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The secondary inj.ry cascade after spinal cord inj.ry: an analysis of local cytokine/chemokine regulation

Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第6期19卷 1308-1317页

作者： Daniel j.Hellenbrand Charles M.Quinn Zachariah j.Piper Ryan T.Elder Raveena R.Mishra Taylor l.Marti Phoebe M.Omuro Rylie M.Roddick j.e Sung lee William l.Murphy Amgad S.Hanna Department of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Forward BIO Institute University of Wisconsin-Madison

After spinal cord inj.ry, there is an extensive infiltration of immune cells, which exacerbates the inj.ry and leads to further neural degeneration. Therefore, a maj.r aim of current research involves targeting the immune response as a treatment for spinal cord inj.ry. Although much research has been performed analyzing the complex inflammatory process following spinal cord inj.ry, there remain maj.r discrepancies within previous literature regarding the timeline of local cytokine regulation. The obj.ctives of this study were to establish an overview of the timeline of cytokine regulation for 2 weeks after spinal cord inj.ry, identify sexual dimorphisms in terms of cytokine levels, and determine local cytokines that significantly change based on the severity of spinal cord inj.ry. Rats were inflicted with either a mild contusion, moderate contusion, severe contusion, or complete transection, 7 mm of spinal cord centered on the inj.ry was harvested at varying times post-inj.ry, and tissue homogenates were analyzed with a Cytokine/Chemokine 27-Plex assay. Results demonstrated pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were all upregulated after spinal cord inj.ry, but returned to uninj.red levels within approximately 24 hours post-inj.ry, while chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 remained upregulated for days post-inj.ry. In contrast, several anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors including interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated by 7 days post-inj.ry. After spinal cord inj.ry, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, which specifically affects astrocytes involved in glial scar development, increased more than all other cytokines tested, reaching 26.9-fold higher than uninj.red rats. After a mild inj.ry, 11 cytokines demonstrated sexual dimorphisms; however, after a severe contusion only leptin levels were different between female and male rats. In conclus

关键词： astrocytes chemokines cytokines inflammation macrophages microglia secondary damage spinal cord inj.ry

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Ginger oil-loaded transdermal adhesive patch treats post-traumatic stress disorder

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j.urnal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences 2024年第3期11卷 316-329页

作者： Song X. Zhang Y. Tang Z. Dai j. Wu Y. Huang G. Niu H. Wang Y. j.n X. Du l. School of Pharmacy Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing 100850 China These authors have contributed equally to this work. Information Department General Hospital of Western War Zone Chengdu 610083 China Pharmaceutical College Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China Beij.ng Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing 100070 China Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing 100021 China

Obj.ctive: To find a viable alternative to reduce the number of doses required for the patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to improve efficacy and patient compliance. Methods: In this study, we used ginger oil, a phytochemical with potential therapeutic properties, to prepare ginger oil patches. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPlC) was used to quantify the main active component of ginger oil, 6-gingerol. Transdermal absorption experiments were conducted to optimize the various pressure-sensitive adhesives and permeation enhancers, including their type and concentration. Subsequently, the ginger oil patches were optimized and subj.cted to content determination and property evaluations. A PTSD mouse model was established using the foot-shock method. The therapeutic effect of ginger oil patches on PTSD was assessed through pathological sections, behavioral tests, and the evaluation of biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (Il-6), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and melatonin (MT). Results: The results demonstrated that ginger oil patches exerted therapeutic effects against PTSD by inhibiting inflammatory responses and modulating MT and BDNF levels. Pharmacokinetic experiments revealed that ginger oil patches maintained a stable blood drug concentration for at least one day, addressing the rapid metabolism drawback of 6-gingerol and enhancing its therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions: Ginger oil can be prepared as a transdermal drug patch that meets these requirements, and the bioavailability of the prepared patch is better than that of oral administration. It can improve PTSD with good patient compliance and ease of administration. Therefore, it is a promising therapeutic formulation for the treatment of PTSD. © 2024 Beij.ng University of Chinese Medicine

关键词： 6-Gingerol Post-traumatic stress disorder Pressure sensitive adhesive patch Transdermal delivery

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Acupotomy ameliorates knee osteoarthritis-related collagen deposition and fibrosis in rabbit skeletal muscle through the TGF-β/Smad pathway

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j.urnal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences 2024年第3期11卷 376-385页

作者： Hu T. Khavaza E. liang C. Xing l. Chen X. Xu Y. Ma W. Mokhtari F. lu j. Guo C. School of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Tuina Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488 China These authors have contributed equally to this work. Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Peking University People's Hospital Beijing 100044 China The Fifth College of Clinical Medicine Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 511436 China Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Guangdong Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510260 China Traditional Clinic Shahid Beheshti Medical University Tehran *** Iran Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University Shenzhen 510515 China

Obj.ctive: To investigate the effects of acupotomy on skeletal muscle fibrosis and collagen deposition in a rabbit knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model. Methods: Rabbits (n = 18) were randomly divided into control, KOA, and KOA + acupotomy (Apo) groups (n = 6). The rabbits in the KOA and Apo groups were modeled using the modified Videman's method for 6 weeks. After modeling, the Apo group was subj.cted to acupotomy once a week for 3 weeks on the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and anserine bursa tendons around the knee. The behavior of all animals was recorded, rectus femoris tissue was obtained, and histomorphological changes were observed using Masson staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Smad 3, Smad 7, fibrillar collagen types I (Col-I) and III (Col-III) was detected using Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Histological analysis revealed that acupotomy improved the microstructure and reduced the collagen volume fraction of rectus femoris, compared with the KOA group (P = .034). Acupotomy inhibited abnormal collagen deposition by modulating the expression of fibrosis-related proteins and mRNA, thus preventing skeletal muscle fibrosis. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis revealed that in the Apo group, Col-I, and Col-III protein levels were significantly lower than those in the KOA group (both P l-I and Col-III mRNA levels (P = .0031; P = .0046). Compared with the KOA group, the protein levels of TGF-β1 and Smad 3 were significantly reduced (both P levels of TGF-β1 and Smad 3 (P = .0007; P = .0011). Conversely, the levels of protein and mRNA of Smad 7 were significantly higher than that in the KOA group (P lusion: Acupotomy could alleviate skeletal muscle fibrosis and delay KOA progress by inhibiting collagen deposition through the TGF-β/Smad pathway in the skeletal musc

关键词： Acupotomy Collagen deposition Fibrosis Knee osteoarthritis Skeletal muscle

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Weight regain after intragastric balloon for pre-surgical weight loss

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World j.urnal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第7期16卷 2040-2046页

作者： Danielle Abbitt Kevin Choy Alexandra Kovar Teresa S j.nes Krzysztof j.Wikiel Edward l j.nes Department of Surgery University of ColoradoAuroraCO 80045United States Department of Surgery Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical CenterAuroraCO 80045United States

BACKGROUND Over one-third of Americans carry the diagnosis of obesity,many also with obesity-related *** can place patients at increased risk of operative and postoperative *** intragastric balloon has been shown to aid in minor weight loss,however its weight recidivism in patients requiring short interval weight loss has not been well *** To evaluate weight loss,ability to undergo successful elective surgery after intragastric balloon placement,and weight management after balloon *** This study is a retrospective review of patients in a single academic institution undergoing intragastric balloon placement from 2019-2023 to aid in weight loss prior to undergoing elective *** outcomes including weight loss,duration of balloon placement,successful elective surgery,weight regain postballoon and post-procedure complications were *** criteria included those with balloon in place at time of *** Thirty-three patients completed intragastric balloon therapy from 2019-2023 as a bridge to elective *** patients were required to participate in a 12-month weight management program to be eligible for balloon *** surgeries included incisional hernia repair,umbilical hernia repair,inguinal hernia repair,and knee and hip *** average age at placement was 53 years±11 years,maj.rity(91%)were *** average duration of intragastric balloon therapy was 186 days±41 *** average weight loss was 14.0 kg±7.4 kg and with an average percent excess body weight loss of 30.0%(7.9%-73.6%).Over half of the patients(52.0%)achieved the goal of 30-50 lbs(14-22 kg)weight ***-one patients(64%)underwent their intended elective surgery,2 patients(6%)deferred surgery due to symptom relief with weight loss ***-one of the patients(64%)have documented weights in 3 months after balloon removal,in these patients the maj.rity(76%)gained weight after balloon *** pat

关键词： Intragastric balloon Weight loss Obesity Bariatric Body mass index

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STCF conceptual design report (Volume 1): Physics & detector

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Frontiers of physics 2024年第1期19卷 1-154页

作者： M.Achasov X.C.Ai l.P.An R.Aliberti Q.An X.Z.Bai Y.Bai O.Bakina A.Barnyakov V.Blinov V.Bobrovnikov D.Bodrov A.Bogomyagkov A.Bondar I.Boyko Z.H.Bu F.M.Cai H.Cai j.j.Cao Q.H.Cao X.Cao Z.Cao Q.Chang K.T.Chao D.Y.Chen H.Chen H.X.Chen j.F.Chen K.Chen l.l.Chen P.Chen S.l.Chen S.M.Chen S.Chen S.P.Chen W.Chen X.Chen X.F.Chen X.R.Chen Y.Chen Y.Q.Chen H.Y.Cheng j.Cheng S.Cheng T.G.Cheng j.P.Dai l.Y.Dai X.C.Dai D.Dedovich A.Denig I.Denisenko j.M.Dias D.Z.Ding l.Y.Dong W.H.Dong V.Druzhinin D.S.Du Y.j.Du Z.G.Du l.M.Duan D.Epifanov Y.l.Fan S.S.Fang Z.j.Fang G.Fedotovich C.Q.Feng X.Feng Y.T.Feng j.l.Fu j.Gao Y.N.Gao P.S.Ge C.Q.Geng l.S.Geng A.Gilman l.Gong T.Gong B.Gou W.Gradl j.l.Gu A.Guevara l.C.Gui A.Q.Guo F.K.Guo j.C.Guo j.Guo Y.P.Guo Z.H.Guo A.Guskov K.l.Han l.Han M.Han X.Q.Hao j.B.He S.Q.He X.G.He Y.l.He Z.B.He Z.X.Heng B.l.Hou T.j.Hou Y.R.Hou C.Y.Hu H.M.Hu K.Hu R.j.Hu W.H.Hu X.H.Hu Y.C.Hu j.Hua G.S.Huang j.S.Huang M.Huang Q.Y.Huang W.Q.Huang X.T.Huang X.j.Huang Y.B.Huang Y.S.Huang N.Hüsken V.Ivanov Q.P.j. j.j.j.a S.j.a Z.K.j.a H.B.j.ang j.j.ang S.Z.j.ang j.B.j.ao Z.j.ao H.j.j.ng X.l.Kang X.S.Kang B.C.Ke M.Kenzie A.Khoukaz I.Koop E.Kravchenko A.Kuzmin Y.lei E.levichev C.H.li C.li D.Y.li F.li G.li G.li H.B.li H.li H.N.li H.j.li H.l.li j.M.li j.li l.li l.li l.Y.li N.li P.R.li R.H.li S.li T.li W.j.li X.li X.H.li X.Q.li X.H.li Y.li Y.Y.li Z.j.li H.liang j.H.liang Y.T.liang G.R.l.ao l.Z.l.ao Y.l.ao C.X.lin D.X.lin X.S.lin B.j.liu C.W.liu D.liu F.liu G.M.liu H.B.liu j.liu j.j.liu j.B.liu K.liu K.Y.liu K.liu l.liu Q.liu S.B.liu T.liu X.liu Y.W.liu Y.liu Y.l.liu Z.Q.liu Z.Y.liu Z.W.liu I.logashenko Y.long C.G.lu j.X.lu N.lu Q.F.lü Y.lu Y.lu Z.lu P.lukin F.j.luo T.luo X.F.luo Y.H.luo H.j.lyu X.R.lyu j.P.Ma P.Ma Y.Ma Y.M.Ma F.Maas S.Malde D.Matvienko Z.X.Meng R.Mitchell A.Nefediev Y.Nefedov S.l.Olsen Q.Ouyang P.Pakhlov G.Pakhlova X.Pan Y.Pan E.Passemar Y.P.Pei H.P.Peng l.Peng X.Y.Peng X.j.Peng K.Peters S.Pivovarov E.Pyata B.B.Qi Y.Q.Qi W.B.Qian Y.Qian C.F.Qiao j.j.Qin j.j.Qin l.Q.Qin X.S.Qin T.l.Qiu j.Rademacker C.F.Redmer H.Y.Sang Anhui University Hefei 230039China Beihang University Beijing 100191China Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Novosibirsk 630090Russia CAS Key laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Cavendish laboratory University of CambridgeJJ Thomson AveCambridge CB30HEUnited Kingdom Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079China Central South University Changsha 410083China China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074China China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221116China École Polytechnique Fédérale de lausanne(EPFl) LausanneSwitzerland Fudan University Shanghai 200433China Goethe University Frankfurt D-60325 Frankfurt am MainGermany Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004China Guangxi Uninversity Nanning 530004China Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study UCASHangzhou 310024China Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024China Hebei University Baoding 071002China Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230601China Helmholtz Institute Mainz Staudinger Weg 18D-55099 MainzGermany Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007China Henan University Kaifeng 475004China High Energy Physics Center Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul 06974Korea Higher School of Economy 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar Moscow 109028Russia Huangshan University Huangshan 245000China Hubei University of Automotive Technology Shiyan 442002China Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081China Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201China Hunan University Changsha 410082China Indiana University BloomingtonIndiana 47405USA Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021China Institute of Advanced Science Facilities Shenzhen 518107China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Institute of Physics Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan 11529China Institute of Theoretical Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China j.lin University Changch

The superτ-charm facility(STCF)is an electron–positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics *** is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of 0.5×10^(35) cm^(–2)·s^(–1) or *** STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that of the presentτ-charm factory—the BEPCII,providing a unique platform for exploring the asymmetry of matter-antimatter(charge-parity violation),in-depth studies of the internal structure of hadrons and the nature of non-perturbative strong interactions,as well as searching for exotic hadrons and physics beyond the Standard *** STCF proj.ct in China is under development with an extensive R&D *** document presents the physics opportunities at the STCF,describes conceptual designs of the STCF detector system,and discusses future plans for detector R&D and physics case studies.

关键词： electron–positron collider tau-charm region high luminosity STCF detector conceptual design

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Exploring the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on predator inspection activity in Trinidadian guppies

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 109-111页

作者： Alix j.P Brusseau laurence E.A.Feyten Adam l.Crane Grant E.Brown Department of Biology Concordia UniversityMontrealQCH4B 1R6Canada Department of Biomedical Sciences WCVMUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada

Prey animals are often faced with uncertainty due to having imperfect information regarding current local conditions,including predation risks and the availability of reliable foraging opportunities(Dall 2010).As this uncertainty increases,the probability of making costly behavioral errors also increases,leading to more risk averse behavioral tactics(Feyten et al.2019).For example,Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata are far more risk averse when faced with multiple unknown sources of risk assessment information than when faced with a mix of known and unknown cues(Feyten et al.2019).Prey can reduce uncertainty by gathering and integrating private and social information regarding current risk levels within microhabitats(Dall 2010;Munoz and Blumstein 2012).

关键词： human disturbance information availability information reliability predator-prey interactions risk assessment uncertainty

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Prevalence and serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among healthy children under 5 years of age in Hainan Province, China

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第1期13卷 42-52页

作者： j.an Wang li Qiu Shuang Bai Wei Zhao ao Zhang j.ng li j.n-Nan Zhang Shan-Shan Zhou Ren Qiu Zhu Huang j.-Xia liu Ting-Bin Wang Xue Sun j.ang Wu Qun Zheng Bin He Min lv Beij.ng Center for Disease Prevention and Control BeijingChina Beij.ng Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases BeijingChina Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention HaikouChina Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention HaikouHainanChina Wanning Center for Disease Control and Prevention WanningHainanChina Baisha County Center for Disease Control and Prevention BaishaHainanChina Qiongzhong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention QiongzhongHainanChina

Background The thirteen-valent pneumococcal conj.gate vaccine(PCV13)is not included in the national immu-nization program and is administered voluntarily with informed consent in *** preparation for assessing the impact of pilot introduction in Hainan Province,we conducted a carriage study among children under 5 years of age from four locations in Hainan Province,*** From March to j.ne 2022,nasopharyngeal(NP)swabs,collected from healthy children aged younger than 59 months who lived in the 4 different locations(Haikou,Wanning,Baisha and Qiongzhong)in Hainan Province,were tested for pneumococcus using conventional *** isolates were serotyped using the Quel-lung *** factors associated with pneumococcal colonization were assessed using univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression adj.sting for age,daycare attendance and other *** Pneumococcus was isolated in 710(30.4%)of the 2333 children *** 737 pneumococci,29 serotypes were identifed;60.9%were PCV13 serotypes;the most common vaccine serotypes were 6B(20.4%),19F(13.0%),6A(11.9%)and 23F(6.1%);and the most common nonvaccine serotypes were 23A(12.9%),34(6.1%)and nontypeable(NT)pneumococci(5.6%).Children vaccinated with PCV13 had lower carriage(17.7%vs 32.5%;P=0.0001)and fewer PCV13 serotypes(41.9%vs 62.7%;P=0.0017)compared to unimmunized *** adj.stment,NP carriage Was higher among children attending daycare(aoR=2.3,95%CI:1.7-3.2),living in rural areas(aoR=1.4,95%CI:1.1-1.8),living with siblings(aoR=1.3,95%CI:1.0-1.6)and whose mothers had completed senior high/technical sec-ondary school.aoR=1.5,95%CI:1.1-2.0).In contrast,completion of 3-4 doses of PCV13 were associated with a lower carriage rate(aoR=0.6,95%CI:0.4-0.9).Conclusions We established the baseline of pneumococcal carriage,serotype distribution and PCV13 immuni-zation rates among healthy children under 5 years of age in Hainan Province,prior to the introduction of PCV13 into th

关键词： Pneumococcus Nasopharyngeal carriage Serotypes distribution Children Hainan Province China

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CD4^(+)T cells produce IFN-I to license cDC1s for induction of cytotoxic T-cell activity in human tumors

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第4期21卷 374-392页

作者： Xin lei Daniël C.de Groot Marij.j.P.Welters Tom de Wit Ellen Schrama Hans van Eenennaam Saskia j.Santegoets Timo Oosenbrug Annemarthe van der Veen j.ris l.Vos Charlotte l.Zuur Noel F.C.C.de Miranda Heinz j.cobs Sj.erd H.van der Burg j.nnie Borst Yanling Xiao Department of Immunology Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands Oncode Institute Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands Department of Tumor Biology and Immunology The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Medical Oncology Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands IMMIOS B.V. OssThe Netherlands Division of Medical Oncology The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Otorhinolaryngology leiden University Medical Center LeidenThe Netherlands Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands

CD4^(+)T cells can"help"or"license" conventional type 1 dendritic cells(cDC1s)to induce CD8^(+)cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTl)anticancer responses,as proven in mouse *** recently identified cDC1s with a transcriptomic imprint of CD4^(+)T-cell help,specifically in T-cell-infiltrated human cancers,and these cells were associated with a good prognosis and response to PD-1-targeting ***,we delineate the mechanism of cDC1 licensing by CD4^(+)T cells in *** CD4^(+)T cells produce IFNβvia the STING pathway,which promotes MHC-I antigen(cross-)presentation by cDC1s and thereby improves their ability to induce CTl anticancer *** cooperation with CD40 ligand(l),IFNβalso optimizes the costimulatory and other functions of cDC1s required for CTl response ***-I-producing CD4^(+)T cells are present in diverse T-cell-infiltrated cancers and likely deliver“help”signals to CTls locally,according to their transcriptomic profile and colocalization with“helped/licensed”cDCs and tumor-reactive CD8^(+)T *** agreement with this scenario,the presence of IFN-I-producing CD4^(+)T cells in the TME is associated with overall survival and the response to PD-1 checkpoint blockade in cancer patients.

关键词： CD4^(+)T-cell help cDC1 licensing IFN-I signaling CD40 costimulation (cross-)presentation CTl priming Tumor control

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Implementation of an international medical student pen-pal club:survey outcomes of perceptions in cultural competency and global health

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Global Health j.urnal 2024年第1期8卷 11-15页

作者： Max j.Goodman j.nnifer livschitz j. Won Kim Megan l.Schultz Medical College of Wisconsin MilwaukeeWI 53226USA Department of Pediatrics Division of Emergency MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA

Background:Pen-pal clubs(PPC)are used worldwide for students to learn about different cultures and other skillsets without the need for *** medical students are interested in global health opportunities abroad but costs,scheduling,and other barriers allow few to participate in such *** is important that medical students have nuanced global medical perspectives and can contribute to the global medical ***:The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that an international medical student PPC improves medical students'perspectives of cultural competency and global health ***:In 2021,a novel medical student PPC was established that began between an American and j.panese medical *** a shareholders meeting,it was decided that the number of medical schools involved globally be expanded through previous institutional affiliations and online *** total,the club connected 50 American medical students and 52 medical students from 17 high-and middle-income *** primary form of communication was online;pen-pals were encouraged to communicate monthly using provided topics,although frequency and way of communication was their *** February 2022,American PPC members were emailed a qualitative survey to assess the PPC's ***:The survey was completed by 42%of American PPC members,95%of which were 22-26 *** were preclinical medical students,60%whom were female and the maj.rity either white(47%)or Asian(43%).Overall,the PPC positively influenced American medical students'perception of global medicine,medical education,and their cultural competency after j.ining the PPC compared to prior(P=0.004).Conclusion:PPCs encourage medical students to think from a global perspective and foster open-mindedness within varying social and cultural *** a global communication platform for students during medical school education may be an additional way to train aspiring global l

关键词： Pen-pals Medical student Global health Cultural competency

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Individual virome analysis reveals the general co-infection of mammal-associated viruses with SARS-related coronaviruses in bats

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Virologica Sinica 2024年第4期39卷 565-573页

作者： Si H.-R. Wu K. Su j. Dong T.-Y. Zhu Y. li B. Chen Y. li Y. Shi Z.-l. Zhou P. Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 43000 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China Guangzhou National laboratory Guangzhou International Bio Island Guangzhou 510005 China State Key laboratory of Respiratory Disease The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical School Guangzhou 510005 China

Bats are the natural reservoir hosts for SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) and other highly pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it is conceivable that an individual bat may harbor multiple microbes. However, there is limited knowledge on the overall co-circulation of microorganisms in bats. Here, we conducted a 16-year monitoring of bat viruses in south and central China and identified 238 SARSr-CoV positive samples across nine bat species from ten provinces or administrative districts. Among these, 76 individual samples were selected for further metagenomics analysis. We found a complex microenvironment characterized by the general co-circulation of microbes from two different sources: mammal-associated viruses or environment-associated microbes. The later includes commensal bacteria, enterobacteria-related phages, and insect or fungal viruses of food origin. Results showed that 25% (19/76) of the samples contained at least one another mammal-associated virus, notably alphacoronaviruses (13/76) such as AlphaCoV/YN2012, HKU2-related CoV and AlphaCoV/Rf-HuB2013, along with viruses from other families. Notably, we observed three viruses co-circulating within a single bat, comprising two coronavirus species and one picornavirus. Our analysis also revealed the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria or fungi in bats. Furthermore, we obtained 25 viral genomes from the 76 bat SARSr-CoV positive samples, some of which formed new evolutionary lineages. Collectively, our study reveals the complex microenvironment of bat microbiome, facilitating deeper investigations into their pathogenic potential and the likelihood of cross-species transmission. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Alphacoronavirus Bat Co-infection Microbiome SARS-related coronavirus

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