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Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and management strategies in South Asian region: a systematic review from Sri Lankan context

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2023年第4期5卷 559-575页

作者： shakya widanapathirana Iddamalgoda Jayawardanage Judi Udari Nisansala Perera Bellanthudawage Kushan Aravinda Bellanthudawa Department of Engineering and Mathematics Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffieldS11WBUK Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of RuhunaMapalanaMatara81100Sri Lanka

Electrical and electronic waste(e-waste)has become a global crisis.Managing this ever-growing problem has become very critical and yet challenging,especially in the South Asian region;otherwise,it may undermine the sustainability of development and growth of numerous industries.Hence,to explore the current context of e-waste management,recycling,and strategies in Sri Lanka,we conducted a systematic literature review process using peer-reviewed research articles retrieved from Google Scholar Database.We searched for articles containing keywords such as“e-waste”,“management strategies and recycling”,and“Sri Lanka”.We screened out papers(n=20)selected from papers(n=327)initially retrieved over a 17 period of time(2005–2022).The analysis of the screened articles showed that the main challenges to successful e-waste management were a lack of management strategies,policies,and inadequate recycling practices as well as identifying the potential and opportunities to actively enhance the comprehensive awareness,collection,storage,proper disposal,and other e-waste management steps in Sri Lanka.Further,the study identified technological,financial,socio-economic,and institutional sectors as fundamental sectors to formulate a strategic plan for e-waste management.Also,the study suggests that enacting laws to practice and adopt e-waste management,establishing central command and management institutes to control all e-waste management bodies,providing financial assistance to informal e-waste collectors and recyclers,and introducing e-waste management to school curricula are some of the possible actions that can be taken along with enhancing the awareness of e-waste management.

关键词： Collection and recycling Disposal E-waste management strategies Sri Lanka Sustainable development goals

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The Increase in Total Knee Replacement Surgery in China: A 10-Year Real-World Study

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第6期14卷 270-286页

作者： Hirose shakya Anjing Chen Zong-Ke Zhou Department of Orthopedics West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu China

Total knee arthroplasty (TKR) is the most common and costly surgical procedure performed, and it is considered one of the most successful clinical interventions for patients suffering from severe knee osteoarthritis (OA). The incidence of TKR, including demographics, incidence rates, lengths of hospital stay, and costs, was estimated from 2010 to 2019 by analyzing data extracted from the Joint Surgery Department in our hospital, which included a total of 6770 patients. We calculated the TKR risk ratios to compare the rate of TKR between different covariables such as gender, age group, and primary diagnoses. The annual volume of TKR increased by fivefold (5.14%), with a higher incidence observed in the 60 to 69 age group constituting approximately 36% of cases. There has also been an increase in incidence among young people (<50), which now stands at 6.2%. The rate ratio (RR) per female vs. male was found to be 3.0 and the RR of OA vs. RA was 0.09. The mean average length of stay (ALOS) in the hospital decreased from 15 to just 5 days during this period. Additionally, the adjusted mean cost per patient increased significantly from ¥ 38261 ± 3630.63 to ¥ 53115.17 ± 2831.35. The majority of TKR recipients were over 60 years old with osteoarthritis being identified as the main causative agent. It is worth noting that women are more susceptible to knee arthritis and there is a concerning shift toward younger individuals being affected by this disease. Our results indicate a rise in in-hospital costs alongside a significant decline in hospital ALOS for TKR procedures. We predict an unprecedented rise in TKR incidence in the coming years due to population aging and improving economic conditions in China.

关键词： Database Medical Resources Total Knee Replacement

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Virtual surgical planning is a useful tool in the surgical management of mandibular condylar fractures

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2022年第3期25卷 151-155页

作者： Shubhechha shakya Kai-De Li Dou Huang Zuo-Qiang Liu Xiao Zhang Lei Liu State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases&Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China

Purpose:The aim of this study is to evaluate the application value of virtual surgical planning in the management of mandibular condylar fractures and to provide a reliable reference.Methods:This was a prospective randomized controlled study and recruited 50 patients requiring surgical treatment for their mandibular condylar fractures.The inclusion criteria were patients(1)diagnosed with a condylar fracture by two clinically experienced doctors and required surgical treatment;(2)have given consent for the surgical treatment;and(3)had no contraindications to the surgery.Patients were excluded from this study if:(1)they were diagnosed with a non-dislocated or only slightly dislocated condylar fracture;(2)the comminuted condylar fracture was too severe to be treated with internal reduction and fixation;or(3)patients could not complete follow-up for 3 months.There were 33 male and 17 female patients with 33 unilateral condylar fractures and 17 bilateral condylar fractures included.The 50 patients were randomly(random number)divided into control group(25 patients with 35 sides of condylar fractures)and experimental group(25 patients with 32 sides of condylar fractures).Virtual surgical planning was used in the experimental group,but only clinical experience was used in the control group.The patients were followed up for 1,3,6 and 12 months after operation.Variables including the rate of perfect reduction by radiological analysis,the average distance of deviation between preoperative and postoperative CT measurements using Geomagic software and postoperative clinical examinations(e.g.,mouth opening,occlusion)were investigated for outcome measurement.SPSS 19 was adopted for data analysis.Results:The average operation time was 180.60 min in the experimental group and 223.2 min in the control group.One week postoperatively,CT images showed that the anatomic reduction rate was 90.63%(29/32)in the experimental group and 68.57%(24/35)in the control group,revealing significant difference(X^(2)=4.919,p=0.027).Geomagic comparat

关键词： Virtual surgical planning Condylar fractures Surgical management Anatomical reduction Average distance of deviation

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Mini suture anchor: An effective device for reduction and fixation of displaced temporomandibular joint disc with intracapsular condylar fracture

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2022年第1期25卷 49-53页

作者： Shubhechha shakya Kai-De Li Dou Huang Zuo-Qiang Liu Zhi-Ru Liu Lei Liu State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China

Purpose::The main aim is to provide clinical reference for the application of mini suture anchor in the reduction and fixation of displaced temporomandibular joint(TMJ)disc with intracapsular condylar fracture.Methods::From October 2018 to October 2019,21 patients(31 sides)with intracapsular condylar fractures and articular disc displacement from West China Hospital of Stomatology,Sichuan University were included.The selection criteria were:(1)mandibular condylar fractures accompanied by displacement of the TMJ disc,confirmed by clinical examination,CT scan and other auxiliary examinations;(2)indication for surgical treatment;(3)no surgical contraindications;(4)no previous history of surgery in the operative area;(5)no facial nerve injury before the surgery;(6)informed consent to participate in the research program and(7)complete data.Patients without surgical treatment were excluded.The employed patients were followed up at 1,3,6 and 12 months after operation.Outcomes were assessed by success rate of operation,TMJ function and radiological examination results at 3 months after operation.Data were expressed as number and percent and analyzed using SPSS 19.0.Results::All the surgical procedures were completed successfully and all the articular discs were firmly attached to the condyles.The articular disc sufficiently covered the condylar head after the fixation.The fixation remained stable when the mandible was moved in each direction by the surgeons.No complications occurred.The functions of the TMJ were well-recovered postoperatively in most cases.CT scan revealed that the screws were completely embedded in the bone without loosening or displacement.Conclusion::Mini suture anchor can provide satisfactory stabilization for the reduced articular disc and also promote the recovery of TMJ functions.

关键词： Intracapsular condylar fracture Displacement of temporomandibular joint disc Disc reduction Disc fixation Mini suture anchor

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Long-term results of type I tympanoplasty with perichondrium reinforced cartilage palisade vs temporalis fascia for large perforations:A retrospective study

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Journal of Otology 2021年第1期16卷 12-17页

作者： Dipesh shakya Ajit Nepal Department of Otorhinolaryngology Civil Service HospitalMinbhawanKathmanduNepal Department of Otorhinolaryngology Patan Academy of Health SciencesSchool of MedicineLagankhelLalitpurNepal

Objective:To compare the rate of graft uptake and postoperative hearing outcomes of Type I tympanoplasty with perichondrium reinforced cartilage palisade to temporalis fascia for large tympanic membrane(TM)perforations over 5 years follow-up period.Materials and methods:This was a retrospective comparative study involving patients with chronic otitis media with large TM perforations.The patients underwent type I tympanoplasty using either perichondrium reinforced cartilage palisade(CP group)or temporalis fascia(TF group)as the graft via a transmeatal approach and under local anesthesia.Morphological and functional results were recorded at three-and five years follow-up.Demographic profiles including age and sex,surgery side,contralateral disease and graft uptake rate,as well as hearing outcomes,were compared between the two groups.Results:At three years follow-up,graft uptake was 94.87%for perichondrium reinforced cartilage palisade and 80.7%for fascia,respectively,(p¼0.67).At five years follow-up,the uptake rate dropped to 87.17%in the CP group,but to 66.6%in the TF group(p¼0.019).Hearing improved after surgery in both groups,and showed no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion:Over long-term,perichondrium reinforced palisade showed a statistically significant better outcome regarding graft uptake than temporalis fascia in type Itympanoplasty for large TM perforations with comparable audiometric results.

关键词： Tympanoplasty Large perforation Temporalis fascia Cartilage palisade Perichondrium

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Key points in surgical management of mandibular condylar fractures

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2020年第2期23卷 63-70页

作者： Shubhechha shakya Xiao Zhang Lei Liu State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases&National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China

Mandibular condylar fractures are among the most common facial fractures and some of the most difficult to manage.Opinions about the management of mandibular condylar fractures differ among surgeons.With the implementation of new technology,an increased understanding of fracture man-agement,and better functional and morphological outcomes reported in the literature,open reduction and internal fixation is becoming many surgeons preferred choice for the treatment of condylar fractures.Because surgical treatment of such fractures is complex,certain factors must be considered to achieve satisfactory outcomes.In this article,we summarise six key points in the management of mandibular condylar fractures:virtual evaluation of condylar fracture,a suitable surgical approach,good reduction,stable internal fixation,repair of the articular disc,and restoration of the mandibular arch width.We believe that these points will help to improve the prognosis of mandibular condyle fractures.

关键词： Mandibular fractures Condylar fractures Template

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Optimization by Estimation of Distribution with DEUM Framework Based on Markov Random Fields

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2007年第3期4卷 262-272页

作者： Siddhartha shakya John McCall Intelligent Systems Research Center British Telicom Adastral ParkIpswich IP5 3REUK School of Computing The Robert Gordon University Aberdeen AB25 1HGUK

This paper presents a Markov random field （MRP） approach to estimating and sampling the probability distribution in populations of solutions. The approach is used to define a class of algorithms under the general heading distribution estimation using Markov random fields （DEUM）. DEUM is a subclass of estimation of distribution algorithms （EDAs） where interaction between solution variables is represented as an undirected graph and the joint probability of a solution is factorized as a Gibbs distribution derived from the structure of the graph. The focus of this paper will be on describing the three main characteristics of DEUM framework, which distinguishes it from the traditional EDA. They are： 1） use of MRF models, 2） fitness modeling approach to estimating the parameter of the model and 3） Monte Carlo approach to sampling from the model.

关键词： Estimation of distribution algorithms evolutionary algorithms fitness modeling Markov random fields Gibbs distri-bution.

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Mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of pristine and functionalized carbon nanotube reinforced metallic glass composites:A molecular dynamics approach

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2021年第1期17卷 234-244页

作者： Sumit Sharma S.K.Tiwari Sagar shakya Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr.B.R.Ambedkar National Institute of TechnologyJalandharIndia

This work uses the molecular dynamics approach to study the effects of functionalization of carbon nanotubes(CNTs)on the mechanical properties of Cu64Zr36 metallic glass(MG).Three types of functional groups,carboxylic,vinyl and ester were used.The effect of CNT volume fraction(Vf)and the number of functional groups attached to CNT,on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of CNT-MG composites was analysed using Biovia Materials Studio.At lower values of Vf(from 0 to 5%),the percentage increase in Young’s modulus was approximately 66%.As the value of Vf was increased further(from 5 to 12%),the rate of increase in Young’s modulus was reduced to 16%.The thermal conductivity was found to increase from 1.52 W/mK at Vf?0%to 5.88 W/mK at Vf?12%,thus giving an increase of approximately 286%.Functionalization of SWCNT reduced the thermal conductivity of the SWCNT-MG composites.

关键词： Molecular dynamics Carbon nanotube Metallic glass Mechanical properties Thermal conductivity

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Genetic variation in the chemokine receptor 5 gene and course of HIV infection;review on genetics and immunological aspect

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Genes & Diseases 2021年第4期8卷 475-483页

作者： M.K.Verma S.shakya Department of Biotechnology Acharya Nagarjuna UniversityNagarjuna NagarGunturAndhra Pradesh522510India Indian Institute of Technology Indore IndoreMadhya Pradesh453552India

Chemokines are small protein molecules associated with various physiological events precisely in immune modulation via dhemokine receptors.The chemokine receptors are G-protein coupled receptors express mainly on the cell surface of immune cells.Retrovi-ruses,including HIV in the early stage of infection,primarily target chemokines receptors and get intemalized easily into immune cells;T cell and escape from immune surveillance.HIV glycoprotein selectively develops an affinity for the extracellular domain of chemokines recep-tors and allows the pathogen to intemalize via CCR-5.Now,CCR-5 remains a crucial signaling pathway that can be translated into the therapeutic target by changing the receptor protein environment.Many populations have a mutation in coding and promoter regions of CCR-5,tun-ing a resistance for HIV infection.Natively,there are several mechanisms where the human genome remains in the dynamic state by changing its composition and acquiring variations.Sin-gle nucleotide polymorphism is spontaneous phenomenon responsible for precise and point mutation at the genome.Several studies have demonstrated that European and African Amer-ican populations are enriched in significant CCR5 promoter SNP(CCR5432)in the coding and promoter region as well.Now,such SNP can be an early-stage biomarker in studying HIV and other similar infections.Here,in this study,we have elucidated the role of SNP(both the pro-moter and coding region)and the fate of HIV infections.We also empathized with the genetics of such SNPs,mostly frequency and its immunological impact.

关键词： Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Chemokine and chemokine receptors Human immune deficiency viruses Single nucleotide polymorphism

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Comparative Ligandomic Analysis of Human Lung Epithelial Cells Exposed to PM2.5

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2020年第3期33卷 165-173页

作者： TIAN Hong Akhalesh shakya WANG Feng WU Wei Dong LI Wei School of Public Health Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang 453003HenanChina Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiami 33136FloridaUSA Department of Genomic Medicine UT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77054TXUSA

Objective To investigate whether exposure to particulate matter of diameter equal to or less than 2.5μm(PM2.5)alters the response of lung epithelial cells to extrinsic regulation by globally profiling cell surface ligands and quantifying their binding activity.Methods Human A549 lung epithelial cells(LECs)were treated with or without PM2.5.Ligandomic profiling was applied to these cells for the global identification of LEC-binding ligands with simultaneous quantification of binding activity.Quantitative comparisons of the entire ligandome profiles systematically identified ligands with increased or decreased binding to PM2.5-treated LECs.Results We found 143 ligands with increased binding to PM2.5-treated LECs and 404 ligands with decreased binding.Many other ligands showed no change in binding activity.For example,apolipoprotein E(ApoE),Notch2,and growth arrest-specific 6(Gas6)represent ligands with increased,decreased,or unchanged binding activity,respectively.Both ApoE and Gas6 are phagocytosis ligands,suggesting that phagocytic receptors on LECs after stimulation with PM2.5 were differentially upregulated by PM2.5.Conclusion These results suggest that the newly-developed ligandomics is a valuable approach to globally profile the response of LECs to PM2.5 in terms of regulating the expression of cell surface receptors,as quantified by ligand binding activity.This quantitative ligandome profiling will provide indepth understanding of the LEC molecular response on the cell surface to particulate matter air pollution.

关键词： PM2.5 Ligandomics Lung epithelial cell Comparative ligandomics Ligand

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