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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2022年第2期11卷 224-233页

作者： sebastian ludyga Manuel Mücke Christian Andra Markus Gerber Uwe Pühse Department of Sport Exercise and HealthUniversity of BaselBasel 4052Switzerland Department of School Sport Leipzig UniversityLeipzig 04109Germany

Background:Accumulating evidence suggests that sports participation promotes the development of inhibitory control,but the influences of the sports category and inhibition type still remain *** categorization of sports based on the open-skill(externally paced)and closed-skill(self-paced)continuum allows for the integration of the environment as a factor contributing to sports-related benefits for inhibitory ***:Cross-sectional data from different studies were combined(n=184)to examine the association between open-and closed-skill sports and cognitive control processes related to interference control and response ***(aged 9-14 years)filled in 7-day physical activity recall protocols and completed a Stroop Color-Word or a Go/NoGo *** N200,N450,and P300 components of event-related potentials elicited by these tasks were recorded using ***:Partial correlations supported the belief that time spent in open-skill sports was related to higher performance on inhibition ***,path analyses revealed an association between this sports type and a greater negativity in the N200 and N450 amplitudes in both the full sample and group-level *** contrast,no relation was found between sports type and P300 ***:The findings suggest that only the engagement in open-skill sports is associated with more effective conflict monitoring and higher performance on tasks demanding inhibitory control.

关键词： Conflict monitoring Event-related potentials Exercise Go/NoGo Stroop Color-Word Physical activity

Adolescents' personal beliefs about sufficient physical activity are more closely related to sleep and psychological functioning than self-reported physical activity: A prospective study

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2019年第3期8卷 280-288页

作者： Christin Lang Serge Brand Flora Colledge sebastian ludyga Uwe Pühse Markus Gerber School of Psychology Flinders University Department of Sport Exercise and Health University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics (UPK) Center for Affective Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS) University of Basel

Background: Preliminary evidence among adults suggests that the ways in which individuals think about their physical activity(PA) behavior is more closely associated with their well-being than self-reported PA. This study therefore aimed to examine whether and how self-reported PA and personal beliefs about suffbcient PA are associated with sleep and psychological functioning in a sample of Swiss adolescents, using both cross-sectional and prospective ***: An overall sample of 864 vocational students(368 girls, 17.98± 1.36 years, mean ± SD) was followed prospectively over a 10-month period. At each measurement occasion, participants filled in a series of self-report questiocnaires to assess their PA levels, their personal beliefs about whether or not they engage in sufficient PA, sleep(insomnia symptoms, sleep quality, sleep-onset latency, and number of awakenings),and psychological functioning(depressive symptoms, quality of life, perceived stress, and mental toughness).Results: Adolescents who believe that they are sufficiently physically active to maintain good health reported more restoring sleep. No differen?ces in sleep were found between adolescents who meet PA recommendationsvs. those who do not. Additionally, adolescents who believe that they were sufficiently physically active also reported better psychological functioning. This close relationship between adolescents5 beliefs about their PA involvement and their sleep and psychological functioning was corroborated in the prospective ***: Cognitive factors should be studied more intensively when elucidating the relationship among PA, sleep, and psychological functioning in young people, particularly when aiming to develop new exercise interventions targeting psychological outcomes.

关键词： Adolescents Beliefs Mental health Physical activity Psychological well-being Public health recommendations Sleep

A Bifactor Analysis Approach to Construct Validity and Reliability of the Affective Exercise Experience Questionnaire among Chinese College Students

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2023年第9期25卷 995-1008页

作者： Ting Wang Markus Gerber Fabian Herold Joseph Bardeen sebastian ludyga Alyx Taylor Arthur FKramer Liye Zou Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China Department of Sport Exercise&HealthUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases MovementFaculty of Health Sciences BrandenburgUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany Department of Psychological Sciences Auburn UniversityAuburn36849USA School of Rehabilitation Sport and PsychologyAECC University CollegeBournemouthBH52DFUK Center for Cognitive and Brain Health Northeastern UniversityBostonMA02115USA Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignIL61820USA

Affective exercise experience as an emerging theoretical concept has great potential to provide a more nuanced understanding of individual factors that influence exercise ***,concerning the Affective Exercise Experiences(AFFEXX)questionnaire,it has not been examined yet whether the structural score of the AFFEXX is a useful index to predict physical activity(refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure).Furthermore,there is currently a gap in knowledge regarding the psychological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between affective exercise experiences and the level of physical activity(PA).In order to adress these gaps in the literature,we conducted two studies among Chinese collge students that aimed(i)to investigated whether the total score of the three AFFEXX-C constructs(antecedent appraisals,core affective exercise experiences,and attraction-antipathy towards exercise)is a relaible indicator that can be utilized in research and pratical settings and(ii)to evalute the specific psychological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between affective exercise experience and *** Study 1,we recruited 801 voluntary Chinese college students for bifactor and correlational *** Study 2,875 Chinese college students were enrolled to verify our findings from Study 1 and to explore the aforementioned *** from the bifactor analyses supported our hypothesis that the total scores of the three AFFEXX-C constructs can be used among Chinese college students to establish a link with ***,our results suggested that core affective exercise experiences and attraction-antipathy mediated the relationship between antecedent appraisals and the level of moderate-to-vigorous intensity ***,measuring affective exercise experiences using the AFFEXX-C,specifically the total scores of each individual construct may be a useful approach to predict future PA levels.

关键词： Affective exercise experiences bifactor analysis Chinese college students mediation model

Validity and Reliability of the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire among Chinese College Students

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2023年第1期25卷 127-138页

作者： Ting Wang Jin Kuang Fabian Herold Alyx Taylor sebastian ludyga Zhihao Zhang Arthur FKramer Liye Zou Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory Shenzhen Humanities&Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental HealthSchool of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases MovementFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam14476Germany School of Rehabilitation Sport and PsychologyAECC University CollegeBournemouthBH52DFUK Department of Sport Exercise and HealthUniversity of BaselBasel4052Switzerland Center for Cognitive and Brain Health Northeastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignIL 61801USA

The rising prevalence of physical inactivity is in all age groups(e.g.,in college students)a major public health issue as not meeting the recommended minimum amount of regular physical activity is linked to adverse health *** versa,there is mounting evidence that achieving the recommended amount of regular physical activity is a vital element to prevent chronic diseases,but there is often an insufﬁcient adherence to planned and structured forms of physical activity(i.e.,physical exercises).In this context,there is a large body of evidence indicating that exercise adherence is,among other factors,inﬂuenced by exercise-related affective *** Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exer-cise Questionnaire(PRETIE-Q)has been developed to measure these affective responses(e.g.,to speciﬁc exercise inten-sities).So far,no validated Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q has been available in the *** address this gap in literature,the present study developed and validated a Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q in a large sample of Chinese college *** from a total of 1117 college students were collected for analyses concerning factorial validity and construct *** re-test reliability was established using a sample of 150 randomly selected *** addition,the level of regular physical activity(PA),cardiorespiratoryﬁtness(CRF),and resilience were used to examine possible links with two domains(preference and tolerance)of the *** results showed that a Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q has a goodﬁt and reliability(Cronbach’sαof 0.72 to 0.85 for preference and tolerance,respectively;ICC:r=0.72 of preference and r=0.67 of tolerance;ﬁt indices:χ^(2)=21.612,df=19,p>0.05,TLI=0.997,CFI=0.998,RMSEA=0.016,SRMR=0.024).Secondly,positive associations of intensity-tolerance with PA,CRF,and resilience were *** summary,this study indicates that the Chinese version of the PRETIE-Q has sound psychometric properties and can be used

关键词： PRETIE-Q pleasure intensity tolerance preference validity

Validation of the Chinese Version of the Affective Exercise Experiences Questionnaire (AFFEXX-C)

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2023年第7期25卷 799-812页

作者： Ting Wang Boris Cheval Silvio Maltagliati Zachary Zenko Fabian Herold sebastian ludyga Markus Gerber Yan Luo Layan Fessler Notger GMüller Liye Zou Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China Swiss Center for Affective Sciences University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland Department of Psychology Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression(E3Lab)University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland University Grenoble Alpes SENSGrenobleF-38000France Department of Kinesiology California State University BakersfieldBakersfieldCAUSA Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases MovementFaculty of Health Sciences BrandenburgUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany Department of Sport Exercise&HealthUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland Department of Kinesiology and Community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignIllinois61801USA

Despite the well-established benefits of regular physical activity(PA)on health,a large proportion of the world population does not achieve the recommended level of regular *** affective experiences toward PA may play a key role to foster a sustained engagement in PA,they have been largely overlooked and crudely measured in the existing *** address this shortcoming,the Affective Exercise Experiences(AFFEXX)questionnaire has been developed to measure such ***,this questionnaire was developped to assess the following three domains:antecedent appraisals(e.g.,liking *** exercise in groups),core affective exercise experiences(i.e.,pleasure ***,energy ***,and calmness ***),and exercise motivation(i.e.,attraction *** toward exercise).The current study aimed to validate a Chinese version of the AFFEXX questionnaire(AFFEXX-C).In study 1,722 Chinese college students provided data for analyses of factorial,convergent,discriminant,criterion validity,and test-retest reliability of the *** addition,1,300 college students were recruited in study 2 to further validate its structural *** showed that the AFFEXX-C demonstrates a goodfit and ***,results further supported the hypothesized model based on previous research:antecedent appraisals predicted core affective exercise experiences,which in turn predicted attraction-antipathy toward physical *** AFFEXX-C was found to be a reliable and valid measure of affective exercise experiences in a population of Chinese college students.

关键词： Affective exercise experiences questionnaires reliability validity college students Chinese translation

Associations between meeting 24-hour movement guidelines and quality of life among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2023年第1期12卷 73-86页

作者： Chuidan Kong Aiguo Chen sebastian ludyga Fabian Herold Sean Healy Mengxian Zhao Alyx Taylor Notger G.Muller Arthur F.Kramer Sitong Chen Mark S.Tremblay Liye Zou Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518061China College of Physical Education Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225127China Department of Sport Exercise and HealthUniversity of BaselBasel 4052Switzerland Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases MovementFaculty of Health Sciences BrandenburgUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam 14476Germany Community Health Academic Group School of NursingPsychotherapy and Community HealthDublin City UniversityDublin 9Ireland School of Rehabilitation Sport and PsychologyAECC University CollegeBournemouthBH52DFUK Research Group Neuroprotection German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases(DZNE)Magdeburg 39120Germany Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences(CBBS) Magdeburg 39118Germany Center for Cognitive and Brain Health Northeastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignIL 61820USA Institute for Health and Sport Victoria UniversityMelbourne 8001Australia Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group CHEO Research InstituteOttawaOntario K1H8L1Canada Department of Pediatrics University of OttawaOttawaOntario K1N 6N5Canada

Background:The Canadian 24-hour movement behavior(24-HMB)guidelines suggest that a limited amount of screen time use,an adequate level of physical activity(PA),and sufficient sleep duration are beneficial for ensuring and optimizing the health and quality of life(QoL)of children and ***,this topic has yet to be examined for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)*** aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to examine the associations between meeting 24-HMB guidelines and several QoLrelated indicators among a national sample of American children and adolescents with ***:Data were taken from the 2020 *** Survey of Children’s Health ***(n=956)aged 617 years and currently diagnosed with ASD were *** exposure of interest was adherence to the 24-HMB *** were QoL indicators,including learning interest/curiosity,repeating grades,adaptive ability,victimization by bullying,and behavioral *** variables were described with unweighted sample counts and weighted ***,sex,race,preterm birth status,medication,behavioral treatment,household poverty level,and the educational level of the primary caregivers were included as *** ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(95%CI)were used to present the strength of association between adherence to 24-HMB guidelines and QoL-related ***:Overall,452 participants(45.34%)met 1 of the 3 recommendations,216(22.65%)met 2 recommendations,whereas only 39 participants(5.04%)met all 3 *** with meeting none of the recommendations,meeting both sleep duration and PA recommendations(OR=3.92,95%CI:1.639.48,p<0.001)or all 3 recommendations(OR=2.11,95%CI:1.034.35,p=0.04)was associated with higher odds of showing learning interest/*** both screen time and PA recommendations(OR=0.15,95%CI:0.040.61,p<0.05)or both sleep duration and PA recommendations(OR=0.24,95

关键词： 24-hour movement guidelines Autism spectrum disorder Physical activity Quality of life

Look into my eyes:What can eye-based measures tell us about the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance?

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2023年第5期12卷 568-591页

作者： Liye Zou Fabian Herold sebastian ludyga Keita Kamijo Notger G.Muller Matthew B.Pontifex Matthew Heath Ryuta Kuwamizu Hideaki Soya Charles H.Hillman Soichi Ando Brandon L.Alderman Boris Cheval Arthur F.Kramer Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases MovementFaculty of Health Sciences BrandenburgUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam 14476Germany Department of Sport Exerciseand HealthUniversity of BaselBasel 4052Switzerland Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences Chukyo UniversityNagoya 466-8666Japan Department of Kinesiology Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA School of Kinesiology Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Western OntarioLondon ON N6A 3K7Canada Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging University of Western OntarioLondon ONN6A 3K7Canada Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Western OntarioLondon ONN6A 3K7Canada Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-0006Japan Sport Neuroscience Division Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance(ARIHHP)Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-0006Japan Center for Cognitive and Brain Health Department of PsychologyDepartment of Physical TherapyMovementand Rehabilitation SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering The University of Electro-CommunicationsTokyo 182-8585Japan Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew BrunswickNJ 08854USA Swiss Center for Affective Sciences University of GenevaGeneva 1205Switzerland Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression(E3Lab) Department of PsychologyUniversity of GenevaGeneva 1205Switzerland Department of Psychology Center for Cognitive and Brain HealthNortheastern UniversityBostonMA 02115USA Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignIL 61820USA

Background:There is a growing interest to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that drive the positive associations of physical activity and fitness with measures of cognitive *** better understand those mechanisms,several studies have employed eye-based measures(e.g., eye movement measures such as saccades,pupillary measures such as pupil dilation,and vascular measures such as retinal vessel diameter)deemed to be proxies for specific neurobiological ***,there is currently no systematic review providing a comprehensive overview of these studies in the field of exercise-cognition ***,this review aimed to address that gap in the ***:To identify eligible studies,we searched 5 electronic databases on October 23,*** researchers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a modified version of the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise(TESTEX scale,for interventional studies) and the critical appraisal tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute(for cross-sectional studies).Results:Our systematic review(n=35 studies) offers the following main findings:(a) there is insufficient evidence available to draw solid conclusions concerning gaze-fixation-based measures;(b) the evidence that pupillometric measures,which are a proxy for the noradrenergic system,can explain the positive effect of acute exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on cognitive performance is mixed;(c) physical training-or fitness-related changes of the cerebrovascular system(operationalized via changes in retinal vasculature) are,in general,positively associated with cognitive performance improvements;(d) acute and chronic physical exercises show a positive effect based on an oculomotor-based measure function(operationalized via antisaccade tasks);and(e) the positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance is partly mediated by the dopaminergic system(operationalized via spo

关键词： Cognition Exercise Fitness Pupil size RetinaTagedAPTARAEnd

The Relationship between Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood and Behavioral Problems among Chinese Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity and Self- Control

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2023年第8期25卷 937-948页

作者： Jin Kuang Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Erle Chen Zsolt Demetrovics Fabian Herold Rebecca Y.M.Cheung Daniel L.Hall Michaela Markwart Markus Gerber sebastian ludyga Arthur F.Kramer Liye Zou Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China Department of Psychology Clark UniversityWorcesterMA 01610USA Shenzhen College of International Education Shenzhen518172China Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming University of GibraltarGX111AAGibraltar Institute of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest1239Hungary Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases MovementFaculty of Health Sciences BrandenburgUniversity of PotsdamPotsdam14476Germany School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences University of ReadingReadingRG1UK Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston02115USA Department of Sport Exercise&HealthUniversity of BaselBasel4091Switzerland Center for Cognitive&Brain Health Northeastern UniversityBoston02115USA Beckman Institute University of IllinoisIllinois60001USA

Emerging adulthood(EA)is a critical stage of life to develop and sustain a healthy lifestyle,which is also a time of vulnerability to poor physical and mental health *** this study,we conducted a path analysis(N=1326)to examine associations among four dimensions of EA,levels of regular physical activity(PA),self-control,MPA tendency and irrational *** found:1)higher levels of PA predicted both MPA tendency(β=−0.08,95%CI:−0.11 to−0.06,p<0.001)and irrational procrastination(β=−0.01,95%CI:−0.17 to−0.008,p<0.01)indirectly via self-control;2)Instability(β=0.13,95%CI:0.08 to 0.18,p<0.01)and Responsibility(β=−0.06,95%CI:−0.10 to−0.08,p=0.03)exerted direct effects on irrational procrastination and Instability also indirectly predicted irrational procrastination via MPA tendency(β=0.03,95%CI:0.02 to 0.05,p<0.01).These findings proved that perceived features of EA are linked to behavioral problems and supported that regular PA plays a crucial role to protect mental health.

关键词： Emerging adulthood Chinese culture physical activity mobile phone addiction irrational procrastination self-control

满足24小时活动行为指南与自闭症儿童青少年生活质量指标的关联

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满足24小时活动行为指南与自闭症儿童青少年生活质量指标的关联

The German Energiewende and its roll-out of renewableenergies： An economic perspective

第二十四届全国心理学学术会议

作者：孔垂丹陈爱国 sebastian ludyga Fabian Herold Sean Healy 赵梦贤 Alyx Taylor Notger G.Müller Arthur F.Kramer Sitong Chen Mark S.Tremblay 邹立业深圳大学心理学院运动与脑心健康实验室扬州大学体育学院体育运动与脑科学研究所巴塞尔大学体育锻炼与健康部波茨坦大学Brandenburg健康科学学院都柏林城市大学护理心理治疗与社区健康学院德国神经退行性疾病中心(DZNE)神经保护研究组美国东北大学认知与脑健康中心心理学系美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校贝克曼研究所澳大利亚维多利亚大学健康与体育研究所加拿大CHEO研究所健康积极生活与肥胖研究组

24小时活动行为指南(24-HMB)表明,充分的身体活动、适当的屏幕使用时间和充足的睡眠时间对一般发育儿童青少年具有多重益处。但对于特殊人群,尤其是自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)人群,24小时活动行为与该人群生活质量... 详细信息

24小时活动行为指南(24-HMB)表明,充分的身体活动、适当的屏幕使用时间和充足的睡眠时间对一般发育儿童青少年具有多重益处。但对于特殊人群,尤其是自闭症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)人群,24小时活动行为与该人群生活质量的关联还尚未被探究。本项横断面研究旨在探究ASD儿童青少年满足24小时活动行为指南与生活质量指标之间的关系。基于NSCH 2020数据库,6-17岁的被诊断为ASD的儿童青少年(n=956)作为目标分析样本,测量了若干生活质量指标(学习兴趣/好奇心、复读情况、适应性行为、社会互动和行为问题)上的表现,以及满足24小时活动行为指南的情况。年龄、性别、种族、早产状况、ASD药物治疗、ASD行为治疗、家庭贫困水平和主要照料者的最高教育水平被纳入为协变量。使用逻辑回归方法分析满足24小时活动行为指南与生活质量指标之间的关联,利用Odds Ratio和95%CI呈现24-HMB与生活质量指标之间的关联强度。结果显示,452名(45.34%)参与者符合24小时活动行为指南三项指南中的一项,216名(22.65%)符合两项指南,而只有39名(5.04%)参与者符合所有三项建议。同时满足睡眠时间和身体活动指南(OR=3.91,95%CI:1.63-9.48,p<0.001)或所有三项指南(OR=2.11,95%CI:1.03-4.35,p=0.04)比未满足任一指南表现出学习兴趣/好奇心的几率更高。同时满足屏幕时间和身体活动指南(OR=0.15,95%CI:0.04-0.61,p=0.01)或同时满足睡眠时间和身体活动指南(OR=0.24,95%CI:0.07-0.87,p=0.03)存在复读情况的可能性更低。在适应能力上,仅满足身体活动指南会降低在穿衣或洗澡上遇到困难的可能性(OR=0.11,95%CI:0.02-0.66,p=0.02)。满足所有24小时活动行为指南与(OR=0.38,95%CI:0.15-0.99,p=0.05)更低的被欺凌可能性相关,满足睡眠时间和身体活动指南与更轻的行为问题程度(OR=0.17,95%CI:0.04-0.71,p=0.01)相关。总之,满足24小时活动行为指南对ASD儿童青少年生活质量具有预测价值。本研究补充了24小时活动行为框架的实证证据,学校、社区等机构应该为这一群体营造更加宽容、友好的环境,鼓励这一群体在24小时活动行为上有更佳的表现,政策制定者也应进一步为发展障碍群体谋福祉。

关键词：自闭症谱系障碍孤独症 24小时活动行为指南生活质量

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第2期11卷 126-134页

作者： sebastian KREUZ Felix MUSGENS Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Electrical and Energy SystemsBrandenburg University of Technology 03046 Cottbus Germany

This paper gives a short overview of the German Energiewende, i.e. the transition of a large and mostly thermal electricity system towards electricity generation from renewable energy source. It discusses both, the motivation of the transitions as future goals and current status. Furthermore, it gives an in-depth view into the changes in economic costs for society as well as electricity price effects, especially for average private households and industrial consumers. It also discusses the benefits of the promotion of renewable energies in Germany.

关键词： electricity system renewable energy cost-benefit analysis