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The data acquisition algorithm designed for the SiPM-based detectors of GECAM satellite

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 70-77页

作者： y.Q.Liu K.Gong X.Q.Li X.y.Wen Z.H.An C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du M.Gao R.Gao D.y.Guo J.J.He D.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi X.L.Sun H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang J.W.yang Q.B.yi Fan Zhang D.L.Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao y.Zhao X.Zhou Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Physics and Space Science College China West Normal UniversityNanchong 637002China

Background The Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor(GECAM)consists of 2 microsatellites,each of which contains 25 GRD(LaBr3)detectors and 8 CPD(plastic scintillator)*** silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)array is used to read each *** output signal of these detectors with SiPM array is very special and challenging to *** this study,a novel data acquisition(DAQ)algorithm for these detectors is designed and implemented,and the content of the output event packet is *** and Conclusion The performances,including the event acquisition efficiency of this DAQ algorithm,are extensively verified through experimental *** the on-ground and in-flight tests,this algorithm has excellent performance despite the very limited resources and short development time of GECAM mission.

关键词： Silicon photomultiplier Digital waveform processing Data acquisition

The design and performance of GRD onboard the GECAM satellite

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 43-52页

作者： Z.H.An X.L.Sun D.L.Zhang S.yang X.Q.Li X.y.Wen K.Gong X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu y.G.Li S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu Fan Zhang X.y.Zhao C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du P.y.Feng M.Gao R.Gao D.y.Guo J.J.He D.J.Hou C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao y.P.Xu J.W.yang Q.B.yi S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang y.Zhao X.Zhou CAS Institute of High Energy PhysicsBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China 3 Xiangtan UniversityXiangtan 411105China 4 Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 110875China Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105China Beijing Normal University Beijing 110875China

Background Each GECAM satellite payload contains 25 gamma-ray detectors(GRDs),which can detect gamma-rays and particles and can roughly localize the Gamma-Ray Bursts(GRBs).GRD was designed using lanthanum bromide(LaBr3)crystal as the sensitive material with the rear end coupled with silicon photomultiplier(SiPM)array for *** In aerospace engineering design of GRD,there are many key points to be *** this paper,we present the specific design scheme of GRD,the assembly and the performance test results of *** Based on Monte Carlo simulation and experimental test results,the specific schematic design and assembling process of GRD were *** being fully assembled,the GRDs were conducted performance tests by using radioactive source and also conducted random vibration *** and conclusion The test results show that all satellite-borne GRDs have energy resolution<16%at 59.5 keV,meeting requirements of satellite in scientific *** random vibration test shows that GRD can maintain in a stable performance,which meets the requirement of spatial application.

关键词： Lanthanum bromide scintillator SiPM array GECAM Gamma-ray detector Energy resolution

Quality assurance test and failure analysis of SiPM arrays of GECAM satellites

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 35-42页

作者： D.L.Zhang M.Gao X.L.Sun X.Q.Li Z.H.An X.y.Wen C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du R.Gao K.Gong D.y.Guo J.J.He D.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang J.W.yang Fan.Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao X.Zhou Institute of High Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049People’s Republic of China

Background The Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor(GECAM)satellite developed a SiPM-based gamma-ray detector to monitor the gravitational wave-related GRBs and guide subsequent observations in other wavelengths of *** As all the available SiPM devices belong to commercial grade,quality assurance tests need to be performed in accordance with the aerospace *** In the SiPM application of GECAM,quality assurance experiments were *** mechanism of the failure of SiPM devices was analyzed during the development *** Based on the quality assurance test results,the fnal pass rate of SiPM array was 95%.Based on the failure analysis,it was found that a piece of SiPM had a leakage channel after longtime operation due to device *** According to the accumulated experience,in the reliability test of SiPM,it is necessary to pay special attention to test the impedance of each pin of SiPM to ground and confrm that the power switch state of SiPM is controllable.

关键词： Gravitational waves Gamma-ray detectors Silicon photomultipliers Quality assurance test Failure analysis

Dedicated SiPM array for GRD of GECAM

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 63-69页

作者： D.L.Zhang X.L.Sun Z.H.An X.Q.Li X.y.Wen K.Gong C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du M.Gao R.Gao D.y.Guo J.J.He D.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang1 X.Zhou J.W.yang Fan Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao Institute of High Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China

Purpose The discovery of gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts heralds the era of multi-messenger *** the adoption of two small satellites to achieve the all-sky monitoring of gamma-ray bursts,the gravitational wave highenergy electromagnetic counterpart all-sky monitor(GECAM)possesses a quasi-real-time early warning ability and plays an important role in positioning the sources of gravitational waves and in subsequent *** satellite of GECAM was fitted with 253-inch-diameter gamma-ray detectors(GRD),covering an energy range of 8–2 *** have adopted silicon photomultiplier tubes(SiPM)in lieu of photomultiplier tubes(PMT)to adapt to the dimensional limitations of *** A unique 3-inch circular SiPM array was *** this design,646×6 mm chips were arranged evenly in a circular manner with the seams filled with reflecting films,thus achieving satisfactory uniformity of light *** integrated pre-amplifier circuit on the back of the SiPM array adopted two-level grouping and summing;further,it achieved a satisfactory signal-to-noise *** high-gain and low-gain channels were adopted to achieve a large dynamic range,and two independent power supply units were used,where each unit can be closed separately,thus improving *** Performance studies show that this SiPM array meets the requirements of *** A 3-inch SiPM array have been developed that uses grouped summation,reflective films,a circular arrangement,two groups of independent power supplies,high-and low-gain signals,differential signal output technologies,*** solution can be used not only for GECAM,but also as a general solution for SiPM-based scintillation detectors.

关键词： SiPM GECAM Gamma-ray Signal-to-noise ratio Reflecting film Pre-amplifier

The technology for detection of gamma-ray burst with GECAM satellite

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 12-25页

作者： X.Q.Li X.y.Wen Z.H.An C.Cai Z.Chang G.Chen C.Chen y.y.du M.Gao R.Gao K.Gong D.y.Guo J.J.He D.J.Hou y.G.Li C.y.Li G.Li L.Li X.F.Li M.S.Li X.H.Liang X.J.Liu y.Q.Liu F.J.Lu H.Lu B.Meng W.X.Peng F.Shi X.L.Sun H.Wang J.Z.Wang y.S.Wang H.Z.Wang X.Wen S.Xiao S.L.Xiong y.B.Xu y.P.Xu S.yang J.W.yang Q.B.yi D.L.Zhang Fan Zhang S.N.Zhang C.y.Zhang C.M.Zhang Fei Zhang X.y.Zhao y.Zhao X.Zhou C.S.Zhang J.P.yu L.Chang K.K.Zhang J.Huang y.M.Chen X.B.Han Institute of High Energy Physics CASBeijing 100049China Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105China Beijing Normal University Beijing 110875China Beijing Glass Research Institute Beijing 101100China Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of CAS Shanghai 201204China

Introduction The main physical objective of the GECAM satellite is to detect gamma-ray bursts,which is related to gravitational waves of double compact object *** GECAM satellite also detects and investigates various bursts of high-energy celestial *** and methods In this study,we designed,developed and calibrated the payload and launched it into orbit with GECAM *** payload consists of the gamma ray detector(GRD,for detecting 4 keV–4 MeV X/γray),the charged particle detector(CPD,for detecting 150 keV–5 MeV charged particle),and the electronic box(EBOX).The all-sky field coverage is achieved via two 229-degree large-area satellites positioned 180 degrees apart and are on opposite sides of the *** satellite is equipped with 25 GRDs and 8 CPDs;thus,the satellite can identify charged particle bursts in ***-ray detectors adopt lanthanum bromide crystal technology combined with silicon *** is the first time that this technology was used massively in space *** The GECAM satellite can quickly determine the direction of gamma-ray bursts(positioning)via indexing and fitting method,while the transmit variability,energy spectrum and direction of the gamma-ray bursts guide subsequent observations through the Beidou-3 RDSS in quasi-real *** will play an important role in the study of high energy celestial bursts.

关键词： GECAM Gamma-ray burst Lanthanum bromide crystal Silicon photomultiplier Beidou short message

Cortical hem signaling center: functions, development, and potential implications for evolution and brain disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1079-1080页

作者： Victor V.Chizhikov Igor y.Iskusnykh Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA

Development of the telencephalon relies upon several signaling centers-localized cellular populations that supply secreted factors to pattern the cortical *** such signaling center is the cortical hem,which arises during embryonic development at the telencephalic dorsal midline,adjacent to the choroid plexus and hippocampal primordium(Figure 1A).While the cortical hem has also been described in reptiles and birds,most of our knowledge about the developmental roles of the cortical hem is derived from the analysis in *** cortical hem produces several types of secreted molecules,including wingless-related integration site(Wnt)and bone morphogenetic(Bmp)*** cortical hem is particularly important for the development of the hippocampus,which is involved in learning and memory,and the neocortex,which is the most complex brain region that mediates multiple types of behavior and higher cognitive functions(Mangale et al.,2008;Dal-Valle-Anton and Borrell,2022).

关键词： epithelium Figure center

From text to image:challenges in integrating vision into ChatGPT for medical image interpretation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第2期20卷 487-488页

作者： Shunsuke Koga Wei du Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Hospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA

Large language models(LLMs),such as ChatGPT developed by OpenAI,represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence(AI),designed to understand,generate,and interpret human language by analyzing extensive text *** potential integration into clinical settings offers a promising avenue that could transform clinical diagnosis and decision-making processes in the future(Thirunavukarasu et al.,2023).This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of LLMs’current and potential impact on clinical *** ability to generate differential diagnosis lists underscores their potential as invaluable tools in medical practice and education(Hirosawa et al.,2023;Koga et al.,2023).

关键词： image diagnosis text

Exercise preconditioning alleviates ischemia-induced memory deficits by increasing circulating adiponectin

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1445-1454页

作者： Meifeng Zheng Borui Zhang Sonata S y yau Kwok-Fai So Li Zhang Haining Ou Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration(Ministry of Education) Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Institute of CNS RegenerationJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Center for Exercise and Brain Science School of PsychologyShanghai University of SportShanghaiChina Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute University of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina

Cerebral ischemia is a major health risk that requires preventive approaches in addition to drug *** exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis,and has been widely used for functional rehabilitation after *** this study,we determined whether exercise training before disease onset can alleviate the severity of cerebral *** also examined the role of exercise-induced circulating factors in these *** mice were subjected to 14 days of treadmill exercise training before surgery for middle cerebral artery *** found that this exercise pre-conditioning strategy effectively attenuated brain infarct area,inhibited gliogenesis,protected synaptic proteins,and improved novel object and spatial memory *** analysis showed that circulating adiponectin plays a critical role in these preventive effects of *** activation of adiponectin receptors by Adipo Ron mimicked the effects of exercise,while inhibiting receptor activation abolished the exercise *** summary,our results suggest a crucial role of circulating adiponectin in the effects of exercise pre-conditioning in protecting against cerebral ischemia and supporting the health benefits of exercise.

关键词： adiponectin cerebral ischemia exercise pre-conditioning hippocampus memory function middle cerebral artery occlusion prefrontal cortex synaptic proteins treadmill exercise

Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy:perspectives on the possibility of optimizing SMN1 delivery to correct all neurological and systemic perturbations

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 2011-2012页

作者： Sharon J.Brown Rafael J.yáñez-Muñoz Heidi R.Fuller School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Keele UniversityKeeleUK Wolfson Center for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease TORCH BuildingRJAH Orthopaedic HospitalOswestryUK *** Center of Gene and Cell TherapyDepartment of Biological SciencesSchool of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK

Spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)is a genetic condition that results in selective lower motor neuron loss with concomitant muscle weakness and *** genetic cause of SMA was understood in 1995 when loss or impairment of the survival motor neuron 1(SMN1)gene was identified as the main contributing factor(Lefebvre et al.,1995).This,in combination with the discovery that humans have a“back-up”gene,SMN2,which can produce low levels(approximately 10%)of the full-length functional SMN protein,has led to the generation of SMA-specific gene *** was traditionally classified according to age of symptom onset and developmental milestones achieved,with life expectancy and severity varying between ***,SMN2 copy number is used as a proxy for the prediction of disease severity,with higher SMN2 copy number typically being associated with reduced severity of SMA,although this relationship is not absolute:some individuals with low SMN2 copy number have less severe SMA phenotypes and vice ***,the etiology of SMA is further complicated by other factors,such as non-typical nucleotide variants and SMN2-independent modifiers of disease severity.

关键词： atrophy traditionally absolute