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Financing Disaster Risk Reduction:Exploring the Opportunities,Challenges,and Threats Within the Southern African Development Community Region

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2023年第3期14卷 398-412页

作者： Christo Coetzee Sizwile Khoza Livhuwani D.Nemakonde Lesego b.Shoroma Gideon W.Wentink Maynard Nyirenda steven Chikuse Tchaka Kamanga Kgosietsile Maripe Morenaogaufi J.Rankopo Lengwe-Katembula Mwansa Dewald Van Niekerk African Centre for Disaster Studies Unit for Environmental Science and ManagementNorth-West UniversityPotchefstroom 2520North West ProvinceSouth Africa Sustainable Growth and Development Initiative Blantyre 312200Malawi Department of Social Work University of BotswanaGaboroneBotswana

The Southern African Development Community(SADC)region,a regional economic body comprised of 16 member states,is one of our planet's most vulnerable regions to natural hazards,and has a complex disaster risk *** region has sustained several disasters over the past *** events include annual floods in 2004-2019 and extreme droughts(1990-1993);other climate-induced disasters,such as cyclones,also have had devastating impacts,particularly on the Indian Ocean island states and east coast *** reduce the risk and impacts of dis asters,governments must invest in disaster risk reduction(DRR).However,interventions aimed at reducing social and economic vulnerability and investing in longterm mitigation activities are often few,poorly funded,and insignificant in comparison with money spent on humanitarian assistance,dis aster relief,and post-disaster *** study investigated whether DRR is adequately funded within SADC member states in light of the high stakes in human life,infrastructure,and economic losses and the potential savings *** study applied a qualitative research design with data collected through semistructured interviews and focus group *** were selected purposefully and through snowball sampling with a total of 67 respondents from botswana,Eswatini,Namibia,South Africa,and Zimbabwe participating in the *** study findings reveal that DRR is inadequately funded in all the member states consulted in comparison to funding allocated to disaster *** light of the underfunding experienced by DRR activities,this study provides a platform for lobbying and advocacy for adequate funding for DRR.

关键词： budget allocations Disaster impacts Disaster risk reduction Southern African Development Community

Variability and change of climate extremes from indigenous herder knowledge and at meteorological stations across central Mongolia

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2020年第2期14卷 286-297页

作者： Sukh TUMENJARGAL steven RFASSNACHT Niah bHVENAbLE Alison PKINGSTON Maria EFERNANDEZ-GIMENEZ batjav bATbUYAN Melinda JLAITURI Martin KAPPAS GADYAbADAM ESS-Watershed Science Colorado State UniversityFort Collins ColoradoCO 80523-1476USA Cabinet Secretariat of Government of Mongolia State HouseUlaanbaatar City 14201Mongolia Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory Fort Collins ColoradoCO 80523-1499USA Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere Fort Collins ColoradoCO 80523-1375USA Cartography GIS and Remote Sensing DepartmentInstitute of GeographyGeorg-August Universität GöttingenGöttingen 37007Germany FRS-Rangeland Science Colorado State UniversityFort Collins ColoradoCO 80523-1472USA Center for Nomadic Pastoralism Studies Ulaanbaatar 210620Mongolia Institute of Meteorology Hydrology and the EnvironmentUlaanbaatar 210620Mongolia

In semi-arid regions,air temperatures have increased in the last decades more than in many other parts of the *** has an arid/semi-arid climate and much of the population are herders whose livelihoods depend upon limited water resources that fluctuate with a variable *** were surveyed to identify their observations of changes in climate extremes for two soums of central Mongolia,Ikh-Tamir in the forest steppe north of the Khangai Mountains and Jinst in the desert steppe south of the *** herders’indigenous knowledge of changes in climate extremes mostly aligned with the station-based analyses of *** were warming with more warm days and nights at all *** were fewer cool days and nights observed at the mountain stations both in the summer and winter,yet more cool days and nights were observed in the winter at the desert steppe *** number of summer days is increasing while the number of frost days is decreasing at all *** results of this study support further use of local knowledge and meteorological observations to provide more holistic analysis of climate change in different regions of the world.

关键词： climate change climate extreme indices indigenous knowledge systems temperature precipitation

Dynamic Patterns of Gene Expression Additivity and Regulatory Variation throughout Maize Development

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Molecular Plant 2019年第3期12卷 410-425页

作者： Peng Zhou Candice N.Hirsch steven P.briggs Nathan M.Springer Department of Plant and Microbial biology University of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics University of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Division of biological Sciences University of CaliforniaSanDiegoLaJollaCA92093USA

Gene expression variation is a key component underlying phenotypic variation and heterosis. Transcriptome profiling was performed on 23 different tissues or developmental stages of two maize inbreds, b73 and Mo17, as well as their hybrid. The obtained large-scale datasets provided opportunities to monitor the developmental dynamics of differential expression, additivity for gene expression, and regulatory variation. The transcriptome can be divided into .30 000 genes that are expressed in at least one tissue of one in bred and an additional ~10 000 “silent” genes that are not expressed in any tissue of any genotype, 90% of which are non-syntenic relative to other grasses. Many (.74%) of the expressed genes exhibit differential expression in at least one tissue. However, the majority of genes with differential expression do not exhibit consistent differential expression in different tissues. These genes often exhibit tissue-specific differential expression with equivalent expression in other tissues, and in many cases they switch the directionality of differential expression in different tissues. This suggests widespread variation for tissue-specific regulation of gene expression between the two maize inbreds b73 and Mo17. Nearly 5000 genes are expressed in only one parent in at least one tissue (single parent expression) and 97% of these genes are expressed at mid-parent levels or higher in the hybrid, providing extensive opportunities for hybrid complementation in heterosis. In general, additive expression patterns are much more common than non-additive patterns, and this trend is more pronounced for genes with strong differential expression or single pare nt expressi on. There is relatively little evidence for non-additive expression patterns that are maintained in multiple tissues. The analysis of allele-specific expression allowed classification of cis. and trans-regulatory variation. Genes with c/s-regulatory variation often exhibit additive expression and tend

关键词： maize gene expression heterosis differential expression non-additive expression allele-specific expression

Constitutive androstane receptor agonist, TCPObOP,attenuates steatohepatitis in the methionine choline-deficientdiet-fed mouse

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第42期13卷 5635-5641页

作者： Edwina S baskin-bey Akira Anan Hajime Isomoto steven F bronk Gregory J Gores Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Miles and Shirely Fitterman Center for Digestive Diseases Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester MN 55905 United States

AIM： To ascertain whether constitutive androstane receptor （CAR） activation by 1,4-bis-[2-（3,5,- dichloropyridyloxy）] benzene （TCPObOP） modulates steatohepatitis in the methionine choline-deficient （MCD） diet-fed ***： C57/bL6 wild-type mice were fed the MCD or standard diet for 2 wk and were treated with either the CAR agonist, TCPObOP, or the CAR inverse agonist, ***： Expression of CYP2b10 and CYP3A11, known CAR target genes, increased 30-fold and 45-fold, respectively, in TCPObOP-treated mice fed the MCD diet. TCPObOP treatment reduced hepatic steatosis （44.6 ＋ 5.4% vs 30.4 ＋ 4.5%, P 〈 0.05） and serum triglyceride levels （48 ＋ 8 vs 20 ＋ 1 mg/dL, P 〈 0.05） in MCD diet- fed mice as compared with the standard diet-fed mice. This reduction in hepatic steatosis was accompanied by an increase in enzymes involved in fatty acid microsomal co-oxidation and peroxisomal p-oxidation, namely CYP4A10, LPbE, and 3-ketoacyI-CoA thiolase. The reduction in steatosis was also accompanied by a reduction in liver cell apoptosis and inflammation. In contrast, androstanol was without effect on any of the above ***： CAR activation stimulates induction of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, and ameliorates hepatic steatosis, apoptosis and inflammation.

关键词： Apoptosis CYP4A Fatty acid oxidation,Inflammation

Coevolution of Male and Female Response Preferences to Sexual Signals in Music Frogs

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Asian Herpetological Research 2016年第2期7卷 87-95页

作者： Jianguo CUI Jichao WANG Guangzhan FANG Xiaowei SONG steven E.bRAUTH Yezhong TANG Chengdu Institute of biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology College of Life SciencesHainan Normal University School of Life Sciences Xinyang Normal University Department of Psychology University of MarylandCollege Park

Male signaling influences both female choice and male-male competition. Although male signaling characteristics and female preferences have been shown to coevolve in many species, few studies have examined whether male signal characteristics and male receiver responses related to male-male competition also coevolve. The present study tested the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences may coevolve in parallel for flogs in the genus babina by comparing the acoustic structure of male advertisement calls of four closely related and geographically isolated babina species. Then we assessed the behavioral responses of both male and female b. daunchina （Emei music frog） to male call playbacks from each of the four species. The results support the hypothesis that male and female signal receiver preferences have coevolved in this species. Specifically, both male and female b. daunchina respond strongly to the heterospecific calls of b. hainanensis, suggesting that preexisting biases exist in both females and males. both male and female individuals showed a slight response to the calls of b. adenopleura while no response was evoked by the calls ofb. lini. The manifestation of similar response profiles in male and female b. daunchina to the calls of the four species support the idea that male and female signal receiver preferences evolved in parallel and that the origin of these receiver biases reflects adaptations dependent on the same neural and cognitive systems in both sexes.

关键词： sexual selection acoustic communication male-male competition phonotaxis tests coevolution

A Modified Crank-Nicolson Numerical Scheme for the Flory-Huggins Cahn-Hilliard Model

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Communications in Computational Physics 2022年第1期31卷 60-93页

作者： Wenbin Chen Jianyu Jing Cheng Wang Xiaoming Wang steven M.Wise Shanghai Key Laboratory for Contemporary Applied Mathematics Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433P.R.China School of Mathematical Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433P.R.China Mathematics Department University of MassachusettsNorth DartmouthMA 02747USA International Center for Mathematics and Department of Mathematics and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Designand National Center for Applied Mathematics ShenzhenSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055P.R.China Mathematics Department University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37996USA

In this paper we propose and analyze a second order accurate numericalscheme for the Cahn-Hilliard equation with logarithmic Flory Huggins energy potential. A modified Crank-Nicolson approximation is applied to the logarithmic nonlinear term, while the expansive term is updated by an explicit second order Adamsbashforth extrapolation, and an alternate temporal stencil is used for the surface diffusion term. A nonlinear artificial regularization term is added in the numerical scheme,which ensures the positivity-preserving property, i.e., the numerical value of the phasevariable is always between -1 and 1 at a point-wise level. Furthermore, an unconditional energy stability of the numerical scheme is derived, leveraging the special formof the logarithmic approximation term. In addition, an optimal rate convergence estimate is provided for the proposed numerical scheme, with the help of linearizedstability analysis. A few numerical results, including both the constant-mobility andsolution-dependent mobility flows, are presented to validate the robustness of the proposed numerical scheme.

关键词： Cahn-Hilliard equation Flory Huggins energy potential positivity preserving energy stability second order accuracy optimal rate convergence estimate

Human amniotic fluid stem cell therapy can help regain bladder function in type 2 diabetic rats

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World Journal of Stem Cells 2022年第5期14卷 330-346页

作者： Ching-Chung Liang steven W Shaw Yung-Hsin Huang Tsong-Hai Lee Female Urology Section Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyLinkou Chang Gung Memorial HospitalCollege of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuan 333Taiwan Division of Obstetrics Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTaipei Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaipei 105Taiwan Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group Institute for Women’s HealthUniversity College LondonLondon WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom Stroke Center and Department of Neurology Linkou Chang Gung Memorial HospitalCollege of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuan 333Taiwan

bACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a serious and growing global health *** is estimated that 80%of diabetic patients have micturition problems such as poor emptying,urinary incontinence,urgency,and urgency *** with diabetic bladder dysfunction are often resistant to currently available *** is necessary to develop new and effective treatment *** To examine the therapeutic effect of human amniotic fluid stem cells(hAFSCs)therapy on bladder dysfunction in a type 2 diabetic rat *** Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups:Group 1,normal-diet control(control);group 2,high-fat diet(HFD);group 3,HFD plus streptozotocin-induced DM(DM);group 4,DM plus insulin treatment(DM+insulin);group 5,DM plus hAFSCs injection via tail vein(DM+hAFSCs).Conscious cystometric studies were done at 4 and 12 wk after insulin or hAFSCs treatment to measure peak voiding pressure,voided volume,intercontraction interval,bladder capacity,and residual *** and/or mRNA expression of muscarinic receptors,nerve growth factor(NGF),and sensory nerve markers in the bladder and insulin,MafA,and pancreatic-duodenal homeobox-1(PDX-1)in pancreatic beta cells were *** Compared with DM rats,insulin but not hAFSCs treatment could reduce the bladder weight and improve the voided volume,intercontraction interval,bladder capacity,and residual volume(Pboth insulin and hAFSCs treatment could help to regain the blood glucose and bladder functions to the levels near controls(P>0.05).The immunoreactivities and mRNA expression of M2-and M3-muscarinic receptors(M2 and M3)were increased mainly at 4 wk(Pber of beta cells in islets and the immunoreactivities and/or mRNA of NGF,calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP),substance P,insulin,MafA,and PDX-1 were decreased in DM rats(Pbstance P,MafA

关键词： Amniotic fluid bladder dysfunction Diabetes Insulin Stem cells

Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation and Ring Annuloplasty Repair

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications 2018年第B1期2卷 451-457页

作者： William b.Weir Matthew A.Romano steven F.bolling Department of Cardiac Surgery University of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA

Functional tricuspid regurgitation(TR)primarily arises from asymmetric dilation of the tricuspid annulus in the setting of right ventricular dysfunction and enlargement in response to left-sided myocardial and valvular *** if the TR is not severe at the time of mitral valve surgery,it can worsen and even appear late after successful mitral valve surgery,which portends a poor *** data demonstrating inferior outcomes in the presence of residual TR,surgical repair for functional TR remains *** of TR,in the presence of tricuspid annular dilation,may be *** repair should consist of placement of a rigid or semirigid annular ring,which has been shown to provide superior durability as compared with suture and flexible band ***,percutaneous annuloplasty for correction of functional TR may allow treatment of patients with recurrent TR at high risk of reoperation.

关键词： tricuspid valve regurgitation ring annuloplasty

Kinematics of Stratified Vision-based Manipulation

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Kinematics of Stratified Vision-Based Manipulation