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How do small birds evolve in response to climate change?Data from the long-term record at la Brea tar pits

Integrative Zoology 2020年第4期15卷 249-261页

作者： katherine l.long Donald R.PROTHERO Valerie J.P.SYVERSON Department of Geological Sciences Cal Poly PomonaPomonaCaliforniaUSA Natural History Museum of los Angeles County Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA Department of Geosciences University of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA

Biology textbooks describe the small changes in the beaks of the Galápagos finches as exemplars of how birds evolve in response to environmental ***,recent studies of the abundant fossil birds at Rancho la Brea find no evidence of evolutionary responses to the dramatic climate changes of the glacial–interglacial cycle over the past 35000 years:none of the large birds exhibit any change in body size or limb proportions,even during the last glacial maximum approximately 18000–20000 years ago,when the southern California chaparral was replaced by snowy coniferous ***,these are all large birds with large ranges and broad habitat preferences,capable of living in many different *** the smaller birds at la Brea,which have smaller home ranges and narrower habitats,might respond to climate more like Galápagos *** only 3 common small birds at la Brea are the western meadowlark,the yellow-billed magpie and the *** this study,we demonstrate that these birds also show complete stasis over the last glacial–interglacial cycle,with no statistically significant changes between dated *** research suggests that the small-scale changes over short timescales seen in the Galápagos finches are merely fluctuations around a stable morphology,and rarely lead to long-term accumulation of changes or ***,the prevalence of stasis supports the view that long-term directional changes in morphology are quite *** directional changes in morphology occur frequently over short(les,in the long term such changes only rarely remain stable for long enough to appear in the fossil record.

关键词： birds evolution macroevolution microevolution Pleistocene

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Cryogel scaffolds: soft and easy to use tools for neural tissue culture

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第9期17卷 1981-1983页

作者： Ben Newland katherine R.long School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK Centre for Developmental Neurobiology Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing’s College LondonMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersKing’s College LondonLondonUK

The mammalian central nervous system(CNS)is highly complex,with a vast array of processes and interactions occurring in a dynamic and often transient *** these processes are combined to regulate our behavior remains poorly *** has in turn led to a lack of understanding of how these processes have gone awry in the many disorders of the nervous *** order to address this,researchers need a controlled way to manipulate the nervous system in in vitro and ex vivo cultures,in both a specific area and for a specific period of time to start to pick apart these *** date,this has been technically challenging,especially when modeling focal injury to the CNS or when working with human brain tissue.

关键词： culture neural transient

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Assessing the reproductive health of men with occupational exposures

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 23-30页

作者： Steven M Schrader katherine l Marlow Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Applied Research and Technology Cincinnati OH USA.

The earliest report linking environmental （occupational） exposure to adverse human male reproductive effects dates back to1775 when an English physician, Percival Pott, reported a high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps. This observation led to safety regulations in the form of bathing requirements for these workers. The fact that male-mediated reproductive harm in humans may be a result of toxicant exposures did not become firmly established until relatively recently, when lancranjan studied lead-exposed workers in Romania in 1975, and later in 1977, when Whorton examined the effects of dibromochloropropane （DBCP） on male workers in California. Since these discoveries, several additional human reproductive toxicants have been identified through the convergence of laboratory and observational findings. Many research gaps remain, as the pool of potential human exposures with undetermined effects on male reproduction is vast. This review provides an overview of methods used to study the effects of exposures on male reproduction and their reproductive health, with a primary emphasis on the implementation and interpretation of human studies. Emphasis will be on occupational exposures, although much of the information is also useful in assessing environmental studies, occupational exposures are usually much higher and better defined.

关键词： accessory glands endocrine epidemiology semen sexual function sperm testis toxicology

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Axonal regeneration and sprouting as a potential therapeutic target for nervous system disorders

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第10期16卷 1901-1910页

作者： katherine l.Marshall Mohamed H.Farah Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine BaltimoreMDUSA

Nervous system disorders are prevalent health issues that will only continue to increase in frequency as the population ***-back axonopathy is a hallmark of many neurologic diseases and leads to axonal disconnection from their targets,which in turn leads to functional *** the course of many of neurologic diseases,axons can regenerate or sprout in an attempt to reconnect with the target and restore synapse *** amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(AlS),distal motor axons retract from neuromuscular junctions early in the disease-course before significant motor neuron *** is evidence of compensatory motor axon sprouting and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions in AlS that is usually quickly overtaken by the disease *** drugs that enhance compensatory sprouting and encourage reinnervation may slow symptom progression and retain muscle function for a longer period of time in AlS and in other diseases that exhibit dying-back *** remain many outstanding questions as to the impact of distinct disease-causing mutations on axonal outgrowth and regeneration,especially in regards to motor neurons derived from patient induced pluripotent stem *** microfluidic chambers are powerful tools for studying the distal axons of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived motor neurons,and have recently been used to demonstrate striking regeneration defects in human motor neurons harboring AlS disease-causing *** the human neuromuscular circuit with human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived motor neurons will be critical for developing drugs that enhance axonal regeneration,sprouting,and reinnervation of neuromuscular *** this review we will discuss compensatory axonal sprouting as a potential therapeutic target for AlS,and the use of compartmentalized microfluidic devices to find drugs that enhance regeneration and axonal sprouting of motor axons.

关键词： amyotrophic lateral sclerosis axonal regeneration dying-back axonopathy in vitro neuromuscular junction iPSC-derived motor neurons microfluidic device motor axon sprouting

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Regulation of macrophage activation in the liver after acute injury: Role of the fibrinolytic system

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第16期26卷 1879-1887页

作者： katherine Roth Jenna Strickland Bryan l Copple Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824United States

The liver functions,in part,to prevent exposure of the body to potentially harmful substances ingested in the *** it is highly efficient at accomplishing this,it is frequently prone to liver injury due to the biotransformation of xenobiotics into toxic *** counter this injury,the liver has evolved a unique capacity to rapidly and efficiently repair *** resolution of acute liver injury relies on hepatic macrophage populations that orchestrate the reparative *** injury,Kupffer cells,the resident macrophages of the liver,become activated and secrete proinflammatory *** cytokines recruit other immune cells,including monocyte-derived macrophages,to the liver where they contribute to the repair ***-derived macrophages traffic into the necrotic foci where they rapidly phagocytose dead cell *** with this process,these cells change phenotype from a proinflammatory macrophage to a prorestorative macrophage that produce pro-mitogenic growth factors and antiinflammatory *** this process triggers resolution of inflammation,and along with proliferation of other hepatic cells,restores the liver architecture and *** the mechanisms regulating specific macrophage functions during repair remain to be elucidated,recent studies indicate a key role for the fibrinolytic system in coordinating macrophage function during *** this review,we will highlight the function and role of hepatic macrophages in repair after acute liver injury,and will discuss the role of the fibrinolytic enzyme,plasmin,in regulation of these various processes.

关键词： Macrophage Plasmin Acetaminophen liver injury liver repair

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Phosphorus utilization response of pigs and broiler chickens to diets supplemented with antimicrobials and phytase

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Animal Nutrition 2017年第1期3卷 77-84页

作者： katherine McCormick Carrie l.Walk Craig l.Wyatt Olayiwola Adeola Department of Animal Sciences Purdue University JBS United AB Vista Feed Ingredients

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the phosphorus(P) utilization responses of pigs and broiler chickens to dietary supplementation with antimicrobials and phytase and to determine if P digestibility response to phytase is affected by supplementation with antimicrobials. Experiment 1 used 4 diets(a basal negative control formulated to contain 0.41% total P and 0.71% calcium [Ca] without added antimicrobials, basal negative control with added carbadox, basal negative control with added tylosin, or basal negative control with added virginiamycin) and six 18-kg barrows in individual metabolism crates per diet. There was no effect of antimicrobials on P and Ca digestibility or retention. Carbadox supplementation increased(P lity and retention of gross energy(GE) and supplementation with tylosin increased(P lative to the basal negative control diet. Experiment 2 used eight 19-kg barrows in individual metabolism crates per treatment and 9 dietary treatments arranged in a 3×3 factorial of antimicrobials(none, tylosin, or virginiamycin) and phytase(0, 500, or 1,500 FTU/kg).Phytase addition to the diets linearly increased(Pl tract digestibility or retention of P, Ca, nitrogen(N) and GE. Supplementation with antimicrobials did not affect apparent total tract digestibility or retention of P, Ca, N or GE. There were linear effects(P lization in diets that were not supplemented with antimicrobials but only tendencies(P lemented with tylosin or virginiamycin. Phytase linearly improved(P lization in diets supplemented with tylosin or virginiamycin but not in diets without added antimicrobials. Experiment 3 was a broiler chicken experiment with the same experimental design as Exp. 2 but feeding 8 birds per cage and 10 replicate cages per diet. Antimicrobial supplementation improved(P losin improved(P < 0.05) tibia as

关键词： Antimicrobials Chickens Phosphorus Phytase Pigs

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Two-dimensional d-πconjugated metal-organic framework based on hexahydroxytrinaphthylene

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Nano Research 2021年第2期14卷 369-375页

作者： Zheng Meng katherine A.Mirica Department of Chemistry Burke Laboratory41 College Streety Dartmouth CollegeHanoverNH 03755USA

The development of new two-dimensional(2D)d-πconjugated metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)holds great promise for the construction of a new generation of porous and semiconductive *** paper describes the synthesis,structural characterization,and electronic properties of a new d-πconjugated 2D MOF based on the use of a new ligand 2,3,8,9,14,*** reticular self-assembly of this largeπ-conjugated organic building block with Cu(II)ions in a mixed solvent system of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone(DMI)and H2 O with the addition of ammonia water or ethylenediamine leads to a highly crystalline MOF Cu3(HHTN)2,which possesses pore aperture of 2.5 ***3(HHTN)2 MOF shows moderate electrical conductivity of 9.01×10^(-8)S·cm^(-1)at 385 K and temperature-dependent band gap ranging from 0.75 to 1.65 *** chemical oxidation by l2,the conductivity of Cu3(HHTN)2 can be increased by 360 *** access to HHTN based MOF adds an important member to previously reported MOF systems with hexagonal lattice,paving the way towards systematic studies of structure-property relationships of semiconductive MOFs.

关键词： two-dimensional metal-organic framework(MOF) trinaphthylene conductive MOF

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Different paths to sexual size dimorphism in two praying mantids, Pseudomantis albofimbriata and Hierodula majuscula

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Insect Science 2014年第2期21卷 227-233页

作者： louise E. Allen katherine l. Barry Gregory I. Holwell Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand

Sexual size dimorphism （SSD） is widespread among diverse animal taxa and has attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists for over a century. SSD is likely to be adaptive and the result of divergent selection on different size optima for males and females, given their different roles in reproduction. The developmental trajectory leading to SSD may help us to understand how selection acts on male and female size. Here, we describe the growth and development of two Australian praying mantids, Pseudomantis albofimbriata and Hierodula majuscula including the number of moults, time to adulthood, size at each moult, and the degree of SSD. While both species exhibit the common pattern of female-biased SSD, the number of moults required for individuals to reach adulthood differed between males and females and between species. Despite their larger adult size, P. albofimbriata females require fewer moults and less time than males to reach adulthood, but are significantly larger than males from the second instar onwards. In contrast, H. majuscula males reached adulthood in fewer moults, and less time than females, however males and females did not differ in size until females went through their final moult into adulthood. H. majuscula also required more time and more moults to reach adulthood than 17. albofimbriata. We discuss these different developmental pathways in light of the existing knowledge of reproductive biology for each species. We also suggest that these differences may relate to the different phenologies that occur in strongly seasonal temperate environments compared with those in the tropics. This study provides evidence that SSD can result from two different patterns of growth and development in closely related species.

关键词： developmental trajectories Mantodea sexual size dimorphism

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Sedentary behavior and physical activity predicting depressive symptoms in adolescents beyond attributes of health-related physical fitness

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2018年第4期7卷 489-496页

作者： gene l.farren tao zhang xiangli gu katherine t.thomas Department of Kinesiology Health Promotionand RecreationUniversity of North TexasDentonTX 76203USA Corresponding author.E-mail address：Gene.Farren@unt.edu

Background： Sedentary behavior （SB）, physical activity （PA）, and attributes of physical fitness have been shown to be related to depressive symptoms in adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether SB and fitness-producing activity predicted depression in active adolescents over and above gender and fitness attributes. Methods： Participants were 249 adolescents （age： 12.85 ± 0.89 years, mean ± SD） from 3 public middle schools who wore Actical accelerometers to assess their SB and PA. Participants also completed the FITNESSGRAM health-related fitness assessment and a brief depression questionnaire. A 3-step hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with gender and fitness attributes （i.e., body mass index （BMI）, maximal volume oxygen uptake （VO2max）, curlups, and pushups）, moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity, and SB entered in respective steps. Results： Regression analysis indicated activity variables （i.e., moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity） significantly predicted depression （△R^2= 0.12, p 〈 0.01） beyond gender and fitness attributes. Overall, gender, fitness attributes, activity variables, SB explained 31% of the variance in depression. Structure coefficients revealed VO2max （rs= -0.77）, moderate-intensity activity （rs= -0.67）, vigorous-intensity activity （rs = -0.81）, and SB （rs = 0.57） were substantially correlated with the criterion variable; thus, they were the strongest predictors of depression. Conclusion： The findings of the current study indicated SB and PA were both significant predictors of depression; however, sufficient fitness-producing activity and adequate cardiorespiratory fitness may nullify the negative influence of SB on depressive symptoms in active adolescents.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

关键词： Accelerometers Adolescent health Cardiorespiratory fitness FITNESSGRAM Mental health Moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity

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Characterization of energy and performance of swine fed a novel corn-soybean extruded product

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2015年第3期6卷 322-329页

作者： katherine M Koch Robert C Thaler Sam K Baidoo Crystal l levesque Rebecca C Bott South Dakota State University University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center

Background： A novel extruded product was characterized with a metabolism and lactation trial to establish the product＇s energy content, and its effects on lactating sow performance. The product was composed of a 60：40 corn-soybean blend, which was then extruded. This product containing the co-extruded 60：40 corn-soybean blend was commercially developed and is used extensively in swine diets in southwest Minnesota. GE of dietary treatments were determined by isoperibol bomb calorimetry. Twelve barrows （59.9 ± 1.4 kg）, were used to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy of the extruded product. DE of treatments was determined by subtracting fecal energy from GE provided to barrows by each respective treatment. ME was determined by subtracting urinary energy from calculated digestible energy. Sixty-three sows were used for the lactation trial. Three dietary treatments were utilized： CONTROl （an industry standard diet）; PRODUCT （contained the product, vitamins and minerals）; OIl （matched the lysine：ME ratio of PRODUCT by addition of soy oil）. Sow weight, backfat thickness at the right and left last ribs, body condition score, number of piglets, and litter weights were recorded on the date of farrowing （d 0）, （d 9）, and at weaning. Blood and milk samples were obtained at weaning, and blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen （PUN）, milk was analyzed for total protein and fat content. Results： On a dry-matter basis, the test diet provided 3,908 kcal/kg DE and 3,833 kcal/kg ME, which was significantly greater than the basal diet, which provided 3,633 kcal/kg DE and 3,567 kcal/kg ME （P 〈 0.0001）. These data were used to establish the DE and ME of the product, which were 3,882 kcal/kg and 3,798 kcal/kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis. No effect of diet was observed for changes in sow backfat （RBF P = 0.24; lBF P = 0.07） or body condition score （P = 0.12） during lactation. Milk total protein （P = 0.69）, fat （P = 0.66）, PUN, average piglet gain （P = 0.55） and pi

关键词： Corn Extruded lactation ME Soybean Swine

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