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Implementing an Information System Strategy: A Cost, Benefit, and Risk Analysis Framework for Evaluating Viable IT alternatives in the US Federal Government

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2018年第6期11卷 105-132页

作者： Sofia E. Espinoza Joan S. Brooks John Araujo Office of the Associate Director for Science Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA PricewaterhouseCoopers Public Sector LLP Atlanta GA USA

In the US Federal government, an analysis of alternatives (AoA) is required for a significant investment of resources. The AoA yields the recommended alternative from a set of viable alternatives for the investment decision. This paper presents an integrated AoA and project management framework for analyzing new or emerging alternatives (e.g., Cloud computing), as may be driven by an information system strategy that incorporates a methodology for analyzing the costs, benefits, and risks of each viable alternative. The case study in this paper, about a business improvement project to provide public health and safety services to citizens in a US Federal agency, is a practical application of this integrated framework and reveals the benefits of this integrated approach for an investment decision. The decision making process in the framework—as an integrated, organized, and adaptable set of management and control practices—offers a defensible recommendation and provides accountability to stakeholders.

关键词： Analysis of alternatives Business Case Cloud Computing Cost Benefit Analysis Information System Strategy

Using Chemical Release Surveillance Data to Evaluate the Public Health Impacts of Chlorine and Its alternatives

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2012年第12期3卷 1607-1614页

作者： Perri Zeitz Ruckart Ayana Anderson Wanda Lizak Welles Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences Atlanta GA USA New York State Department of Health Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment Albany NY USA

Background: More than 80 million Americans may be at risk of a chemical exposure because they live near one of the 101 most hazardous chemical facilities or near routes used to transport hazardous chemicals. One approach to hazard reduction is to use less toxic alternatives. Chlorine, one of the chemicals posing the greatest public health danger, has several alternatives depending on the application. Methods: We analyzed data collected during 1993-2008 by 17 state health departments participating in the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) active chemical incident surveillance program. We conducted descriptive analyses to evaluate whether five chlorine alternatives (calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorate, sodium hydrosulfite, and sodium hypochlorite) resulted in less severe incidents. We used chi square and z-score analyses to test significance, where appropriate. Results: During 1993-2008, 2040 incidents involved chlorine, and 1246 incidents involved chlorine alternatives. Nearly 30% of chlorine releases resulted in injured persons, as compared to 13% of chlorine alternatives that resulted in injury. Although similar proportions of persons injured in chlorine or chlorine alternative releases were treated on scene (18% and 14%, respectively) and at a hospital (58% and 60%, respectively), there was a greater proportion of hospital admissions following chlorine releases than there was following releases of chlorine alternatives (10 % vs. 4%) (p Conclusion: Exposures to these five potential chlorine alternatives resulted in a lower proportion of exposed persons requiring hospital admission. To reduce acute public health injuries associated with chemical exposures, users should consider a chlorine alternative when such a substitution is reasonable.

关键词： Chlorine Substitution alternatives Chemicals

Hazard Assessment of alternatives to Dicofol

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2010年第3期1卷 231-241页

作者： Ana I. Sánchez M. Dolores Hernando Juan J. Vaquero Eloy García José M. Navas 不详

Dicofol was listed by International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) as requiring immediate and urgent considera-tion and thus was considered as a new candidate by Persistent Organic Pollutant Review Committee (POPRC) as a possible persistent organic pollutant (POP). Dicofol is structurally similar to DDT. It is persistent in food and water, highly toxic to aquatic life and causes egg-shell thinning in some bird species. High concern, due to the lack of dicofol measurements in the Arctic, proving long range transport and bioaccumulation in wild life species, supports further impact assessment of this product. Under Stockholm Convention, substances identified as POPs are regulated with the objective to protect the environment and the human health. According to this objective, the search of environmental and healthy alternatives is helpful. This paper discusses the use of three groups of chemicals currently applied as alternatives to dicofol. An exhaustive review of the synthesis of dicofol, starting from DDT, and compared to possible substitutes is presented: 1) active principle with fluoralkenyl are proposed as an environmental and healthy alternative to dicofol, 2) inhibitor agents of mitochondrial electron transport as chlorfenapyr, hydramethylnon and pyridaben and 3) pesticides commonly applied in agricultural practices as oxythioquinox, fenbutatin-oxide and formetanate hydrochloride.

关键词： Dicofol POPs Chemical Structure Effects alternatives

Dietary substitution of soybean oil with coconut oil in the absence of dietary antibiotics supports growth performance and immune function in nursery and grower pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020年第2期11卷 480-492页

作者： Andrea G.Braundmeier-Fleming Cassandra S.Skenandore Lesly Gil Victoria Jacobsen Melissa Cregger Taylor Badger Mallory Karr Guoyao Wu Stephen B.Smith Annie E.Newell-Fugate Department of Medical Microbiology Immunology and Cell BiologySchool of MedicineSouthern Illinois UniversitySpringfieldIL 62702USA Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M University4466 TAMUCollege StationTX 77843USA Department of Animal Science Texas A&M University2471 TAMUCollege StationTX 77843USA

Background:We hypothesized that supplementation of nursery and grower pig diets with coconut oil in the absence of antibiotics would yield maintenance of glucose homeostasis,growth performance,and immune function similar to what is achieved with nursery and grower pig diets containing antibiotics.Pigs received the same base treatment diets from d24(weaning)to d71 of age and had blood and fecal samples collected on d24,d31,d45 and d71 for measurement of whole blood glucose,serum insulin,cortisol and cytokines,and fecal microbiome.Pigs had weekly weights and daily feed consumption measured throughout the study.Animals were euthanized at d71 and subcutaneous fat and ileal contents were collected for assessment for fatty acids and microbiome,respectively.Diet treatments consisted of 2%soybean oil plus antibiotics(ABX;n=22),2%soybean oil without antibiotics(NABX;n=22),and 2%coconut oil without antibiotics(COC;n=22).Statistical analysis examined the effect of diet within each timepoint using a repeated measures ANOVA.Results:Pigs fed COC diet had decreased serum insulin levels,maintained feed intake,feed conversion and weight gain,and,based on serum cytokines and fecal microbiome,were immunologically similar to ABX-fed pigs.However,NABX-fed pigs performed similarly to the ABX-fed pigs in all parameters except for serum cytokines.Additionally,there was no difference in the incidence of diarrhea between any of the diet treatments.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that dietary antibiotics are not necessary to maintain growth performance in nursery and grower pigs.However,dietary antibiotics appear to modulate circulating cytokine levels.Dietary coconut oil is neither harmful nor helpful to growth performance or immune function in nursery and grower pigs but does modulate serum insulin levels.Therefore,while coconut oil fed at 2%by weight is a suitable substitute for dietary antibiotics,this study suggests that no substitute for dietary antibiotics is needed at all.

关键词： alternatives Antibiotic supplementation Grower pigs Medium chain fatty acids Nursery pigs Oil

Antimicrobial peptides: new hope in the war against multidrug resistance

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Zoological Research 2019年第6期40卷 488-505页

作者： James Mwangi Xue Hao Ren Lai Zhi-Ye Zhang Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650223China Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650204China Sino-African Joint Research Center Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650223China Institutes for Drug Discovery and Development Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203China KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming Yunnan 650223China Center for Biosafety Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan Hubei 430071China

The discovery of antibiotics marked a golden age in the revolution of human medicine. However,decades later, bacterial infections remain a global healthcare threat, and a return to the pre-antibiotic era seems inevitable if stringent measures are not adopted to curb the rapid emergence and spread of multidrug resistance and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In hospital settings, multidrug resistant(MDR) pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), and extendedspectrum β-lactamases(ESBL) bearing Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are amongst the most problematic due to the paucity of treatment options,increased hospital stay, and exorbitant medical costs. Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs) provide an excellent potential strategy for combating these threats. Compared to empirical antibiotics, they show low tendency to select for resistance, rapid killing action, broad-spectrum activity, and extraordinary clinical efficacy against several MDR strains. Therefore, this review highlights multidrug resistance among nosocomial bacterial pathogens and its implications and reiterates the importance of AMPs as next-generation antibiotics for combating MDR superbugs.

关键词： Multidrug resistance Nosocomial infections Antimicrobial peptide Antibiotic alternatives

Dietary fiber and chicken microbiome interaction:Where will it lead to?

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Animal Nutrition 2020年第1期6卷 1-8页

作者： Tahir Mahmood Yuming Guo State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China

The last few decades have been marked by a rapid genetic improvement in chicken growth rates.The modern-day chicken is more efficient in converting feed into muscle mass than their predecessors.This enhanced efficiency emanates from better nutrient digestion,absorption,and metabolism.The gut has therefore become a research focus especially after the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters(AGP)in poultry.In pursuance of better gut health in the post-AGP era,many different strategies are being continuously sought and tested.The gut is inhabited by more than 900 bacterial species along with fungi and archaea,and they play an important role to maintain a conducive milieu for the host,A beneficial shift in the microbial ecosystem of the chicken can be promoted by many dietary and nondietary interventions,however,diet is ranked as one of the most important and potent regulators of gut microbiota composition.Therefore,the constituents of the diet warrant special attention in the modulation of the gut ecosystem.Among dietary constituents,fiber possesses a significant ability to modulate the microbiota.In this review,we will highlight the importance of fiber in poultry nutrition and will also discuss the effects of fiber on gut microbiota and its resultant ramifications on the liver and brain.

关键词： Poultry Microbiota Gut health Antibiotic alternatives

A new environment-friendly refrigerant

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 1999年第2期42卷 183-189页

作者：赵晓宇史琳朱明善韩礼钟 Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University

CFCs and HCFCs, widely used in refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, have been or will be phased out according to the revisions of the Montreal Protocol because they deplete the ozone layer. Many substitutes have been proposed, but no one has perfectly replaced the CFC end HCFC refrigerants. New generation alternatives are being investigated worldwide. According to the industrial and environmental requirements, many factors should be considered in the screening and evaluation of refrigerant alternatives. A new method is proposed using the soft algebra method——fuzzy multiple evaluation. The weights for different factors are determined mathematically and criteria values for all the objects are made dimensionless to quantitatively compare the different alternatives. A new long-term drop-in mixture alternative THR02 is developed and evaluated in a series of theoretical and experimental evaluations.THR02 is proved to be an environment-friendly, nontoxic, inflammable, drop-in alternative to CFC-12

关键词： alternatives fuzzy multiple evaluation method long-term drop-in thermal performance.

A combined p-value test for the mean difference of high-dimensional data

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Science China Mathematics 2019年第5期62卷 961-978页

作者： Wei Yu Wangli Xu Lixing Zhu Center for Applied Statistics School of Statistics Renmin University of China School of Statistics Beijing Normal University Department of Mathematics Hong Kong Baptist University

This paper proposes a novel method for testing the equality of high-dimensional means using a multiple hypothesis test. The proposed method is based on the maximum of standardized partial sums of logarithmic p-values statistic. Numerical studies show that the method performs well for both normal and non-normal data and has a good power performance under both dense and sparse alternative hypotheses. For illustration, a real data analysis is implemented.

关键词： high-dimensional data equality of means multiple hypothesis testing sparse alternatives

Towards an Eco-Efficient Development Strategy that Minimises the Risks Associated with the Location of Gas Stations in Human Settlements: A Fuzzy PROMETHEE Method

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2022年第1期10卷 119-137页

作者： Samuel Batambock Innocent Ndoh Mbue Dieudonne Bitondo Laboratoire de Recherche Energie Matériaux Modélisation et Méthode (E3M) Douala Cameroon Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Douala (ENSPD) Université de Douala Douala Cameroon

Evaluating real world situations in risky environments based on various qualitative/quantitative criteria in order to suggest a strategy/policy among available options is one of the critical challenges in incident management. Such is the case when considering an eco-efficient development strategy that can minimize the risk associated with the location of gas stations in human settlements. Taking the Douala city of Cameroon as an example, four actions were evaluated, including the options of relocating the gas stations, putting in place of emergency response plan in gas stations, and relocation of households subject to a group of four criteria. Data were collected via personal communication with decision-makers using a five-point Likert scale. The market values of buildings subject to expropriation were estimated based on order No. 0082/Y. 15.1/MNUH/D of 20 November 1987 of the ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Cameroon. The financial costs incurred in establishing a gas station were an average value obtained from a sample of 80 gas stations randomly selected among those whose locations do not comply with existing regulations. These amounts were obtained from their financial records, while the value of putting in place an emergency action plan was obtained from the current market value of the equipment required. The algorithm of PROMETHEE under the usual criterion function was implemented. The results suggested that putting in place an emergency response plan could minimize relocation costs, maximize profits/welfare, and maximize environmental quality, and minimize social impacts, and was therefore considered as the most preferred alternative. Sensitivity analyses of results further confirmed that implementation of emergency response plan is the most preferred alternative.

关键词： Eco-Efficient Development Strategy PROMETHEE Criteria alternatives