.A change in endemicity category was observed when data was disagregted from district level to community level.Implementation units classifed non endemic were more important at community level(n=666)compared to district level(n=324).Among 540 areas previously classifed high endemic at district level,392(72.6%)remained high prevalence category,while 92(17.0%)became moderate,43(8.0%)low and 13(2.4%)non-endemics at community level.Number of implementation units requiring PC was more important at district level(1286)compared to community level(944).Number of school aged children requiring treatment was also more important at district level compared to community level.Conclusions The analysis to disaggregate data from district level to community level using the WHO/AFRO schistosomiasis sub-district data optimization tool provide an update of sc

关键词： schistosomiasis Community data analysis Endemicity Praziquantel Senegal

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Elimination of schistosomiasis Japonica in China:From the One Health Perspective

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China CDC weekly 2022年第7期4卷 130-134页

作者： Zhong Hong Lu Li Lijuan Zhang Qiang Wang Jing Xu Shizhu Li Xiao-nong Zhou National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector BiologyWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Center for International Research on Tropical DiseasesShanghaiChina School of Global Health Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina

schistosomiasis japonica is caused by infection of Schistosoma japonicum(S.japonicum),which infected 12 million residents in the 1950s in China and was a heavy burden to public health and socioeconomic development(1).After more than seven decades of effort to control schistosomiasis,the prevalence of schistosomiasis has been reduced dramatically in China.Among the 450 endemic counties(including city and district-level jurisdictions),74.89%(337/450),21.87%(98/450),and 3.33%(15/450)have achieved the criteria of elimination,transmission interruption,and transmission control of schistosomiasis,respectively.As the overall endemic status of schistosomiasis remains at a low level,the strategies shifted from snail control to morbidity control and then to an integrated strategy that emphasized infection source control.However,being a vector-borne and zoonotic disease,schistosomiasis japonica is intricately linked to multiple factors including biological,natural,and socioeconomic risk factors.In order to eliminate schistosomiasis earlier and more thoroughly,the One Health approach should be adopted,which focuses on solving complex health problems from a macro-level perspective of interactions among human,animal,and environment,emphasizing multi-institution,interdisciplinary,and cross-regional collaboration and communication.

关键词： schistosomiasis eliminate thoroughly

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Recognizing and monitoring infectious sources of schistosomiasis by developing deep learning models with high-resolution remote sensing images

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第1期12卷 24-35页

作者： Jing-Bo Xue Shang Xia Xin-Yi Wang Lu-Lu Huang Liang-Yu Huang Yu-Wan Hao Li-Juan Zhang Shi-Zhu Li National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector BiologyWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Center for International Research On Tropical DiseasesShanghai 200025China School of Global Health Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025China

Background China is progressing towards the goal of schistosomiasis elimination,but there are still some problems,such as difficult management of infection source and snail control.This study aimed to develop deep learning models with high-resolution remote sensing images for recognizing and monitoring livestock bovine,which is an intermediate source of Schistosoma japonicum infection,and to evaluate the effectiveness of the models for real-world application.Methods The dataset of livestock bovine’s spatial distribution was collected from the Chinese National Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services.The high-resolution remote sensing images were further divided into training data,test data,and validation data for model development.Two recognition models based on deep learning methods(ENVINet5 and Mask R-CNN)were developed with reference to the training datasets.The performance of the developed models was evaluated by the performance metrics of precision,recall,and F1-score.Results A total of 50 typical image areas were selected,1125 bovine objectives were labeled by the ENVINet5 model and 1277 bovine objectives were labeled by the Mask R-CNN model.For the ENVINet5 model,a total of 1598 records of bovine distribution were recognized.The model precision and recall were 81.9%and 80.2%,respectively.The F1 score was 0.81.For the Mask R-CNN mode,1679 records of bovine objectives were identified.The model precision and recall were 87.3%and 85.2%,respectively.The F1 score was 0.87.When applying the developed models to real-world schistosomiasis-endemic regions,there were 63 bovine objectives in the original image,53 records were extracted using the ENVINet5 model,and 57 records were extracted using the Mask R-CNN model.The successful recognition ratios were 84.1%and 90.5%for the respectively developed models.Conclusion The ENVINet5 model is very feasible when the bovine distribution is low in structure with few samples.The Mask R-CNN model has a good framework design and runs highly efficiently.The livestock r

关键词： Deep learning High-resolution remote sensing Recognizing Monitoring Infectious source schistosomiasis

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Genomic analysis of schistosomiasis-associated colorectal cancer reveals a unique mutational landscape and therapeutic implications

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Genes & Diseases 2023年第3期10卷 657-659页

作者： Dong Yu Anqi Wang Jing Zhang Xinxing Li Caifeng Jiang Haiyang Zhou Center for Translational Medicine Naval Medical UniversityShanghai 200433China Department of Colorectal Surgery Changzheng HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai 200003China Department of Pathology Changzheng HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai 200003China Department of General Surgery Shanghai Tongji HospitalTongji UniversityShanghai 200062China Department of Gastroenterology Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu 215123China

The schistosomiasis-associated colorectal cancer (SA-CRC) is thought to be caused by the chronic inflammation as a result of schistosomal ova deposition in the submucosal layer of the intestine (Fig. S1). It is reported that SA-CRC differs from sporadic colorectal cancer (S-CRC) in terms of epidemiological features, histological patterns, and clinical outcomes,1 which is also supported by our institutional data (Table S1 and Fig. S2). Here we investigate the genomic alternations and probable molecular determinants of pathogenesis in Chinese SA-CRC.

关键词： colorectal schistosomiasis cancer

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Infuence of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk in Anhui Province based on sixteen year’s longitudinal surveillance data:a spatio-temporal modelling study

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第6期12卷 99-100页

作者： Xin Liu Yang Sun Yun Yin Xiaofeng Dai Robert Bergquist Fenghua Gao Rui Liu Jie Liu Fuju Wang Xiao Lv Zhijie Zhang College of Geodesy and Geomatics Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China No. 8 Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration of Shandong Province Rizhao China School of Public Health Fudan University Shanghai China Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety Ministry of Education Shanghai China Ingerod Brastad Sweden Anhui Institute of schistosomiasis Control Hefei China

Background Urbanization greatly afects the natural and social environment of human existence and may have a multifactoral impact on parasitic diseases.schistosomiasis,a common parasitic disease transmitted by the snail Oncomelania hupensis,is mainly found in areas with population aggregations along rivers and lakes where snails live.Previous studies have suggested that factors related to urbanization may infuence the infection risk of schistosomiasis,but this association remains unclear.This study aimed to analyse the efect of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk from a spatial and temporal perspective in the endemic areas along the Yangtze River Basin in China.Methods County-level schistosomiasis surveillance data and natural environmental factor data covering the whole Anhui Province were collected.The urbanization level was characterized based on night-time light data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP-OLS)and the National Polar-Orbiting Partnership’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(NPP-VIIRS).The geographically and temporally weighted regression model(GTWR)was used to quantify the infuence of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk with the other potential risk factors controlled.The regression coefcient of urbanization was tested for signifcance(α=0.05),and the infuence of urbanization on schistosomiasis infection risk was analysed over time and across space based on signifcant regression coefcients.Variables studied included climate,soil,vegetation,hydrology and topography.Results The mean regression coefcient for urbanization(0.167)is second only to the leached soil area(0.300),which shows that the urbanization is the most important infuence factors for schistosomiasis infection risk besides leached soil area.The other important variables are distance to the nearest water source(0.165),mean minimum temperature(0.130),broadleaf forest area(0.105),amount of precipitation(0.073),surface temperature(0.066),soil bulk density(0.037)and gr

关键词： Urbanization Night-time light data schistosomiasis Spatio-temporal analysis Geographically and temporally weighted regression

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The new WHO guideline for control and elimination of human schistosomiasis:implications for the schistosomiasis Elimination Programme in Nigeria

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第5期11卷 87-89页

作者： Akinola Stephen Oluwole Uwem Friday Ekpo Obiageli Josephine Nebe Nse Michael Akpan Solomon Monday Jacob Uche Veronica Amazigo John Russell Stothard Department of Pure and Applied Zoology Federal University of AgricultureAbeokutaOgun StateNigeria Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division Department of Public HealthFederal Ministry of HealthAbujaNigeria Pan-African Community Initiative on Education and Health(PACIEH) EnuguNigeria Department of Tropical Disease Biology Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpool L35QAUK.

Background With some 134,073,166 people living in endemic communities at risk of infection[1],Nigeria is the most endemic country in Africa and requires preventive chemotherapy(PC)for a total of 26.3 million persons[2].The National schistosomiasis Elimination Programme(NSCHEP),with the support of international partners,has been implementing PC in Nigeria since 2009 and most recently will need to revise its current strategy(Additional file 1).For example,the new World Health Organization(WHO)guideline has six key recommendations that will dramatically change the implementation of schistosomiasis elimination in endemic countries[3].However,its impact and programmatic implications will vary from country to country,hence the need for a country-specific analysis.

关键词： schistosomiasis schistosomiasis Nigeria

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High prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in a desert population: results from an exploratory study around the Ounianga lakes in Chad

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第1期11卷 86-87页

作者： Wendelin Moser Annour Adoum Batil Rebekka Ott Moussa Abderamane Ruth Clements Rahel Wampfler Sven Poppert Peter Steinmann Fiona Allan Helena Greter Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute BaselSwitzerland 不详

Background Researching a water-borne disease in the middle of the Sahara desert might not seem the most relevant concern.However,nomadic Sahelian pastoralists health concerns regarding their livestock and anecdotal reports about trematode infections of Fasciola spp.and Schistosoma spp.in desert-raised animals justified an exploratory study focusing on the lakes of Ounianga in Northern Chad.The aim was to test whether trematode parasites such as Schistosoma spp.occur in human populations living around the Sahara desert lakes of Ounianga Kebir and Ounianga Serir in northern Chad.Methods The study was carried out in January 2019 and comprised of three components.First,a cross sectional survey based on a random sample drawn from the population to detect infections with S.haematobium and S.mansoni;second,focus group discussions exploring disease priorities,access to health and health seeking behaviour;and third,surveying water contact sites for intermediate host snails.Samples of trematode parasites and snails were confirmed on species level by molecular genetic methods.For parasitological and malacological surveys descriptive statistics were performed.Qualitative data analysis included the full review of all transcripts,followed by a descriptive and explorative thematic analysis.Results Among 258 participants,the overall S.haematobium prevalence using urine filtration was 39.2%[95%confidence interval(CI):33.5–45.1%],with 51.5%of the infected suffering from heavy infection.The intermediate host snail of S.haematobium(Bulinus truncatus)occurred at water contact sites near both study villages,revealing the potential for local transmission.Although a positive S.mansoni point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen(POC-CCA)test result was obtained from 8.6%(95%CI 5.7–12.8%)of the samples,no intermediate host snails of S.mansoni were found,and the relevance of S.mansoni remains uncertain.Qualitative findings underline the importance of morbidity caused by urinary schistosomiasis,and the lack of access to diagnostics and treat

关键词： Bulinus truncatus Chad Malacology Ounianga POC-CCA Prevalence Sahara Schistosoma bovis Schistosoma haematobium schistosomiasis

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