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Traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins disrupt homeostasis of bovine mammary cells by altering cell permeability and innate immune function

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第1期12卷 388-397页

作者： Ran Xu Umesh K.Shandilya Alexandros Yiannikouris niel A.Karrow Department of Animal Biosciences University of GuelphGuelphON N1G 2W1Canada Alltech Inc. Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal NutritionNicholasvilleKY 40356USA

High incidence of traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in cereal grains and silages can be a potential threat to feed safety and *** biodegradation of Fusarium mycotoxins by rumen microflora following ingestion of mycotoxin-contaminated feeds can lead to their circulatory transport to target tissues such as mammary *** bovine udder plays a pivotal role in maintaining milk yield and composition,thus,human ***,toxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on bovine mammary gland are rarely *** this study,the bovine mammary epithelial cell line was used as an in-vitro model of bovine mammary epithelium to investigate effects of deoxynivalenol(DON),enniatin B(ENB)and beauvericin(BEA)on bovine mammary gland *** indicated that exposure to DON,ENB and BEA for 48 h significantly decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner(P<0.001).Exposure to DON at 0.39μmol/L and BEA at 2.5μmol/L for 48 h also decreased paracellular flux of FITC-40 kDa dextran(P<0.05),whereas none of the mycotoxins affected transepithelial electrical resistance after 48 h *** qPCR was performed for assessment of expression of gene coding tight junction(TJ)proteins,toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)and cytokines after 4,24 and 48 h of ***,ENB and BEA significantly upregulated the TJ protein zonula occludens-1,whereas markedly downregulated claudin 3(P<0.05).Exposure to DON at 1.35μmol/L for 4 h significantly increased expression of occludin(P<0.01).DON,ENB and BEA significant downregulated TLR4(P<0.05).In contrast,ENB markedly increased expression of cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6)(P<0.001),tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-a)(P<0.05)and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)(P<0.01).BEA significantly upregulated IL-6(P<0.001)and TGF-β(P=0.01),but downregulated TNF-α(P<0.001).These results suggest that DON,ENB and BEA can disrupt mammary gland homeostasis by inducing cell death as well as altering its paracellular permeability and expres

关键词： Fusarium mycotoxin Invitro cell culture Bovine mammary epithelial cells Epithelial paracellular permeability Innate immunity

Enterprising Academics:Heterarchical Policy Networks for Artificial Intelligence in British Higher Education

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ECNU Review of Education 2023年第4期6卷 568-596页

作者： Dániel Béla Gellai King’s College London

Purpose:There is limited scholarship on artificial intelligence(AI)in higher education governance,despite the growing prevalence of AI-powered technologies in many fields,including ***,as the technology is still nascent and has yet to reach its full potential,ideas and arguments abound,championing or cautioning against the use of these ***/Approach/Methods:To fill this gap in research on policy networks and AI in British higher education,this article employs network ethnography and discourse analysis to study how ideas about AI-powered technologies in higher education circulate in policy networks in the United ***:The findings evidence a policy network showing signs of a heterarchy permeated by neoliberal rationales and populated by policy actors actively promoting artificial intelligence technologies to be used in ***/Value:This paper builds on existing research by looking at the university and notfor-profit sectors,in addition to the governmental and educational technology *** network ethnography,this article expands our understanding of the policy actors involved and critically analyzes ideas regarding the use of AI in education.

关键词： Artificial intelligence heterarchy higher education network ethnography policy networks United Kingdom

Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第6期13卷 1591-1609页

作者： Ran Xu Elijah G.Kiarie Alexandros Yiannikouris Lvhui Sun niel A.Karrow Department of Animal Biosciences University of GuelphGuelphON N1G 2W1Canada Alltech Inc. Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition3031 Catnip HillRoadNicholasvilleKY 40356USA Hubei Hongshan Laboratory College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070HubeiChina.

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities *** exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products,and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion,absorption,metabolism,and animal ***,mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food *** prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination,mitigation strategies are *** review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins,deoxynivalenol,zearalenone,fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.

关键词： Food animals Mitigation strategies Mycotoxins Nutritional impact Risk management Susceptibility differences

Endangered lowland oak forest steppe remnants keep unique bird species richness in Central Hungary

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第1期33卷 343-355页

作者： GáborÓnodi Zoltán Botta‑Dukát Dániel Winkler Tamás Rédei Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of ViennaViennaAustria Institute of Wildlife Management and Wildlife Biology University of SopronSopronHungary

The biodiversity of natural or semi-natural native,old oak woodlands have high conservation importance,especially in landscapes of monocultural forest plantations and arable *** a wider variety of microhabitats and foraging sources,such old oak forests can provide essential habitat for native forest bird *** conducted a study using bird point counts to compare the forest bird communities of old pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)remnants with native and non-native plantations in central Hungary in a landscape of mostly arable fields,settlements,and monocultural *** surveys were carried out in old oak forest remnants,middle-aged oak,white poplar(Populus alba),hybrid poplar(Populus×euramericana),black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia),and pine(Pinus spp.)*** has been carried out in nine study sites,where all six habitat types were represented(with a few exceptions),to determine total abundance,species richness,Shannon–Wiener diversity,species evenness,dominant and indicator species,and guild *** found that old oak forest remnants were the most diverse habitats among the studied forest types,while hybrid poplar and pine plantations exhibited the lowest avian *** avian guilds most sensitive to the loss of old oak forest remnants were ground foragers,bark foragers,cavity-nesters,residents,and Mediterranean migratory *** habitats were more diverse than non-native *** results suggest that it is important to conserve all remaining high biodiversity old oak stands and to avoid clear-cutting of monocultural plantations in favour of practices such as mixed-species plantations,longer rotation lengths,or retention forestry.

关键词： Forest bird community Bird conservation Old oak forest-steppe remnant Plantation forestry Forest conservation Non-native plantation

Occurrence of Aflatoxin B_(1),deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018-2020

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第1期13卷 197-208页

作者： Ling Zhao Lei Zhang Zijian Xu Xingda Liu Liyuan Chen Jiefan Dai niel Alexander Karrow Lvhui Sun Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070HubeiChina Guilin Li Yuan Grain and Oil Food Group Co. LtdGuilin 541001GuangxiChina Jiangsu Aomai Bio-Technology Co. LtdNanjing 211226China Department of Agriculture of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610041China Department of Animal Biosciences University of GuelphN1G2W1GuelphCanada

Background:The current study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined occurrence of aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)),deoxynivalenol(DON)and zearalenone(ZEN)in feeds from various Provinces of China during 2018 to 2020.A total of 3,507 feed samples,including 2,090 feed ingredients and 1,417 complete feed samples,were collected from different areas of China for mycotoxins ***:The individual contamination of AFB_(1),DON and ZEN were present in more than 81.9%,96.4% and 96.9% of feed samples,respectively,with average concentration ranges of AFB_(1) between 1.2-27.4μg/kg,DON between 458.0-1,925.4μg/kg and ZEN between 48.1-326.8μg/***,0.9%,0.5% and 0.1% of feed ingredients,and 1.2-12.8%,0.9-2.9% and 0-8.9% of complete feeds for pigs,poultry and ruminants with AFB_(1),ZEN and DON that exceeded China’s safety standards,***,more than 81.5%of feed ingredients and 95.7% of complete feeds were co-contaminated with various combinations of these ***:This study indicates that the feeds in China were universally contaminated with AFB_(1),DON and ZEN during the past 3 *** findings highlight the significance of monitoring mycotoxin contaminant levels in the domestic animal feed,and the importance of carrying out feed administration and remediation strategies for mycotoxin control.

关键词： Aflatoxin B_(1) China Deoxynivalenol Feeds Zearalenone

Ferroptosis is involved in deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal damage in pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2023年第4期14卷 1408-1417页

作者： Meng Liu Lei Zhang Yixin Mo Jiahuan Li Jiacheng Yang Juan Wang niel Alexander Karrow Hao Wu Lvhui Sun State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryFrontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable ProductionCollege of Animal Sciences and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei 430070China Newhope Liuhe Co.Ltd. Beijing 100102China Department of Animal Biosciences University of GuelphGuelphON N1G2W1Canada

Background Deoxynivalenol(DON)is a widespread issue for feed and food safety,leading to animal and human health *** objective of this study was to determine whether ferroptosis is involved in DON-induced intestinal injury in *** groups of 21-day-old male weanling piglets(n 4,serum and small intestines were=7/group)were fed a control diet,or diet adding 1.0 or 3.0 mg DON/*** week collected to assay for biochemistry,histology,redox status and ferroptosis-related genes *** addition,the involvement of ferroptosis and the role of FTL gene in DON-induced cell death were further verified in the IPEC-J2 *** Compared to the control,dietary supplementation of DON at 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg induced different degrees of damage in the duodenum,jejunum and ileum,and increased(P<0.05)serum lipopolysaccharide concentration by 46.2%-51.4%.Dietary DON supplementation at 1.0 and(or)3.0 mg/kg increased(P<0.05)concentrations of malondialdehyde(17.4%-86.5%)and protein carbonyl by 33.1%-92.3%in the duodenum,jejunum and *** addition,dietary supplemented with DON upregulated(P<0.05)ferroptotic gene(DMT1)and anti-ferroptotic genes(FTL and FTH1),while downregulated(P<0.05)anti-ferroptotic genes(FPN,FSP1 and CISD1)in the duodenum of the ***,the in vitro study has demonstrated that deferiprone,a potent ferroptotic inhibitor,mitigated(P<0.05)DON-induced cytotoxicity in porcine small intestinal IPEC-J2 ***,deferiprone prevented or alleviated(P<0.05)the dysregulation of ferroptosis-related genes(ACSL4 and FTL)by DON in IPEC-J2 ***,specific siRNA knockdown FTL gene expression compromised the DON-induced cell death in IPEC-J2 *** In conclusion,this study revealed that ferroptosis is involved in DON-induced intestinal damage in porcine,and sheds a new light on the toxicity of DON to piglets.

关键词： Deoxynivalenol Ferroptosis Intestine Piglets Toxicity

Update on the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection

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Cell Research 2005年第Z1期15卷 870-876页

作者： niel T CONSTANTINE William KABAT Richard Y ZHAO Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine BaltimoreMD 21201-1192 USAInstitute of Human Virology Baltimore MD 21201-1192 USA Children’s Memorial Hospital Chicago IL 60614-3363 USA Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine BaltimoreMD 21201-1192 USADepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine BaltimoreMD 21201-1192 USAInstitute of Human Virology Baltimore MD 21201-1192 USA

In China, the estimated number of HIV infected cases is approaching one million. Although public education has been initiated for awareness and behavioral modification for this devastating infection, better diagnostic methods are needed to identify infected persons and manage infection. Simple and more accurate diagnostic tools have become available, particularly for early detection and to monitor treatment in those who receive anti-retroviral treatment. In this short review, we summarize some of the common and new methodologies that can be used in clinical laboratories, in the field, or in private laboratories. These range from simple antibody tests to more sophistical methods that are used to monitor disease progression and identify drug resistance. These tools can assist physicians, medical practitioners, and laboratory personnel to select suitable diagnostic tools for the diagnosis, blood screening, monitoring of disease progression, and for detection of drug resistance to anti-retroviral therapies.

关键词： HIV diagnosis viral load drug resistance.

Collembola communities and soil conditions in forest plantations established in an intensively managed agricultural area

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第5期32卷 1819-1832页

作者： István Harta Barbara Simon Szergej Vinogradov Dániel Winkler Institute of Environmental Science Szent István UniversityGödöllőHungary Institute of Methodology Szent István UniversityGödöllőHungary Institute of Wildlife Management and Vertebrate Zoology University of SopronSopronHungary

The challenges of a changing climate have directed greater attention to afforestation,but the effects of afforestation on soil fertility and soil biota have not been fully *** explore changes in the soil conditions in two 20-year-old forest plantations established in formerly intensively fertilized plots of agricultural land,we focused on the current developmental state of the sites that received the most fertilizer and evaluated soil properties and Collembola(springtails)*** oak(Quercus petraea)and black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)that had been planted in the afforestation sites were assessed for differences between plantations of native and invasive *** adjacent reference associations,including forests and open habitats,were also analyzed and *** showed that the soils in the two afforested sites were similar in their properties and Collembola communities to those of the control cultivated forests,but differed from each other in pH,calcium,phosphorus,and ammonium *** available potassium and phosphorus contents in the soil of the sessile oak plantation were still high,while the soil organic matter content was adequate(SOM>2.0%)in both *** richness of Collembola ranged from 18 in the cultivated arable land to 43 in the relict *** a few species typical for forests(e.g.,Neanura muscorum,Isotomiella minor,Entomobrya muscorum)were detected in the young plantations,while species characteristic of open habitats(e.g.,Protaphorura campata,Lepidocyrtus cyaneus)occurred as *** more individuals and species of Collembola were present in the soil of young plantations than in arable fields,their community diversities were significantly lower compared to the control forest *** community diversity differed significantly also between the two plantation types(with native and non-native tree species).Mean abundance in the afforested sites was about 2.5 times higher than in the cultiv

关键词： Afforestation Diversity Fertilizers Soil fauna Soil properties Springtails

Revealing the topological phase diagram of ZrTe_(5) using the complex strain fields of microbubbles

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npj Computational Materials 2022年第1期8卷 1685-1691页

作者： Zoltán Tajkov Dániel Nagy Konrád Kandrai János Koltai LászlóOroszlány Péter Süle Zsolt EHorváth Péter Vancsó Levente Tapasztó Péter Nemes-Incze Centre for Energy Research Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science1121BudapestHungary Department of Physics of Complex Systems ELTE Eötvös Loránd University1117BudapestHungary ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Department of Biological Physics1117BudapestHungary Budapest University of Technology and Economics 1111BudapestHungary

Topological materials host robust properties,unaffected by microscopic perturbations,owing to the global topological properties of the bulk electron *** in which the topological invariant can be changed by easily tuning external parameters are especially sought *** pentatelluride(ZrTe_(5))is one of a few experimentally available materials that reside close to the boundary of a topological phase transition,allowing the switching of its invariant by mechanical ***,we unambiguously identify a topological insulator–metal transition as a function of strain,by a combination of ab initio calculations and direct measurements of the local charge *** model quantitatively describes the response to complex strain patterns found in bubbles of few layer ZrTe_(5) without fitting parameters,reproducing the mechanical deformation-dependent closing of the band gap observed using scanning tunneling *** calculate the topological phase diagram of ZrTe_(5) and identify the phase at equilibrium,enabling the design of device architectures,which exploit the topological switching characteristics of the system.

关键词： density topological invariant