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Intraepithelial lymphocytes: bystanders or causative factors in functional gastrointestinal disorders?

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021年第7期18卷 1620-1621页

作者： Giuseppe Losurdo Domenico Piscitelli Enzo Ierardi alfredo di leo Section of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of BariBariItaly Ph.D.Course in Organs and Tissues Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of BariBariItaly Section of Pathology Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of BariBariItaly

Intraepithelial lymphocytes(IELs)are immune cells located in the epithelium of the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract that typically show a CD3-positive *** are T lymphocytes that are involved in the primary immune response to several luminal antigens,such as food proteins and infectious *** this reason,their increase may be pathogenetic in several diseases,the most important being celiac ***,an increase above 25 IELs/100 enterocytes in the duodenum,which is considered the cutoff value for celiac disease,may occur in several conditions,such as nonceliac gluten sensitivity,food allergy,Helicobacter pylori(***)infection,gastroenteritis,and even irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Therefore,the generic term“microscopic enteritis”or“duodenal lymphocytosis”has been proposed for this condition.

关键词： lymphocytes gastrointestinal epithelium

How antibiotic resistances could change Helicobacter pylori treatment:A matter of geography?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第45期19卷 8168-8180页

作者： Enzo Ierardi Floriana Giorgio Giuseppe Losurdo alfredo di leo Mariabeatrice Principi division of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation 70124 Bari Italy

Therapeutic management of Helicobacter pylori(***)remains an unsolved ***,no therapeutic regimen is able to cure the infection in all treated patients,and in many the infection persists despite the administration of several consecutive standard *** antibiotic resistance reports describe alarming results,the outcome of therapeutic regimens does not seem to parallel this scenario in most cases,since a successful performance is often reached in more than 80%of ***,the phenomenon of increasing antibiotic resistance is being closely studied,and the results show controversial aspects even in the same geographic *** the continents of Europe,America,Asia,Africa,and Oceania,minimal and maximal values of resistance to the main antibiotics(clarithromycin,amoxicillin,metronidazole,and levofloxacin)feature wide ranges in different *** real enigma is therefore linked to the several different therapeutic regimens,which show results that often do not parallel the in vitro findings even in the same areas.A first aspect to be emphasized is that some regimens are limited by their use in very small geographic ***,not all therapeutic trials have considered bacterial and host factors affecting the therapeutic *** additional use of probiotics may help to reduce adverse events,but their therapeutic impact is *** conclusion,the"ideal therapy",paradoxically,appears to be a"utopia",despite the unprecedented volume of studies in the field and the real breakthrough in medical practice made by the discovery and treatment of *** ample discrepancies observed in the different areas do not encourage the development of therapeutic guidelines that could be valid *** these bases,one of the main challenges for the future might be identifying a successful solution to overcome antibiotic *** this context,geography must be considered a relevant matter.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic resistance Geography Therapeutic regimens Therapeutic outcome

Serologic diagnosis of celiac disease: May it be suitable for adults?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021年第42期27卷 7233-7239页

作者： Giuseppe Losurdo Milena di leo Edoardo Santamato Monica Arena Maria Rendina Carmelo Luigiano Enzo Ierardi alfredo di leo Section of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of BariBari 70124Italy Unit of digestive Endoscopy San Paolo HospitalMilan 20090Italy

The diagnosis of coeliac disease(CD)in adult patients requires the simultaneous assessment of clinical presentation,serology,and typical histological picture of villous ***,several years ago,the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology,and Nutrition guidelines approved new criteria for the diagnosis in children:Biopsy could be avoided when antitransglutaminase antibody(TGA)values exceed the cut-off of×10 upper limit of normal(ULN)and anti-endomysium antibodies are positive,independently from ***“no biopsy”approach is a decisive need for pediatric population,allowing to avoid stressful endoscopic procedures in children,if *** approach relies on the correlation existing in children between TGA levels and assessment of mucosal atrophy according to Marsh’s *** lines of evidence have shown that patients with villous atrophy have markedly elevated TGA ***,we aim to perform a narrative review on the topic in *** that some studies confirmed that the×10 ULN threshold value has a very good diagnostic performance,several lines of evidence in adults suggest that TGA cut off should be different from that of pediatric population for reaching a good correlation with histological *** conclusion,the heterogeneity of study reports as well as some conditions,which may hamper the serological diagnosis of CD(such as seronegative CD and non-celiac villous atrophy)and are much more common in adults than in children,could represent a limitation for the“no biopsy”approach to CD diagnosis in patients outside the pediatric age.

关键词： Celiac disease Villous atrophy Serology Biopsy Anti-transglutaminase antibody

Systematic review: Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第20期25卷 2524-2538页

作者： Michele Barone Maria Teresa Viggiani Giuseppe Losurdo Mariabeatrice Principi alfredo di leo Gastroenterology Section Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation University of Bari Aldo Moro

BACKGROUND Neoangiogenesis is one of the key pathogenetic mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) seems to be a possible adjuvant therapy for HCC, due to the antiangiogenic and anti-fibrogenic activity of these drugs. AIM To elucidate the role of ARBs and ACE-Is in HCC. METHODS We performed an electronic search of the literature using the most accessed online databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, Scopus and Web of Science), entering the query terms "angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors" OR "ACE inhibitors" OR "ACE-I" AND "hepatocarcinoma*" OR "hepatocellular carcinoma;moreover "angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers" OR "ARBs" AND "hepatocarcinoma*" OR "hepatocellular carcinoma". Eligibility criteria were:(1) prospective or retrospective clinical studies;(2) epidemiological studies;and (3) experimental studies conducted in vivo or in vitro. Abstracts, conference papers, and reviews were excluded a priori. We limited our literature search to articles published in English, in peer-reviewed *** Thirty-one studies were selected. Three interventional studies showed that ACEIs had a significant protective effect on HCC recurrence only when used in combination with vitamin K or branched chain aminoacids, without a significant increase in overall survival. Of six retrospective observational studies, mainly focused on overall survival, only one demonstrated a prolonged survival in the ACE-Is group, whereas the two that also evaluated tumor recurrence showed conflicting results. All experimental studies displayed beneficial effects of RAS inhibitors on hepatocarcinogenesis. Numerous experimental studies, conducted either on animals and cell cultures, demonstrated the anti-angiogenetic and antifibrotic effect of ACE-Is and ARBs, thanks to the suppression of some cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor

关键词： Cirrhosis Renin Angiotensin Survival Cancer prevention Hepatocarcinoma

Novel frontiers of agents for bowel cleansing for colonoscopy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021年第45期27卷 7748-7770页

作者： Milena di leo Andrea Iannone Monica Arena Giuseppe Losurdo Maria Angela Palamara Giuseppe Iabichino Pierluigi Consolo Maria Rendina Carmelo Luigiano alfredo di leo Unit of digestive Endoscopy San Paolo HospitalMilan 20090Italy Section of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of BariBari 70124Italy Unit of digestive Endoscopy University of MessinaHospital"G.Martino"Messina 98121Italy

The incidence of colorectal cancer(CRC)is characterized by rapid declines in the wake of widespread *** is the gold standard for CRC screening,but its accuracy is related to high quality of bowel preparation(BP).In this review,we aimed to summarized the current strategy to increase bowel cleansing before *** bowel cleansing agents were developed with the same efficacy of previous agent but requiring less amount of liquid to improve patients’*** role of the diet before colonoscopy was also changed,as well the contribution of educational intervention and the use of adjunctive drugs to improve patients’tolerance and/or quality of *** review also described BP in special situations,as lower gastrointestinal bleeding,elderly people,patients with chronic kidney disease,patients with inflammatory bowel disease,patients with congestive heart failure,inpatient,patient with previous bowel resection,pregnant/lactating *** review underlined the quality of BP should be described using a validate scale in colonoscopy report and it explored the available ***,the review explored the possible contribution of bowel cleansing in post-colonoscopy syndrome that can be related by a transient alteration of gut ***,the study underlined several points needed to further investigations.

关键词： Colonoscopy Bowel preparation Cleansing agents Polyethylene glycol Adequate cleansing Constipation

Liver fibrosis in primary intestinal lymphangiectasia: An undervalued topic

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World Journal of Hepatology 2014年第9期6卷 685-687页

作者： Raffaele Licinio Mariabeatrice Principi Enzo Ierardi alfredo di leo Gastroenterology Unit Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of Bari

The relationship between primary intestinal lymphangiectasia(PIL) and liver fibrosis is an emerging topic with many obscure aspects due to the rarity of the disorder.A recent paper reported that a six-month lowfat diet improved liver *** report the case of a 17-year-old girl affected by PIL whose hepatic fibrosis progressively worsened within one year,despite dietetic *** and the previous case report describe extraordinary events,which do not allow clear-cut clinical aspects to be ***,both cases suggest that in patients with PIL,it is necessary to closely monitor liver morphology with in-depth investigations including not only ultrasonography,but also elastography.

关键词： Hepatic transient elastography Liver fibrosis Low-fat diet Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for a patient with chylothorax in cryptogenic/metabolic cirrhosis

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic diseases International 2020年第3期19卷 303-304页

作者： Francesco Cocomazzi Nicola Maurizio Castellaneta Antonino Castellaneta Fabio Fucilli Enzo Ierardi alfredo di leo Section of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of BariBariItaly Radiology Unit IRCCS De BellisCastellana GrotteBariItaly

To the Editor:Chylothorax is a rare pleural effusion with a milky appearance due to triglycerides and chylomicrons[1];About 1%of cases are associated with liver cirrhosis[2].Incidentally,it has been hypothesized that chylothorax originates from the passage of chylous ascites into pleural cavity owing to diaphragmatic defects and negative thoracic pressure[3].Chylous ascites represents the 1%of ascites in liver cirrhosis(1:20,000 hospitalizations)[4].Pathophysiological mechanism is mediated by increased hepatic and gastrointestinal lymphatic flow due to portal hypertension[5]。

关键词： cirrhosis ascites pleural

Probiotic monotherapy and Helicobacter pylori eradication: A systematic review with pooled-data analysis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2018年第1期24卷 139-149页

作者： Giuseppe Losurdo Rossella Cubisino Michele Barone Mariabeatrice Principi Gioacchino Leandro Enzo Ierardi alfredo di leo Section of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity "Aldo Moro"Piazza Giulio Cesare National Institute of Gastroenterology "S De Bellis" Research Hospital

AIM To define probiotic monotherapy effect on Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) status by performing a systematic *** Methods of analysis and inclusion criteria were based on PRISMA recommendations. Relevant publications were identified by searching Pub Med, MEDLINE, Science direct, and EMBASE. The end-point was to estimate eradication rate and urea breath test delta value before and after probiotic monotherapy across all studies and, overall, with a pooled data analysis. Adverse events of probiotic therapy were evaluated. The data were expressed as proportions/percentages, and 95%CIs were calculated. For continuous variables, we evaluated the weighted mean difference. Odd ratios(ORs) were calculated according to the Peto method for the comparison of eradication rates between probiotics and *** Eleven studies were selected. Probiotics eradicated H. pylori in 50 out of 403 cases. The mean weighted eradication rate was 14%(95%CI: 2%-25%, P =0.02). Lactobacilli eradicated the bacterium in 30 out of 235 patients, with a mean weighted rate of 16%(95%CI: 1%-31%). Saccharomyces boulardii achieved eradication in 6 out of 63 patients, with a pooled eradication rate of 12%(95%CI: 0%-29%). Multistrain combinations were effective in 14 out of 105 patients, with a pooled eradication rate of 14%(95%CI: 0%-43%). In the comparison of probiotics vs placebo, we found an OR of 7.91 in favor of probiotics(95%CI: 2.97-21.05, P difference in adverse events was found between probiotics and placebo(OR = 1, 95%CI: 0.06-18.08).CONCLUSION Probiotics alone show a minimal effect on H. pylori clearance, thus suggesting a likely direct role.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori probiotics eradication meta-analysis breath test

Optimizing proton pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori treatment:Old and new tricks to improve effectiveness

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第34期25卷 5097-5104页

作者： Enzo Ierardi Giuseppe Losurdo Rosa Federica La Fortezza Mariabeatrice Principi Michele Barone alfredo di leo Section of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation University of Bari

The survival and replication cycle of Helicobacter pylori(***)is strictly dependant on intragastric pH,since *** enters replicative phase at an almost neutral pH(6-7),while at acid pH(3-6)it turns into its coccoid form,which is resistant to *** these bases,it is crucial to increase intragastric pH by proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)when an antibiotic-based eradicating therapy needs to be ***,several tricks need to be used to optimize eradication rate of different *** administration of the highest dose as possible of PPI,by doubling or increasing the number of pills/day,has shown to be able to improve therapeutic outcome and has often proposed in rescue therapies,even if specific trials have not been performed.A pre-treatment with PPI before starting antibiotics does not seem to be effective,therefore it is ***,the choice of PPI molecule could have a certain weight,since second-generation substances(esomeprazole,rabeprazole)are likely more effective than those of first generation(omeprazole,lansoprazole).A possible explanation is due to their metabolism,which has been proven to be less dependent on cytochrome P450(CYP)2C19 genetic ***,vonoprazan,a competitive inhibitor of H+/K+-ATPase present on luminal membrane of gastric parietal cells has shown the highest efficacy,due to both its highest acid inhibition power and rapid pharmacologic *** current data come only from Eastern Asia,therefore its strong power needs to be confirmed outside this geographic area in Western countries as well as related to the local different antibiotic resistance rates.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Proton pump inhibitors Eradication Cytochrome P450 Optimization