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Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and theirimplications in clinical practice

Military Medical Research 2022年第2期9卷 215-230页

作者： Natalie Yan-Lin Pang Alexander Shao-Rong Pang vincent t.chow De-Yun Wang Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of SingaporeSingapore 119228Singapore Department of Microbiology and Immunology National University of SingaporeScience Drive 2Singapore 117545Singapore Infectious Diseases translational Research Program Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 119228Singapore Department of Otolaryngology Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore1E Kent Ridge RoadSingapore 119228Singapore

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly identified member of the coronavirus family that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. this rapidly evolving and unrelenting SARS-CoV-2has disrupted the lives and livelihoods of millions worldwide. As of 23 August 2021, a total of 211,373,303 COVID-19cases have been confirmed globally with a death toll of 4,424,341. A strong understanding of the infection pathway of SARS-CoV-2, and how our immune system responds to the virus is highly pertinent for guiding the development and improvement of effective treatments. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of neutralising antibodies(NAbs) and their implications in clinical practice. the aspects include the pathophysiology of the immune response,particularly humoral adaptive immunity and the roles of NAbs from B cells in infection clearance. We summarise the onset and persistence of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies, and we explore their roles in neutralising SARS-CoV-2, their persistence in convalescent individuals, and in reinfection. Furthermore, we also review the applications of neutralising antibodies in the clinical setting—from predictors of disease severity to serological testing to vaccinations, and finally in therapeutics such as convalescent plasma infusion.

关键词： Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Coronavirus disease 2019 Neutralising antibodies Persistence Spike glycoprotein Receptor-binding domain B cells t cells Convalescent plasma

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Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata ***,quercetin,quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection

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Asian Pacific Journal of tropical Medicine 2016年第1期9卷 1-7页

作者： K.H.Chiow M.C.Phoon thomas Putti Benny K.H.tan vincent t.chow Department of Microbiology Department of Pathologyand Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University Health SystemNational University of Singapore

Objective:to evaluate the in vitro activities of the ethyl acetate(EA) fraction of Houttuynia cordata(***) thunb.(Saururaceae) and three of its constituent flavonoids(*** and rutin) against murine coronavirus and dengue virus(DENV).Methods:the antiviral activities of various concentrations of the EA fraction of *** and flavonoids were assessed using virus neutralization tests against mouse hepatitis virus(MHV) and DENV type 2(DENV-2).Cinanserin hydrochloride was also tested against *** EA fraction of *** was tested for acute oral toxicity in C57BL/6 ***:the EA fraction of *** inhibited viral infectivity up to 6 *** hydrochloride was able to inhibit MHV for only 2 *** 50%inhibitory concentrations(IC_(50)) of the EA fraction of *** added before the viral adsorption stage were 0.98 μg/mL for MHV and 7.50 μg/mL for DENV-2with absence of *** mice fed with the EA fraction up to 2 000 mg/kg did not induce any signs of acute toxicity,with normal histological features of major *** flavonoids exhibited comparatively weaker antiviral activity,notably quercetin which could inhibit both MHV and *** was followed by quercitrin which could inhibit DENV-2but not MHV,whereas rutin did not exert any inhibitory effect on either *** quercetin was combined with quercitrin,enhancement of anti-DENV-2 activity and reduced cytotoxicity were ***,the synergistic efficacy of the flavonoid combination was still less than that of the EA ***:the compounds in *** contribute to the superior antiviral efficacy of the EA fraction which lacked cytotoxicity in vitro and acute toxicity in *** has much potential for the development of antiviral agents against coronavirus and dengue infections.

关键词： Houttuynia cordata Murine coronavirus Dengue virus Quercetin Quercetrin Cinanserin

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Model systems to study the life cycle of human papillomaviruses and HPV-associated cancers

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Virologica Sinica 2015年第2期30卷 92-100页

作者： Louise t.chow Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham 35294-0005 USA

the prevalent human papillomaviruses(HPVs) infect either cutaneous or mucosal epithelium. Active Infections lead to epithelial hyperprolifeation and are usually cleared in healthy individuals within a year. Persistent infections in the anogenital tracts by certain high-risk genotypes such as HPV-16, HPV-18 and closely related types, can progress to high grade dysplasias and carcinomas in women and men, including cervical, vulva, penile and anal cancers. A significant fraction of the head and neck cancers are also caused by HPV-16. the viral oncogenes responsible for neoplastic conversion are E6 and E7 that disrupt the pathways controlled by the two major tumor suppressor genes, p53 and members of p RB family. Because HPV cannot be propagated in conventional submerged monolayer cell cultures, organotypic epithelial raft cultures that generate a stratified and differentiated epithelium have been used to study the viral life cycle. this article describes several systems to examine aspects of the viral productive phase, along with the advantages and limitations. Animal model systems of HPV carcinogenesis are also briefly described.

关键词： human papillomaviruses(HPVs) productive program HPV-associated cancers model systems

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In Vitro Model Systems to Study the Life cycle of Human Papillomaviruses

In Vitro Model Systems to Study the Life cycle of Human Papi...

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24th International Papillomavirus Conference and Clinical Workshop

作者： Louise t.chow Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Alababma at Birmingham AL.USA 35223

＜正＞Productive Phase in Patient Specimens HPVs infect only human squamous epithelia and cannot be propagated in animals. to establish persistent infections,HPV has to gain access to the basal calls of the sqaumous epithelium through a wound. Durthg wound healing,HPV eady genes are actively transcribed, increasing the infected call population,while establishing a steady state viral genome copy number. When wound has been healed,viral DNA and RNA are low in abundance in the lower call strata（basal,parabasal and lower spinous cells）.

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Competitive Adsorption of Dissolved Organic Matter by Carbon Nanotubes and Activated Carbon in Aqueous Phase

Competitive Adsorption of Dissolved Organic Matter by Carbon...

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2011 International Conference on Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (ICABE 2011)

作者： Alex t.chow Baruch Institute of Ecology Science＆Forest Science Clemson University

Single-walled carbon nanotubes（SWNt）, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes（MWNt-1030）and Activated carbon（AC）were employed as adsorbents to study the competitive adsorption of dissolved organic matter（DOM）on three types of surface water representing urban runoff, agricultural drainage,forest stream in *** adsorption on humic acid solution was also examined for referred *** changes of DOM in the experiments were assessed by measuring UV absorbance, fluorescence excitation emission matrix,spectroscopy（EEMs） and dissolved organic carbon *** of our experiments showed that surface water in Guangzhou contained significant levels of aromatic proteinⅡ（indicating by Ex200-250/Em330-380）,fulvic acid-like,soluble microbial *** SWNt and MWNt-1030 had greater adsorption capacity than *** and MWNt-1030 reduced 40%and 14%UV254 when compared to AC, *** selectively adsorbed DOM in aromatic protein II,fulvic acid-like,and humic acid-like DOM,whereas soluble microbial byproduct-like DOM was not affected in the *** adsorption dynamics of DOM on CNts was best described with pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.979 on average.

关键词： Single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNt) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNt) Activated carbon (AC) Fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy.

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Reverse Genetic Analysis of Adaptive Mutations within the Capsid Proteins of Enterovirus 71(EV-A71) Strains Necessary for Infection of CHO-K1 Cells

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Virologica Sinica 2020年第1期35卷 110-114页

作者： Carla Bianca Luena Victorio Yishi Xu Qimei Ng vincent t.K.chow Kaw Bing Chua temasek Lifesciences Laboratory 1 Research LinkNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117604Singapore Host and Pathogen Interactivity Laboratory Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University Health SystemNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117545Singapore Present Address:Laboratory for translational and Molecular Imaging Cancer and Stem Cell Biology ProgrammeDuke-NUS Medical SchoolSingapore 169857Singapore

Dear Editor,Previous studies had described the adaptation of enterovirus 71(EV-A71)strains that enabled entry and viral replication in Chinese Hamster Ovary(CHO)cell line(Zaini and McMinn 2012;Zaini et al.2012).these adapted strains derived from serial passage of a clinical isolate in CHO cells exhibited an amino acid substitution at VP2149,which enhanced viral replication by 100*1000-fold compared to the clinical *** VP2149 mutation was claimed responsible for adaptation to CHO-K1 cells without performing detailed molecular analyses to support these *** this study,we evaluate various VP1 and VP2 mutations in two CHO-adapted EV-A71 strains derived in our lab to assess their contribution to the phenotype of CHO cell adaptation.

关键词： adapted passage claimed

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Inhibitory activities of extracts of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa, Ziziphus mauritiana as well as their compounds of gallic acid and emodin against dengue virus

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Asian Pacific Journal of tropical Medicine 2018年第4期11卷 265-271页

作者： Riffat Batool Ejaz Aziz tariq Mahmood Benny KH tan vincent tK chow Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore

Objective: to investigate the inhibitory effects against dengue virus serotype 2(DENV-2) by five different fractions(extracted by methanol, ethanol, benzene, chloroform and n-hexane) of Rumex dentatus, Commelina benghalensis, Ajuga bracteosa and Ziziphus mauritiana, as well as their constituents(gallic acid, emodin, and isovanillic acid). Methods: All the samples were tested for cytotoxicity on baby hamster kidney cells by Mtt assay and for anti-DENV-2 activity by plaque reduction neutralization assay using two DENV-2 doses(45 and 90 plaqueforming units or PFU). Results: All the samples except isovanillic acid exhibited significant prophylactic effects against DENV-2 infectivity(without cytotoxicity) when administered to cells before infection, but were not effective when given 6 h post-infection. the methanol extract of Rumex dentatus demonstrated the highest antiviral efficacy by inhibiting DENV-2 replication, with IC_(50) of 0.154 μg/mL and 0.234 μg/mL, when added before infection with 45 and 90 PFU of virus, respectively. Gallic acid also exhibited significant antiviral effects by prophylactic treatment prior to virus adsorption on cells, with IC_(50) of 0.191 μg/mL and 0.522 μg/mL at 45 and 90 PFU of DENV-2 infection, respectively. Conclusions: the highly potent activities of the extracts and constituent compounds of these plants against DENV-2 infectivity highlight their potential as targets for further research to identify novel antiviral agents against dengue.

关键词： Dengue virus Rumex dentatus Commelina benghalensis Ajuga bracteosa Ziziphus mauritiana Gallic acid

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Evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma games with local interaction and best-response dynamics

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Frontiers of Mathematics in China 2015年第4期10卷 839-856页

作者： Yunshyoug chow Institute of Mathematics Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan 11529 China

this paper studies the long run behavior in evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma games. All players are assumed to sit around a circle and to interact only with their neighbors. It is known that full-defection is the unique long run equilibrium as the probability of players＇ experimentation （or mutation） tends to zero in the best response dynamics. Here, it is shown that full-cooperation could emerge in the long run if one also cares for his neighbors in the best- response dynamics.

关键词： Prisoner's dilemma game full cooperation best response localinteraction long run equilibrium parallel updating

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Collaborative Distributed AC Optimal Power Flow: A Dual Decomposition Based Algorithm

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2021年第6期9卷 1414-1423页

作者： Zheyuan Cheng Mo-Yuen chow IEEE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University

We propose a dual decomposition based algorithm that solves the AC optimal power flow(ACOPF) problem in the radial distribution systems and microgrids in a collaborative and distributed manner. the proposed algorithm adopts the second-order cone program(SOCP) relaxed branch flow ACOPF model. In the proposed algorithm, bus-level agents collaboratively solve the global ACOPF problem by iteratively sharing partial variables with its 1-hop neighbors as well as carrying out local scalar computations that are derived using augmented Lagrangian and primal-dual subgradient methods. We also propose two distributed computing platforms, i. e., high-performance computing(HPC) based platform and hardware-in-theloop(HIL) testbed, to validate and evaluate the proposed algorithm. the computation and communication performances of the proposed algorithm are quantified and analyzed on typical IEEE test systems. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can be executed on a fully distributed computing structure and yields accurate ACOPF solution. Besides, the proposed algorithm has a low communication overhead.

关键词： Distributed convex optimization distributed en-ergy management system optimal power flow primal-dual de-composition

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Enabling Inverter-based Resource Stability Control in Power Systems with High Renewable Penetration

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第3期9卷 1248-1250页

作者： Joe H.chow Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute TroyNY 12180-3590USA

this rapid communication provides the author’s viewpoints on the need to develop grid stability functions for inverter-based resources,in particular,controls to enhance system *** discussion will be focused on transi... 详细信息

关键词： Frequency regulation inverter control time scales transient stability

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