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Sodium butyrate promotes gastrointestinal development of preweaning bull calves via inhibiting inflammation,balancing nutrient metabolism,and optimizing microbial community functions

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第3期14卷 88-100页

作者： Huiyue Zhong Wenjing Yu Min Wang Bo Lin Xuezhao Sun Nan Zheng Jiaqi Wang Shengguo Zhao State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China Department of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi UniversityNanning530005China Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha410125China Jilin Inter-regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology UniversityJilin132109China Grasslands Research Centre AgResearch LimitedPalmerston NorthNew Zealand

Butyrate promotes the growth and gastrointestinal development of calves.But,the mechanisms behind its effects on signaling pathways of the gastrointestinal tract and rumen microbiome is unclear.This study aimed to reveal transcriptomic pathways of gastrointestinal epithelium and microbial community in response to butyrate supplementation in calves fed a high fiber starter.Fourteen Holstein bull calves(39.9±3.7 kg,14 d of age)were assigned to 2 groups(sodium butyrate group,SB;control group,Ctrl).The SB group received 0.5%SB supplementation.At d 51,the calves were slaughtered to obtain samples for analysis of the transcriptome of the rumen and jejunum epithelium as well as ruminal microbial metagenome.Sodium butyrate supplementation resulted in a higher performance in average daily gain and development of jejunum and rumen papillae.In both the rumen and jejunum epithelium,SB downregulated pathways related to inflammation including NF-κB(PPKCB,CXCL8,CXCL12),interleukin-17(IL17A,IL17B,MMP9),and chemokine(CXCL12,CCL4,CCL8)and up-regulated immune pathways including the intestinal immune network for immunoglobulin A(IgA)production(CD28).Meanwhile,in the jejunum epithelium,SB regulated pathways related to nutritional metabolism including nitrogen metabolism(CA1,CA2,CA3),synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies(HMGCS2,BDH1,LOC100295719),fat digestion and absorption(PLA2G2F,APOA1,APOA4),and the PPAR signaling pathway(FABP4,FABP6,CYP4A11).The metagenome showed that SB greatly increased the relative abundance of Bacillus subtilis and Eubacterium limosum,activated ruminal microbial carbohydrate metabolism pathways and increased the abundance of carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes.In conclusion,butyrate exhibited promoting effects on growth and gastrointestinal development by inhibiting inflammation,enhancing immunity and energy harvesting,and activating microbial carbohydrate metabolism.These findings provide new insights into the potential mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of butyrate in calf nutrition.

关键词： Sodium butyrate calf Gastrointestinal development Inflammation Transcriptomics Microbiome

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Colonization and development of the gut microbiome in calves

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2023年第4期14卷 1329-1343页

作者： Yufeng Du Ya Gao Mingyang Hu Jinxiu Hou Linhai Yang Xianghuang Wang Wenjuan Du Jianxin Liu Qingbiao Xu College of Animal Sciences and Technology Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Colonization and development of the gut microbiome are crucial for the growth and health of calves.In this review,we summarized the colonization,beneficial nutrition,immune function of gut microbiota,function of the gut barrier,and the evolution of core microbiota in the gut of calves of different ages.Homeostasis of gut microbiome is beneficial for nutritional and immune system development of calves.Disruption of the gut microbiome leads to digestive diseases in calves,such as diarrhea and intestinal inflammation.Microbiota already exists in the gut of calf fetuses,and the colonization of microbiota continues to change dynamically under the influence of various factors,which include probiotics,diet,age,and genotype.Colonization depends on the interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system of calves.The abundance and diversity of these commensal microbiota stabilize and play a critical role in the health of calves.

关键词： calf Colonization Development Gut health Gut microbiome

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Effect of group size and regrouping on physiological stress and behavior of dairy calves

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2023年第3期22卷 844-852页

作者： LYU Jing WANG Chao ZHAO Xun-wu MIAO Er-yu WANG Zhi-peng XU Yuan BAI Xiu-juan BAO Jun College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin 150030P.R.China College of Wildlife and Protected Area Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040P.R.China

Mixing or regrouping of calves from different pens is a common animal management practice on the farm, which frequently occurs after weaning and has a negative effect on calve welfare. Social integration before regrouping may relieve stresses, but more evidences are needed to verify this hypothesis. The present study aimed to investigate acute physiological and behavioral variations of individually-or group-housed calves after being introduced into a mixed group. A total of 132 postnatal calves were randomly divided into groups of 1, 3, 6 and 12 animals(S, G3, G6, and G12;6 replicates in each group) until 59 days of age. At 60 days of age, every two replicates from different groups(S, G3, G6 and G12)were introduced in a larger pen which containing 44 of the aboved experimental calves. Before and after regrouping,physiological parameters of stress, including heart rate(HR), saliva cortisol(S-CORT), saliva secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA), interleukin-2(IL-2), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) levels, and behavioral responses were recorded. After regrouping, HR and S-CORT increased immediately(P<0.05), and higher(P<0.05) levels of such molecules were found in S calves compared to those in group-housed calves. Levels of SIgA and IL-2 were decreased(P<0.05), and the lowest(P<0.05) IL-2 values were found in S calves compared to those in group-housed calves. In addition, the introduced calves displayed a distinct behavior, including altered active and rest time, which was associated with negative emotions triggered by the novel surroundings. Allogrooming, play, exploration behaviors and lying time were increased significantly(P<0.05) in group-housed calves than those in S calves. Conversely, self-grooming, aggressive behaviors, standing and walking time were increased(P<0.05) in S calves than those in group-housed calves. These findings suggest that individually-housed calves may be more susceptible to stressors arising from regrouping than grouphoused calves, which consequently negatively affected be

关键词： calf regrouping group size behavior stress welfare

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Vitamin A administration at birth promotes calf growth and intramuscular fat development in Angus beef cattle

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2018年第4期9卷 991-999页

作者： Corrine L.Harris Bo Wang Jeneane M.Deavila Jan R.Busboom Martin Maquivar Steven M.Parish Brent McCann Mark L.Nelson Min Du Department of Animal Sciences Washington State University State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University

Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesis). As intramuscular adipogenesis is active during the neonatal stage, we hypothesized that vitamin A administration during the neonatal stage would enhance intramuscular adipogenesis and marbling.Methods: Angus steer calves(n = 30), in a completely randomized design, were randomly allotted to three treatment groups at birth, receiving 0, 150,000, or 300,000 IU of vitamin A at both birth and one month of age.A biopsy of the biceps femoris muscle was collected at two months of age. After weaning at 210 d of age, steers were fed a backgrounding diet in a feedlot until 308 d of age, when they were transitioned to a high concentrate finishing diet and implanted with trenbolone/estradiol/tylosin mixture. Steers were harvested at an average of 438 d of age. All diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements.Results: Weaning weight and weight during the backgrounding phase were linearly increased(P < 0.05) by vitamin A level, though no difference in body weight was observed at harvest. Intramuscular fat of steers at 308 d of age, measured by ultrasound, quadratically increased(P < 0.05) with vitamin A level from 4.0±0.26 % to 4.9±0.26 %.Similarly, carcass marbling score in the ribeye quadratically increased(P < 0.05).Conclusion: Administration of vitamin A at birth increased weaning weight and enhanced marbling fat development.Thus, vitamin A administration provides a practical method for increasing marbling and early growth of beef cattle.

关键词： Beef calf Cattle Marbling fat Quality Vitamin A

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Low calf Circumference Predicts Nutritional Risks in Hospitalized Patients Aged More Than 80 Years

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2019年第8期32卷 571-577页

作者： ZHANG Xiao Yan ZHANG Xing Liang ZHU Yun Xia TAO Jun ZHANG Zhen ZHANG Yue WANG Yan Yan KE Ying Ying REN Chen Xi XU Jun ZHONG Yuan Department of Geriatrics Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether low calf circumference(CC) could predict nutritional risk and the cutoff values of CC for predicting nutritional risk in hospitalized patients aged ≥ 80 years.Methods A total of 1,234 consecutive patients aged ≥ 80 years were enrolled in this study.On admission, demographic data, CC, and laboratory parameters were obtained.Patients with Nutritional Risk Screening 2002(NRS-2002) total score ≥ 3 were considered as having nutritional risk.Results CC values were significantly lower in patients with nutritional risk compared to those in patients without nutritional risk [27.00(24.50-31.00) vs.31.00(29.00-33.50], P < 0.001].CC was negatively correlated with age and nutritional risk scores.Logistic regression analysis of nutritional risk revealed that body mass index, albumin level, hemoglobin level, cerebral infarction, neoplasms, and CC(OR, 0.897;95% confidence interval, 0.856-0.941;P < 0.001) were independent impact factors of nutritional risk.Nutritional risk scores increased with a decrease in CC.In men, the best CC cutoff value for predicting nutritional risk according to the NRS-2002 was 29.75 cm.In women, the cutoff value was 28.25 cm.Conclusion CC is a simple, noninvasive, and valid anthropometric measure to predict nutritional risk for hospitalized patients aged ≥ 80 years.

关键词： calf circumference Nutritional risk NRS-2002

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Differential diagnosis of isolated calf muscle vein thrombosis and gastrocnemius hematoma by high-frequency ultrasound

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Chinese Medical Journal 2013年第23期126卷 4448-4452页

作者： SU Li-ya GUO Fa-jin XU Guang HAN Xiu-jie SUN Chang-kun ZHANG Zheng JING Qing-hong Department of Ultrasound Beijing Hospital of Ministry of HealthBeijing 100730 China

Background Differential diagnosis of isolated calf muscle vein thrombosis （ICMVT） and gastrocnemius hematoma is essential for early identification of deep vein thrombosis （DVT）.This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of high-frequency color Doppler ultrasound for differential diagnosis of ICMVT and gastrocnemius hematoma.Methods A retrospective case series of 35 ICMVT （M∶F,21∶14; mean age （64.5±10.6） years） and 23 gastrocnemius hematoma （M∶F,16∶7; mean age （75.4±11.8） years） patients with bilateral/unilateral lower limb pain was conducted between January 2006 and September 2012.Characteristics and the morphology of high-frequency color Doppler ultrasonography of the lower limb deep vein,great saphenous vein,calf muscles,skin,and soft tissue were examined.Results ICMVT hypoechoic signals were characterized by long,tube-like masses on longitudinal sections and oval masses on transverse sections,with apparent muscle thrombosis boundaries,distal and proximal venous connections,and,often,lower limb DVT.Gastrocnemius hematoma hypoechoic signals were characterized by large volumes,enhanced posterior hematoma echo,hyperechoic muscle boundaries,no hematoma blood flow,and no DVT,and clear differences in trauma/exercise-and oral anticoagulant-induced hematomas were readily apparent.According to the measurement,the ratio of long diameter/transverse diameter （D/T） in ICMVT patients was about less than 2.0,whereas in gastrocnemius hematoma patients the ratio was more than 2.0.Early stage isoechoic and hypoechoic signals were detected with gradually increasing ovular anechoic areas.Partial muscle fibers in the hematoma due to muscle fractures were apparent.Conclusion High-frequency color Doppler ultrasound was found to be a sensitive and reliable method for differential diagnosis of ICMVT and gastrocnemius hematoma due to trauma and exercise or prolonged oral anticoagulant use.

关键词： high-frequency ultrasound calf venous thrombosis hematoma

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Effects of feeding untreated, pasteurized and acidified waste milk and bunk tank milk on the performance, serum metabolic profiles, immunity, and intestinal development in Holstein calves

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第4期8卷 934-944页

作者： Yang Zou Yajing Wang Youfei Deng Zhijun Cao Shengli Li Jiufeng Wang State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China Beijing Dairy Cattle Center Beijing 100192 China College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China

Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.

关键词： Acidified waste milk calf Intestinal development Pasteurized waste milk Serum metabolism Waste milk

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Supplementation with sodium butyrate improves growth and antioxidant function in dairy calves before weaning

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第1期12卷 305-313页

作者： Wenhui Liu ALa Teng Zhu La Alexander Evans Shengtao Gao Zhongtang Yu Dengpan Bu Lu Ma Institute of Animal Science State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing 100193People’s Republic of China School of Agriculture&Food Science University College DublinBelfieldDublin 4Ireland Department of Animal Sciences The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA Joint Laboratory on Integrated Crop-Tree-Livestock Systems of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS) Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research(EIAR)and World Agroforestry Center(ICRAF)Beijing 100193People’s Republic of China.

Background: There is increasing research interest in using short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) including butyrate as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in animal production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of sodium butyrate(SB) in liquid feeds(milk, milk replacer, and the mixture of both)on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and serum antioxidant capacity and immunoglobins in dairy calves before weaning. Forty healthy female Holstein calves(4-day-old, 40 ± 5 kg of body weight) were housed in individual hutches and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups(n = 10 per group) using the RAND function in Excel. The control group was fed no SB(SB0), while the other three groups were supplemented with 15(SB15),30(SB30), or 45(SB45) g/d of SB mixed into liquid feeds offered. The calves were initially fed milk only(days 2 to 20), then a mixture of milk and milk replacer(days 21 to 23), and finally milk replacer only(days 24 to 60).Results: The SB supplementation enhanced growth and improved feed conversion into body weight gain compared with the SB0 group, and the average daily gain increased quadratically with increasing SB supplementation. No significant effect on rumen pH;concentrations of NH_3-N, individual and total VFAs;or acetate:propionate(A:P) ratio was found during the whole experimental period. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity increased linearly with the increased SB supplementation, while the serum concentration of maleic dialdehyde linearly decreased. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, or immunoglobulin M were not affected by the SB supplementation during the whole experimental period.Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, SB supplementation improved growth performance and antioxidant function in pre-weaned dairy calves. We recommended 45 g/d as the optimal level of SB supplementation mixed into liquid feeds(milk or milk replacer) to improve the growth and antioxidant function of dairy calves before weaning

关键词： Antioxidant activity calf Immune function Sodium butyrate

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Heat stress on calves and heifers: a review

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020年第4期11卷 929-936页

作者： Jingjun Wang Jinghui Li Fengxia Wang Jianxin Xiao Yajing Wang Hongjian Yang Shengli Li Zhijun Cao State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety ControlCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193PR China Department of Animal Science University of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia 95616USA Beijing CNAgri Animal Science Technology Research Center Beijing 100193PR China.

The current review is designed with aims to highlight the impact of heat stress(HS) on calves and heifers and to suggest methods for HS alleviation. HS occurs in animals when heat gain from environment and metabolism surpasses heat loss by radiation, convection, evaporation and conduction. Although calves and heifers are comparatively heat resistant due to less production of metabolic heat and more heat dissipation efficiency, they still suffer from HS to some degree. Dry matter intake and growth performance of calves and heifers are reduced during HS because of redistributing energy to heat regulation through a series of physiological and metabolic responses, such as elevated blood insulin and protein catabolism. Enhanced respiration rate and panting during HS accelerate the loss of CO2, resulting in altered blood acid-base chemistry and respiratory alkalosis. HS-induced alteration in rumen motility and microbiota affects the feed digestibility and rumen fermentation. Decreased luteinizing hormone, estradiol and gonadotrophins due to HS disturb the normal estrus cyclicity, depress follicular development, hence the drop in conception rate. Prenatal HS not only suppresses the embryonic development by the impaired placenta, which results in hypoxia and malnutrition, but also retards the growth, immunity and future milk production of newborn calves. Based on the above challenges, we attempted to describe the possible impacts of HS on growth, health, digestibility and reproduction of calves and heifers. Likewise, we also proposed three primary strategies for ameliorating HS consequences. Genetic development and reproductive measures, such as gene selection and embryo transfers, are more likely long-term approaches to enhance heat tolerance. While physical modification of the environment, such as shades and sprinkle systems, is the most common and easily implemented measure to alleviate HS. Additionally, nutritional management is another key approach which could help calves and heifers maintain homeostasis and prevent

关键词： calf Energy Heat stress Heifer Reproduction

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Comparison between linseed expeller and canola expeller on concentrate intake,and circulating inflammatory mediators in Holstein calves

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Animal Nutrition 2020年第1期6卷 47-53页

作者： Pedro Melendez Romina Ramirez Maria P.Marin Mario Duchens Pablo Pinedo College of Veterinary Medicine University of GeorgiaTiftonGA31793USA College of Veterinary Medicine University Santo TomasVina del MarChile College of Veterinary Medicine University of ChileSantiagoChile Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA College of Veterinary Medicine University of MissouriColumbiaMO 61203USA

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of linseed and canola expeller on average daily weight gain(ADG),concentrate intakes,incidence of diarrhea,serum haptoglobin,interleukin(IL)-1,and resolvin-E1 in female Holstein calves from birth to weaning.A sample size of 20 calves per group was calculated and were randomly allocated at the time of birth.Linseed group(LIN)was fed a starter with linseed expeller,while canola group(CAN)received a similar concentrate,but with canola expeller.Both expellers were included at a rate of 25%dry matter(DM)basis of the starter.Pasteurized waste milk was fed twice a day until weaning.Calves were weighed at birth,30,and 60 d of age.Starter intake was evaluated daily from 5 to 60 d.A blood sample was obtained at birth,14,28,35,and 49 d of age,and bovine serum resolvin-El,haptoglobin,and IL-1 were assayed by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kits.Incidence of diarrhea and the duration of the events were also recorded.The effect of the interaction group by time on body weight(BW)and starter intake was not significant(P>0.05).Average daily gains(ADG)from 0 to 60 d for CAN and LIN groups were 0.680 and 0.675 kg/d(P>0.05),respectively.Incidences of diarrhea were 25%and 45%for CAN and LIN groups,respectively(P=0.18).LIN group had greater concentrations of IL-1 at d 21,haptoglobin at d 7,and resolving-El at d 14 and 49 than CAN group,respectively.It is concluded that BW at weaning,ADG,and concentrate intakes were not different between groups fed starters containing linseed or canola expeller(25%inclusion).The concentrations of cytokines and haptoglobin were the greatest in LIN group.

关键词： Linseed expeller Omega-3 fatty acids calf Daily gain Diarrhea

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