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Isolation and Characterization of Contaminating Bacteria from garcinia cambogia Extract: Methods to Reduce Microbial Load and Its Anti-Obesity Effect in Wistar Rats

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Natural Resources 2022年第7期13卷 147-170页

作者： Raj Kumar Bhosale Sasidharan Sakkan Srinivasa Murthy Venkatramanappa Shivaswamy Mathada Rudraiah Kumaraswamy Rampur Arulmozhi Sathiyanarayanan Deepa Mandlik Sanman Kolhe Sadanand Yewale Sriram Padmanabhan Herbal Division Sava Healthcare Limited Research Center MIDC Chinchwad India QC Division Sava Healthcare Limited KIADB Malur India Production Team Sava Healthcare Limited KIADB Malur India Department of Pharmacology Poona College of Pharmacy Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University) Pune India SAVA Healthcare Limited Research Center Pune India

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the contaminating bacteria in the extract of garcinia cambogia, which is regularly used as a dietary supplement for addressing obesity in humans. Methods: The garcinia cambogia extract was used and experiments were conducted to isolate the contaminating bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility was tested. The organism was identified using BIOLOG system. Such an extract was used in a placebo-controlled animal study when 6 eight adult male rats weighing between 200 and 220 g were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 3) and in test group 1, a single dose of 100 mg/kg bw of garcinia cambogia extract was given while in the test group 2, 100 mg garcinia cambogia extract + 116 mg Picrorhiza kurroa extract were administered through oral gavage. The normal control rats were given distilled water, and the treatment lasted for 30 days. Blood plasma and liver tissues were prepared for biochemical analysis and histology studies. Results: Nearly ~103 cfu/g of Bacillus atrophaeus was present in the garcinia cambogia extract and we demonstrate >99% reduction in the microbial load with tetracycline. Such an extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg, showed weight loss in Wistar rats when administered orally for 1 month with no significant changes in liver histopathology. Picrorhiza kurroa, also known for its hepatoprotective properties, has been administered at a dose of 116 mg/kg along with garcinia extract at 100 mg/kg orally and found to improve levels of hepatic enzymes as similar to control animals, although not statistically significant. Conclusions: The study revealed that garcinia cambogia could prevent weight gain in Wistar rats when given orally and the weight gain in garcinia-treated animals was almost 4 times less (7.31%), as against weight gain of 25.36% seen in vehicle control animals. The antibiotic susceptibility data indicated that the isolated bacterium is resistant to many antibiotics with a strong susceptibility to te

关键词： garcinia cambogia Hydroxy Citric Acid Picrorhiza kurroa Liver Health ATP Citrate Lyase

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No evidence demonstrating hepatotoxicity associated with hydroxycitric acid

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第32期15卷 4087-4089页

作者： Sidney J Stohs Harry G Preuss Sunny E Ohia Gilbert R Kaats Carl L Keen Lonnie D Williams George A Burdock School of Pharmacy and Health Professions Creighton University Medical Center4967 Stillwater TrailFriscoTX 75034United States

Although a number of cases of hepatotoxicity are associated with the use of Hydroxycut weight management products, it has been alleged that their effects are primarily due to the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA, as Super CitriMax) in the formulations. However, while these products contain up to 20 different ingredients, some do not contain HCA. Case studies reported to date have not considered in depth the literature on the numerous animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and effi cacy of HCA. No HCA-associated hepatotoxicity or treatment-related adverse effects have been reported in these studies, and thus it is premature to make the assumptions presented in the recent case studies regarding Hydroxycut. If it is established in well controlled studies that the use of these formulations with and/or without HCA can result in the occurrence or progression of hepatotoxicity, additional studies should be conducted to characterize the causative factor(s).

关键词： Hydroxycitric acid Super CitriMax Hydroxycitric acid-SX garcinia cambogia Hydroxycut Liver failure Hepatotoxicity Safety and efficacy

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Liver injury and dietary supplements:Does hydroxycitric acid trigger hepatotoxicity?

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2022年第5期20卷 473-475页

作者： Andrea Zovi Roberto Langella Andrea Nisic Antonio Vitiello Umberto M.Musazzi a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of MilanVia G.ColomboMilan 71-20133Italy Italian Society of Hospital Pharmacy(SIFO) SIFO Secretariat of the Lombardy RegionVia Carlo Farini81Milan 20159Italy Regional Pharmacovigilance Center Lombardy RegionPiazza Cittàdi Lombardia1Milan 20124Italy Pharmaceutical Department USL Umbria 1Via Guerriero Guerra21Perugia 06127Italy

Rising rates of obesity has increased the global use of herbal supplements intended to control ***,taking these preparations without appropriate medical supervision could increase the risk of manifestation of side effects,especially at the hepatic *** literature,different cases of acute liver injury consequent to the use of food supplements containing garcinia cambogia and hydroxycitric acid are *** letter aims to review the most recent literature that analysed the herb-induced liver disease due to the use of hydroxycitric acid,from the first alert coming from the European Food and Drug Administration in 2009,to the last recent European food alerts from 2020 to *** is noteworthy that in some cases it demonstrated the relationship between hydroxycitric acid and ***,there is a need to draw more attention to the relationship between a safe use and a more awareness in the intake of these supplements,to preserve the safety of the consumers who increasingly purchase food supplements,products that have only nutritive properties and are never curative.

关键词： Weight loss garcinia cambogia Hydroxycitric acid Hepatotoxicity Adverse event

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Science of weight loss supplements:Compromised by conflicts of interest?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第38期16卷 4880-4882页

作者： Ano Lobb the Dartmouth Institute Dartmouth Medical School35 Centerra Parkway

Weight loss supplements often contain powerful pharmacoactive ingredients with the potential to cause harm. Trials used to determine product safety and effectiveness, meanwhile,tend to be small, of short duration, and frequently lack financial conflict of interest disclosures. These factors could conspire to place consumers at risk, especially when published research cited in advertising cloaks products with the suggestion that their safety and effectiveness have been proven by science. Examples of current and former weight loss products backed by potentially con? icted or low quality research include Metabolife-356, Hydroxycut, Xenadrine and LeptiCore. Published research, especially in the field of weight loss supplements, needs better conflict of interest disclosure, and regulators should consider how research f indings are used in marketing claims.

关键词： Weight loss supplements Cissus quadrangularis Hydroxycut Xenadrine Metabolife Lepticore garcinia cambogia Con ict of interest

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Hydroxycitric acid does not promote inflammation or liver toxicity

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第44期19卷 8160-8162页

作者： Dallas L Clouatre Harry G Preuss Glykon Technologies Group LLC SeattleWA 98109 United States Department of Physiology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20057 United States

garcinia cambogia extract(GC)with its active component consisting of hydroxycitric acid(HCA)is widely utilized for weight *** HCA salts are available,including calcium,magnesium,potassium and mixtures of ***,these salts exhibit different properties with some,but not all,improving glucose tolerance and blood ***,obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet(HFD,45 kcal%fat)with or without GC(1%,w/w)for 16 *** active arm reduced visceral fat,adipocyte size and serum glucose,yet purportedly also exhibited hepatic collagen accumulation,lipid peroxidation and increased mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative *** latter findings are at odds with a large body of animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and efficacy of *** literature shows HCA to be protective against the liver toxicity associated with ethanol and dexamethasone administration,and to maintain serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase at near normal *** both animal and clinical literature,elevated intakes of HCA per se have not led to signs of inflammation or *** compound has been found to reduce markers of inflammation in brain,intestines,kidney and serum.

关键词： garcinia cambogia Hepatic collagen Hepatic inflammation Hepatic oxidative stress Hydroxycitric acid Metabolic syndrome Tumor necrosis factor-α Weight loss

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