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endorphins, oxytocin, sexuality and romantic relationships: An understudied area

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World Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018年第2期7卷 17-23页

作者： Marjan Khajehei Elmira Behroozpour Department of Women’s and Newborn Health Westmead Hospital School of Women’s and Children’s Health University of New South Wales Westmead Medical School University of Sydney Department of Microbiology Azad University of Saveh

endorphins are the body's natural opioids that are created and released by the central nervous system, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. endorphins have a reputation for pain reduction, enhancing excitement or satisfaction, boosting confidence, enabling control of emotions and generating feelings of euphoria, and are involved in the natural reward cycle. There is also evidence in the literature suggesting the role of endorphins in sexuality(including sexual function and sexual behaviours), as they may regulate the release of sex hormones, prolactin and growth hormone, which are involved in sexual function and love. Endogenous oxytocin is another intrinsic hormone whose role in inducing labour contractions, the delivery of the baby and stimulating lactation has been well studied. However, the potential impact of endorphins and oxytocin on sexuality and romantic relationships is not well understood. This article reviews the research on endorphins and endogenous oxytocin and how they relate to human sexuality and romantic relationships. Some animal studies report the effect of endorphin and oxytocin on sex hormones and mating behaviours, but these findings have not been supported by research into human behaviour, indicating many gaps in knowledge relating to the association between these hormones and human sexuality.

关键词： Romantic relationship Sexual behaviour Sexual function endorphins Oxytocin Sexuality

Involvement of Opioid Peptides in the Analgesic Effect of Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2022年第4期38卷 403-416页

作者： Fu-Jun Zhai Song-Ping Han Tian-Jia Song Ran Huo Xing-Yu Lan Rong Zhang Ji-Sheng Han Neuroscience Research Institute Peking UniversityBeijing 100191China Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China Key Laboratory for Neuroscience Ministry of EducationNational Health CommissionPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China Wuxi HANS Health Medical Technology Co. Ltd.Wuxi 214122China Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China

Spinal cord stimulation(SCS)-induced analgesia was characterized,and its underlying mechanisms were examined in a spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain in *** analgesic effect of SCS with moderate mechanical hypersensitivity was increased with increasing stimulation intensity between the 20%and 80%motor *** frequencies(2,15,50,100,10000 Hz,and 2/100 Hz dense-dispersed)of SCS were similarly ***-induced analgesia was maintained without tolerance within 24 h of continuous *** at 2 Hz significantly increased methionine enkephalin content in the cerebrospinal *** analgesic effect of 2 Hz was abolished byμorκopioid receptor *** effect of 100 Hz was prevented by aκantagonist,and that of 10 kHz was blocked by any of theμ,δ,orκreceptor antagonists,suggesting that the analgesic effect of SCS at different frequencies is mediated by different endorphins and opioid receptors.

关键词： SCS Analgesia Opioid receptors Methionine-Enkephalin Dynorphin endorphins

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Frontiers of Medicine 2011年第3期5卷 141-150页

作者： Jisheng Han Cailian Cui Liuzhen Wu Neuroscience Research Institute Peking UniversityBeijing 100191China Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China Key Laboratory for Neuroscience Ministry of EducationBeijing 100191China Key Laboratory for Neuroscience Ministry of HealthBeijing 100191China

Drug addiction is a chronic brain disorder characterized by withdrawal symptoms that occur during drug abstinence and a high tendency of *** with the currently available pharmacological interventions,acupuncture therapy has the potential to help drug addicts stay away from drugs without major adverse side *** has taken decades of research to optimize the parameters of electrical acupoint stimulation for detoxification and for relapse prevention,as well as to establish a safe and easy procedure by which drug addicts can use it on *** discovery that acupuncture can trigger the release of opioid substances from the brain in the 1970s provided the *** this,basic research on animals made it possible to understand the mechanisms of action and establish the procedure for treating drug *** article reviews the past,present,and foreseeable future regarding the use of acupuncture-related technique for the treatment of opiate addiction from the perspective of translational medicine.

关键词： morphine dependence withdrawal addiction dynorphins acupuncture electroacupuncture transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation(TEAS) enkephalins endorphins

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Function and regulation of cholecystokinin-octapeptide, β-endorphin and gastrin in anorexic infantile rats treated with ErBao Granules

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2001年第2期7卷 275-280页

作者： Yong Ping Du1 Yue Ping Zhang2 Shou Chuan Wang3 Jian Shi1 Shao Hua Wu1,1.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Xijing Hospital, theFourth Military Medical University. Xi an 7101132, Shaanxi Province,China 2.Department of Pediatrics. Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military MedicalUniversity. Xi’an 710032. Shaanxi Province. China 3.Department of Pediatrics. Nanjing University of Traditional ChineseMedicine, Nanjing71011?l, Jiangsu Province. China Yong-Ping Du Jian Shi Shao-Hua Wu Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xijing Hospital the Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an 710032 Shaanxi Province China Yue-Ping Zhang Department of Pediatrics Xijing Hospital the Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an 710032 Shaanxi Province China Shou-Chuan Wang Department of Pediatrics Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210029 Jiangsu Province China Yong-Ping Du graduated from Shanxi Medical University as a undergraduate and from Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine as a postgraduate in 1993 attending physician major in gastrointestinal diseases of children having 20 papers published.

AIM To study the role of cholecystokinin- octapeptide (CCK-8). β-endorphin (β-EP). and gastrin in an anorexic infantile rat model and no subsequent regulation of nose peptides by the Yunpi complex prescription ErBao Granule. METHODS We fed infantile rats with special prepared forage. A liquid extract of ErBao Granule was administered to the rats daily for 3 weeks, CCK-8, β-EP, and gastrin concentrations in hypothalamus, gastric antrum, and plasma of the rats were measured by radioimmunoassay, and were compared with controls. RESULTS Treatment of rats with ErBao Granule inhibited CCK-8 secretion and increased β-EP and gastrin secretion. CCK-8 concentration in hypothalamus and plasma of model control group increased significantly and correlated negatively with food intake of models, respectively. β-EP concentration in gastric antrum and plasma of model control group decreased significantly and showed a positive correlation with food intake of models, respectively. Hypothalamus concentration of β -EP was similar in models and controls. Gastrin concentration in gastric antrum of models was lower than in the blank control group, and correlated positively to food intake of models. Finally, CCK-8 concentrations in plasma of rats showed a positive correlation with plasma β-EP (r=-0.68, P<0.05). CONCLUSION The increased plasma and hypothalamus concentration of CCK-8, decreased gastric antrum and plasma level of β -EP, and decreased gastric antrum concentration of gastric are associated significantly with the anorexia of infantile anorexic rat models produced by special forage. ErBao Granule can reverse these changes, which may be the major mechanisms of ErBao Granule simulating feeding.

关键词： anorexia/infancy and childhood sincalide endorphins hypothalamus feeding and eating disorders of childhood gastrins

Experimental study on the effect of An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30) on certain brain nuclei of pleasure circuits in rats with chronic neuralgia

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Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science 2018年第6期16卷 360-369页

作者： Xiao Bin Li Zheng-yu Yu Zhong-yi Zhang Jin Yan Jun-jie Liu Xiao College of Acupuncture and TUina Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 20l203China Research Center Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203China Shanghai Literature Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 20020China Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai 200120China College of Pharmacy Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032China

Objective:To explore the central neurobiological mechanisms of pleasure effect on rats with neuralgia treated by tuina manipulations of An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30).Methods:A total of 64 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this *** rats were randomly selected as a normal group,and the other 46 rats were used to duplicate the chronic constriction injury (CCI) *** rats failed in modeling and 36 rats *** 36 rats were then randomly divided into a model group and a tuina group,with 18 rats in each *** rats in the normal group and the model group did not receive any interventions,while those in the tuina group received An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30),1 min for each time,once a day,3 weeks in *** tests were evaluated to observe the change of pain-sensitivity score before intervention,1 week after intervention,2 weeks after intervention,and 3 weeks after *** 1 week of intervention,2 weeks of intervention,and 3 weeks of intervention,6 rats were randomly selected from each group respectively for brain *** change of Nissl's body and β-endorphin in the accumbens nucleus as well as amygdaloid nucleus of pleasure circuits,and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the arcuate nucleus were analyzed by methods of histochemistry and molecular ***:After modeling,the pain-sensitivity scores of the tuina group and the model group were statistically different from the score of the normal group (both P<0.05).After An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30) for one week,the pain-sensitivity score of the tuina group had statistical difference compared with that of the model group (P<0.05).At each different time point:the amounts of Nissl's body in accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus of the tuina group were significantly more than those of the model group (all P<0.01).Besides,the numbers of β-endorphin immunoreactive cells in the accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus o

关键词： Tuina Massage Neuralgia Analgesia endorphins Pro-opiomelanocortin Rats

Emotional and Physical Distress Relief Using a Novel Endorphinergic Formulation

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第6期3卷 441-453页

作者： Steven Crain Matthew A. Crain Stanley M. Crain Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Yeshiva University New York USA Duke University Durham USA Therapeutic Alliance State College USA

While the endogenous opioid system has generally been associated with regulation of pain, it also modulates the experience of distress and may play a central role in many psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Decades of preclinical research on the analgesic effects of endogenous opioids, i.e., endorphins, suggests that opioid receptors have plastic bimodal (inhibitory/excitatory) properties that may explain conflicting findings in clinical research. An exploratory study with 60 healthy volunteer participants, using a cold pressor-induced pain paradigm, found evidence that a combination of a nutraceutical agent that enhances endorphin release (Endorphin Enhancer) with one that switches opioid receptors from an excitatory to inhibitory mode (Opioid Receptor Switcher) not only increases pain tolerance but also reduces emotional and physical distress. This discovery led to clinical application of a critically formulated endorphinergic treatment in 203 case studies over a two-year period. Findings revealed the remarkable clinical efficacy and safety of this treatment in the relief of chronic emotional and physical distress, including anxiety, anger, depression, cravings, and hyperalgesia, as well as enhancement of well-being, productivity, mental clarity, relationships, and an adaptive response to life’s stresses. These studies provide new insights into the role of endogenous opioid system imbalances in the development, treatment, and prevention of dysfunctional emotional and physical distress. We postulate that an Endorphinergic Distress Syndrome (EDS) consists of abnormal endorphin levels together with opioid receptors predominately in their excitatory mode. EDS may account for many core distress symptoms associated with chronic anxiety, addictions, pain, as well as affective personality, autism spectrum, attention-deficit, and distress-related medical problems. Our research has led to new endorphinergic formulations, combining Endorphin Enhancers, such as caff

关键词： Distress endorphins Anxiety Caffeine N-Acetylcysteine Endorphinergic Distress Syndrome

Effects of wrist-ankle acupuncture on associated factors in uterus tissue and serum in rats with primary dysmenorrhea

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Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science 2015年第3期13卷 146-149页

作者：刘卫星赵岩虞跃跃 Acupuncture and Tuina Department Tangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hebei United University

Objective：To observe effects of wrist-ankle acupuncture （WAA） onβ-endorphin （EP）, nitric oxide （NO） in uterus tissue and prostaglandin F2α （PGF2α）, substance P （SP） in serum of rats with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods：A total of 45 non-pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group and a WAA group, 15 rats in each group. Rats in the model group and the WAA group received continuous abdominal subcutaneous injection of Diethylstilbestrol to establish dysmenorrhea rat models. On the first day after modeling, rats in the WAA group began to receive acupuncture on Point Lower 1 and Point Lower 2, once a day for 10 d. The control group and the model group didn’t receive any treatment. Writhing latencies and frequencies were recorded.β-EP and NO in uterus tissue homogenates and PGF2α, SP in serum were detected. Results：In the model group,β-EP and NO levels were the lowest among the groups, the serum PGF2α level was the highest, and serum SP level was the lowest. These measurements showed significantly difference between the model group and the control group （P〈0.05）. PGF2α in the WAA group was lower than that in the model group;β-EP, NO and SP levels were higher than those in the model group, with inter-group statistically significant differences （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： WAA may achieve analgesic effect through decreasing PGF2α, increasingβ-EP, NO and SP to relieve uterine cramps, increase blood flow and promote functional improvement.

关键词： Wrist-ankle Acupuncture Dysmenorrhea Acupuncture Analgesia endorphins Nitric Oxide Prostaglandins F Substance P Rats

Endorphinergic Attenuation of Distress by Concomitantly Enhancing Endogenous Opioid Release and Switching Opioid Receptor Signaling from an Excessively Excitatory to a Normal Inhibitory Mode

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第7期3卷 497-508页

作者： Steven Crain Stanley M. Crain Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine Yeshiva University New York USA Therapeutic Alliance State College USA

The endogenous opioid system plays a significant role in the modulation of distress in many psychiatric, neurologic, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Many clinical distress symptoms show similarities to the excitatory autonomic withdrawal effects in chronic opioid-dependent animals and humans, as well as to the “quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome” evoked in naive rodents shortly after acute systemic injection of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) inhibitors. These symptoms result from excessive excitatory opioid receptor signaling and increased endorphin release. Pharmacologic analyses of the remarkably plastic bimodal (excitatory/inhibitory) signaling functions of opioid receptors have utilized microelectrode recordings from opioid-sensitive neurons in tissue cultures of mouse sensory ganglia and hot-water tail-flick assays in mice. These studies led to development of specific chemical formulations that switch opioid receptor signaling from an excessively excitatory to a normal inhibitory mode. Critical combinations of cAMP-PDE inhibitors that release endorphins plus specific agents that switch opioid receptors from excitatory Gs-coupled to inhibitory Gi/Go-coupled signaling were shown to attenuate hyperalgesia and distress evoked by diverse chemical stressors in mouse tail-flick assays. Both the “quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome” in naive rodents as well as the excitatory withdrawal effects in chronic, opioid-dependent animals and humans may be manifestations of a common Endorphinergic Distress Syndrome (EDS). We suggest that many distress symptoms are caused by EDS, a dysfunctional imbalance in the endogenous opioid system, consisting of abnormal endorphin levels, together with opioid receptors predominately in their excitatory mode. Therefore, concomitantly enhancing endogenous opioid release and switching excessive excitatory opioid receptor signaling to inhibitory signaling can attenuate these distress symptoms. Trials of a critically formulated oral p

关键词： endorphins Bimodal Opioid Receptors Distress Opioid Analgesia Hyperalgesia Tolerance Dependence Endorphinergic Distress Disorder

MEDICAL ACUPUNCTURE IN SPORTS MEDICINE:RELEVANT POINTS AND THE POST-TRAUMATIC VITAL ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE

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World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion 1994年第4期4卷 15-20页

作者： Steven KH AungDepartment of Family Medicine, University of Albert, Edmonton , Alberta, Canada

Medical acupuncture is an extremely useful therapeutic modality in *** are a number of cardinal points that have proven effective in treating the pain associated with various kinds of sports injury and for alleviating the general discomfort associated with theseinjuries and with any particular illness an athlete may be *** pain and discomfort experienced by athletes also has mental and spiritual dimensions,and the post-traumatic vital alignment procedure I have developed helps atheletes recover a sense of well-being and″groundedness″after a serious injury or illness has disrupted their total,healthy equilibrium.

关键词： Acupuncture Pain control Acupoints for sports medicine Post-traumatic vital alignment endorphins