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The 2022 Extreme Heatwave in Shanghai,Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley:Combined Influences of Multiscale Variabilities

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第4期41卷 593-607页

作者： Ping LIANG Zhiqi ZHANG Yihui DING zeng-zhen hu Qi CHEN Key Laboratory of Cities’Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai Shanghai Regional Climate CenterChina Meteorological AdministrationShanghai 200030China National Climate Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Climate Prediction Center NCEP/NWS/NOAACollege ParkMD 20740USA

In the summer of 2022,China(especially the Yangtze River Valley,YRV)suffered its strongest heatwave(HW)event since 1961.In this study,we examined the influences of multiscale variabilities on the 2022 extreme HW in the lower reaches of the YRV,focusing on the city of Shanghai.We found that about 1/3 of the 2022 HW days in Shanghai can be attributed to the long-term warming trend of global warming.During mid-summer of 2022,an enhanced western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)and anomalous double blockings over the Ural Mountains and Sea of Okhotsk,respectively,were associated with the persistently anomalous high pressure over the YRV,leading to the extreme HW.The Pacific Decadal Oscillation played a major role in the anomalous blocking pattern associated with the HW at the decadal time scale.Also,the positive phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation may have contributed to regulating the formation of the double-blocking pattern.Anomalous warming of both the warm pool of the western Pacific and tropical North Atlantic at the interannual time scale may also have favored the persistency of the double blocking and the anomalously strong WPSH.At the subseasonal time scale,the anomalously frequent phases 2-5 of the canonical northward propagating variability of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation associated with the anomalous propagation of a weak Madden-Julian Oscillation suppressed the convection over the YRV and also contributed to the HW.Therefore,the 2022 extreme HW originated from multiscale forcing including both the climate warming trend and air-sea interaction at multiple time scales.

关键词： extreme heatwave multiscale variability air-sea interaction warming trend Yangtze River Valley Shanghai

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Causes and Predictability of the 2021 Spring Southwestern China Severe Drought

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第10期39卷 1766-1776页

作者： Yunyun LIU zeng-zhen hu Renguang WU Xing YUAN CMA Climate Studies Key Laboratory National Climate CenterChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education&Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological DisastersNanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Climate Prediction Center NCEP/NOAACollege ParkMaryland 20740USA School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China School of Hydrology and Water Resources Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

In the spring of 2021,southwestern China(SWC)experienced extreme drought,accompanied by the highest seasonal-mean temperature record since 1961.This drought event occurred in the decaying phase of a La Niña event with negative geopotential height anomalies over the Philippine Sea,which is distinct from the historical perspective.Historically,spring drought over SWC is often linked to El Niño and strong western North Pacific subtropical high.Here,we show that the extreme drought in the spring of 2021 may be mainly driven by the atmospheric internal variability and amplified by the warming trend.Specifically,the evaporation increase due to the high temperature accounts for about 30%of drought severity,with the contributions of its linear trend portion being nearly 20%and the interannual variability portion being about 10%.Since the sea surface temperature forcing from the tropical central and eastern Pacific played a minor role in the occurrence of drought,it is a challenge for a climate model to capture the 2021 SWC drought beyond one-month lead times.

关键词： extreme spring drought Southwestern China precipitation evaporation warming trend internal variability predictability

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The Record-breaking Mei-yu in 2020 and Associated Atmospheric Circulation and Tropical SST Anomalies

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第12期38卷 1980-1993页

作者： Yihui DING Yunyun LIU zeng-zhen hu National Climate Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Climate Prediction Center NCEP/NOAACollege ParkMD 20740USA

The record-breaking mei-yu in the Yangtze-huaihe River valley(YHRV)in 2020 was characterized by an early onset,a delayed retreat,a long duration,a wide meridional rainbelt,abundant precipitation,and frequent heavy rainstorm processes.It is noted that the East Asian monsoon circulation system presented a significant quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO)during the mei-yu season of 2020 that was associated with the onset and retreat of mei-yu,a northward shift and stagnation of the rainbelt,and the occurrence and persistence of heavy rainstorm processes.Correspondingly,during the mei-yu season,the monsoon circulation subsystems,including the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH),the upper-level East Asian westerly jet,and the low-level southwesterly jet,experienced periodic oscillations linked with the QBWO.Most notably,the repeated establishment of a large southerly center,with relatively stable latitude,led to moisture convergence and ascent which was observed to develop repeatedly.This was accompanied by a long-term duration of the mei-yu rainfall in the YHRV and frequent occurrences of rainstorm processes.Moreover,two blocking highs were present in the middle to high latitudes over Eurasia,and a trough along the East Asian coast was also active,which allowed cold air intrusions to move southward through the northwestern and/or northeastern paths.The cold air frequently merged with the warm and moist air from the low latitudes resulting in low-level convergence over the YHRV.The persistent warming in the tropical Indian Ocean is found to be an important external contributor to an EAP/PJ-like teleconnection pattern over East Asia along with an intensified and southerly displaced WPSH,which was observed to be favorable for excessive rainfall over YHRV.

关键词： record-breaking mei-yu western Pacific subtropical high quasi-biweekly oscillation Tropical Indian Ocean warming low-level southwesterly jet blocking high

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Will the Historic Southeasterly Wind over the Equatorial Pacific in March 2022 Trigger a Third-year La Niña Event?

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第1期40卷 6-13页

作者： Xianghui FANG Fei zhenG Kexin LI zeng-zhen hu Hongli REN Jie WU Xingrong CHEN Weiren LAN Yuan YUAN Licheng FENG Qifa CAI Jiang Zhu Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences&Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200438China International Center for Climate and Environment Science(ICCES) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Climate Prediction Center NCEP/NWS/NOAACollege ParkMD 20740USA State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China National Climate Center Beijing 100081China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Beijing 100081China Mailbox 5111 Beijing 100094China

Based on the updates of the Climate Prediction Center and International Research Institute for Climate and Society(CPC/IRI)and the China Multi-Model Ensemble(CMME)El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)Outlook issued in April 2022,La Niña is favored to continue through the boreal summer and fall,indicating a high possibility of a three-year La Niña(2020-23).It would be the first three-year La Niña since the 1998-2001 event,which is the only observed three-year La Niña event since 1980.By examining the status of air-sea fields over the tropical Pacific in March 2022,it can be seen that while the thermocline depths were near average,the southeasterly wind stress was at its strongest since 1980.Here,based on a quaternary linear regression model that includes various relevant air-sea variables over the equatorial Pacific in March,we argue that the historic southeasterly winds over the equatorial Pacific are favorable for the emergence of the third-year La Niña,and both the anomalous easterly and southerly wind stress components are important and contribute~50%of the third-year La Niña growth,respectively.Additionally,the possible global climate impacts of this event are discussed.

关键词： El Niño-Southern Oscillation three-year La Niña strongest southeasterly wind air-sea interaction

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The Extreme Mei-yu Season in 2020:Role of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and the Cooperative Influence of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第12期38卷 2040-2054页

作者： Ping LIANG zeng-zhen hu Yihui DING Qiwen QIAN Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai Shanghai Regional Climate CenterChina Meteorological AdministrationShanghai200030China Climate Prediction Center NCEP/NWS/NOAA5830 University Research CourtCollege ParkMD 20740USA National Climate Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in eastern China during summer 2020 suffered the strongest mei-yu since 1961.In this work,we comprehensively analyzed the mechanism of the extreme mei-yu season in 2020,with focuses on the combined effects of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)and the cooperative influence of the Pacific and Indian Oceans in 2020 and from a historical perspective.The prediction and predictability of the extreme mei-yu are further investigated by assessing the performances of the climate model operational predictions and simulations.It is noted that persistent MJO phases 1−2 during June−July 2020 played a crucial role for the extreme mei-yu by strengthening the western Pacific subtropical high.Both the development of La Niña conditions and sea surface temperature(SST)warming in the tropical Indian Ocean exerted important influences on the long-lived MJO phases 1−2 by slowing down the eastward propagation of the MJO and activating convection related to the MJO over the tropical Indian Ocean.The spatial distribution of the 2020 mei-yu can be qualitatively captured in model real-time forecasts with a one-month lead.This can be attributed to the contributions of both the tropical Indian Ocean warming and La Niña development.Nevertheless,the mei-yu rainfall amounts are seriously underestimated.Model simulations forced with observed SST suggest that internal processes of the atmosphere play a more important role than boundary forcing(e.g.,SST)in the variability of mei-yu anomaly,implying a challenge in quantitatively predicting an extreme mei-yu season,like the one in 2020.

关键词： 2020 extreme mei-yu MJO Indian Ocean La Niña prediction and predictability

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Interdecadal Variations of ENSO around 1999/2000

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第1期31卷 73-81页

作者： zeng-zhen hu Arun KUMAR Bohua huANG Jieshun Zhu Hong-Li REN Climate Prediction Center NCEP/NWS/NOAA5830 University Research CourtCollege ParkMD 20740USA Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Earth Sciences and Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere StudiesGeorge Mason University4400 University DriveFairfaxVA 22030USA Laboratory for Climate Studies&CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies National Climate CenterChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China

This paper discusses the interdecadal changes of the climate in the tropical Pacific with a focus on the correspond- ing changes in the characteristics of the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. Compared with 1979-1999, the whole tropical Pacific climate system, including both the ocean and atmosphere, shifted to a lower variability regime after 1999/2000. Meanwhile, the frequency of ENSO became less regular and was closer to a white noise process. The lead time of the equatorial Pacific＇s subsurface ocean heat content in preceding ENSO decreased remarkably, in addition to a reduction in the maximum correlation between them. The weakening of the correlation and the shorten- ing of the lead time pose more challenges for ENSO prediction, and is the likely reason behind the decrease in skill with respect to ENSO prediction after 2000. Coincident with the changes in tropical Pacific climate variability, the mean states of the atmospheric and oceanic components also experienced physically coherent changes. The warm an- omaly of SST in the western Pacific and cold anomaly in the eastern Pacific resulted in an increased zonal SST gradi- ent, linked to an enhancement in surface wind stress and strengthening of the Walker circulation, as well as an in- crease in the slope of the thermocline. These changes were consistent with an increase （a decrease） in precipitation and an enhancement （a suppression） of the deep convection in the western （eastern） equatorial Pacific. Possible con- nections between the mean state and ENSO variability and frequency changes in the tropical Pacific are also dis- cussed.

关键词： ENSO interdecadal variation amplitude suppression frequency change mean state

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Precision medicine in inflammatory bowel disease

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Precision Clinical Medicine 2024年第1期7卷 54-80页

作者： zhen zeng Mingshan Jiang Xi Li Jing Yuan hu Zhang Department of Gastroenterology West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China Centrefor Inflammatory Bowel Disease West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China Lab of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward General Practice Medical CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is an incurable disease characterized by remission-relapse cycles throughout its course.Both Crohn's disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC),the two main forms of IBD,exhibit tendency to develop complications and substantial heterogeneity in terms of frequency and severity of relapse,thus posing great challenges to the clinical management for IBD.Current treatment strategies are effective in different ways in induction and maintenance therapies for IBD.Recent advances in studies of genetics,pharmacogenetics,proteomics and microbiome provide a strong driving force for identifying molecular markers of prognosis and treatment response,which should help clinicians manage IBD patients more effectively,and then,improve clinical outcomes and reduce treatment costs of patients.In this review,we summarize and discuss precision medicine in IBD,focusing on predictive markers of disease course and treatment response,and monitoring indices during therapeutic drug monitoring.

关键词： disease course inflammatory bowel disease precision treatment precision monitoring treatment response

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Evaluation of the binding affinity and antioxidant activity of phlorizin to pepsin and trypsin

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Food Science and human Wellness 2024年第1期13卷 392-400页

作者： Jing Zhang Lan Tang Xia hu zhen zeng Wen Wu Fang Geng hui Li Di Wu Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province School of Food and Biological EngineeringChengdu UniversityChengdu 610106China School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China

Phlorizin(PHL)is a natural compound with strong antioxidant properties mainly found in apples.In this paper,the interaction mechanism of PHL with pepsin and trypsin was comparatively evaluated by computer simulation,fluorescence spectra,circular dichroism(CD),and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra at a molecular level.Fluorescence spectra showed that PHL quenches the pepsin/trypsin by static quenching.Thermodynamic parameters indicated that PHL binds to pepsin mainly through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces,and that of trypsin was electrostatic forces.The ground state complexes PHL and protease have a moderate affinity of 105 L/mol PHL binds more strongly to trypsin than to pepsin.CD and FT-IR spectra results showed that pepsin/trypsin decreased theβ-sheet content and slightly changed its secondary structure upon PHL.These experimental results are mutually verified with the predicted computer-aid simulation results.Upon PHL and trypsin binding,the antioxidant capacity of PHL was elevated.Nevertheless,the antioxidant capacity of PHL was decreased after binding to pepsin.This work elucidates the binding of PHL binding mechanisms to pepsin/trypsin and provides useful information for the digestion of PHL to improve the application of PHL in food processing.

关键词： Interaction Phlorizin Pepsin Trypsin Antioxidation

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Rapid characterization of non-volatile phenolic compounds reveals the reliable chemical markers for authentication of traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-ru among confusing Elsholtzia species

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2024年第4期22卷 375-384页

作者： zeng zhen ZHANG Chen hu Jiadong WANG Feiyan WU Ziding WANG Jing ZHANG Jun YANG Shuda CHEN Junfeng LI Mingming TONG Qi QIU Shi CHEN Wansheng The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources&Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Materia MedicaShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203China Department of Pharmacy Second Affiliated Hospital of Navy Medical UniversityShanghai 200003China Kunming Plant Classification Biotechnology Co. Ltd.Kunming 650500China School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products Kunming Medical UniversityKunming 650500China State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs Beijing100700China

The aerial parts of Mosla chinensis Maxim.and Mosla chinensis cv.'Jiangxiangru'(MCJ)are widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),known collectively as Xiang-ru.However,due to clinical effectiveness concerns and frequent misidentification,the original plants have increasingly been substituted by various species within the genera Elsholtzia and Mosla.The challenge in distinguishing between these genera arises from their similar morphological and metabolic profiles.To address this issue,our study introduced a rapid method for metabolic characterization,employing high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics.Through detailed biosynthetic and chemometric analyses,we pinpointed five phenolic compounds—salviaflaside,cynaroside,scutellarein-7-O-D-glucoside,rutin,and vicenin-2—among 203 identified compounds,as reliable chemical markers for distinguishing Xiang-ru from closely related Elsholtzia species.This methodology holds promise for broad application in the analysis of plant aerial parts,especially in verifying the authenticity of aromatic traditional medicinal plants.Our findings underscore the importance of non-volatile compounds as dependable chemical markers in the authentication process of aromatic traditional medicinal plants.

关键词： Genus Elsholtzia Genus Mosla Traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-ru Non-volatile phenolic compounds Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

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Removal of pathogenic indicator microorganisms during partial nitrification:the role of free nitrous acid

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第3期18卷 93-102页

作者： Jiaojiao Xu Xiaotian Chen Rui Tang Jingwei Feng Shoujun Yuan Wei Wang zhen-hu hu Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Rural Water Environment and Resource School of Civil EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefei 230009China Hefei 168 High School Hefei 230025China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power Shanghai University of Electric PowerShanghai 200090China

Digested wastewater contains pathogenic microorganisms and high ammonia concentrations,which can pose a potential risk to public health.Effective removal of pathogens and nitrogen is crucial for the post-treatment of digested wastewater.Partial nitrification-anammox is an energy-saving nitrogen removal process.Free nitrous acid(FNA),an intermediate product of partial nitrification,has the potential to inactivate microorganisms.However,the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in pathogens during partial nitrification remains unclear.In this study,Enterococcus and Escherichia coli(E.coli)were selected to investigate the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in partial nitrification process.The results revealed that 83%±13%and 59%±27%of E.coli and Enterococcus were removed,respectively,in partial nitrification process at FNA concentrations of 0.023−0.028 mg/L.When the concentration of FNA increased from 0 to 0.5 mg/L,the inactivation efficiencies of E.coli and Enterococcus increased from 0 to 99.9%and 89.9%,respectively.Enterococcus exhibited a higher resistance to FNA attack compared to E.coli.3D-laser scanning microscopy(3D-LSM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed that FNA exposure caused the surface collapse of E.coli and Enterococcus,as well as visible pore formation on the surface of E.coli cells.4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride n-hydrate(DAPI)/propidium iodide(PI)and biomolecule leakage confirmed that inactivation of E.coli and Enterococcus occurred due to breakdown of cell walls and cell membranes.These findings indicate that partial nitrification process can be used for the removal of residual pathogenic microorganisms.

关键词： Partial nitrification Free nitrous acid Pathogenic indicator microorganism Inactivation Cell structure

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