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Chinese Geographical Science 2018年第2期28卷 247-260页

作者： LI Yingcheng nicholas A.PHELPS School of Architecture Southeast University Bartlett School of Planning University College London

In this paper, we reconsider the defining but often overlooked ‘hinge' function of megalopolises by analyzing how megalopolises have articulated national and international urban systems in the context of a globalizing knowledge economy. Taking the case of China's Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region, we particularly focus on knowledge circulation within and beyond the YRD region by analyzing the pattern and process of knowledge collaboration at different geographical scales during the 2004–2014 period. Results show that the structure of scientific knowledge collaboration as reflected by co-publications has been strongest at the national scale whereas that of technological knowledge collaboration as measured by co-patents has been strongest at the global scale. Despite this difference, the structure of both scientific and technological knowledge collaboration has been functionally polycentric at the megalopolitan scale but become less so at the national and global scales. The ‘globally connected but locally disconnected' pattern of Shanghai's external knowledge collaboration suggests that the gateway role of the YRD megalopolis in promoting knowledge collaboration at different geographical scales will take time before it is fully realized.

关键词：合作网络知识经济特大城市长江三角洲中国科技科学知识全球化

Presentation of hepatocellular antigens

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2016年第3期13卷 293-300页

作者： Arash Grakoui Ian nicholas Crispe Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center Atlantal GAUSA Department of Pathology University of Washington Seattle WA USA.

The liver is an organ in which antigen-specific T-cell responses manifest a bias toward immune tolerance. This is clearly seen in the rejection of allogeneic liver transplants, and multiple other phenomena suggest that this effect is more general. These include tolerance toward antigens introduced via the portal vein, immune failure to several hepatotropic viruses, the lack of natural liverstage immunity to malaria parasites, and the frequent metastasis of cancers to the liver. Here we review the mechanisms by which T cells engage with hepatocellular antigens, the context in which such encounters occur, and the mechanisms that act to suppress a full T-cell response. While many mechanisms play a role, we will argue that two important processes are the constraints on the cross-presentation of hepatocellular antigens, and the induction of negative feedback inhibition driven by interferons. The constant exposure of the liver to microbial products from the intestine may drive innate immunity, rendering the local environment unfavorable for specific T-cell responses through this mechanism. Nevertheless, tolerance toward hepatocellular antigens is not monolithic and under specific circumstances allows both effective immunity and immunopathology.

关键词： liver hepatocytes immunity tolerance

Animal personalities and their implications for complex signaling

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Current Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 381-386页

作者： nicholas DIRIENZO Ann V HEDRICK Department of Neurobiology Physiology & Behavior Animal Behavior Graduate Group University of California Davis CA 95616 USA Department of Neurobiology Physiology & Behavior University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

Animal personalities have been a major focus of behavioral ecology over the past decade. Consistent individual differences in behavior have been found across taxa, and have been shown to influence a range of ecological processes. The role of personalities in sexual selection has been considered, and examples exist that show selection for personality traits with both assortative and disassortative mating patterns between personality types. One overlooked aspect of the personality and sexual selection literature is the potential for personality-signaling interactions, specifically with complex signaling. Complex signaling is a diverse topic in itself, and in short, consists of multiple signals within one or more modalities that interact to elicit a receiver response. Research into complex signaling has been thorough, although at times studies discover complex signaling systems that fail to fit into one of the existing hypotheses in the literature. Here, we argue that personalities may interact with complex signaling, which should be considered by researchers of both personality and sexual selection and communication. We describe several ways in which personality-complex signaling interactions could affect both the signaler and receiver, and the way in which they may drive personality-specific signals as well as receiver preferences. Finally, we discuss how considering personality in complex signaling studies may inform theory as well as improve the ability of researchers to accurately describe its function.

关键词：信号器个性动物行为生态学人格类型信令系统研究人员生态过程

Purines:From Diagnostic Biomarkers to Therapeutic Agents in Brain Injury

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2020年第11期36卷 1315-1326页

作者： Bruno G.Frenguelli nicholas Dale School of Life Sciences The University WarwickCoventry CV47ALUK

The purines constitute a family of inter-related compounds that serve a broad range of important intracellular and extracellular biological *** particular,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and its metabolite and precursor,adenosine,regulate a wide variety of cellular and systems-level physiological processes extending from ATP acting as the cellular energy currency,to the adenosine arising from the depletion of cellular ATP and responding to reduce energy demand and hence to preserve ATP during times of metabolic *** inter-relationship provides opportunities for both the diagnosis of energy depletion during conditions such as stroke,and the replenishment of ATP after such *** this review we address these opportunities and the broad potential of purines as diagnostics and restorative agents.

关键词： Purines Adenosine ATP Biomarker Stroke Cerebral ischemia Traumatic brain injury Adenine D-ribose

Single-cell RNA-sequencing and subcellular spatial transcriptomics facilitate the translation of liver microphysiological systems for regulatory application

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药物分析学报:英文版 2023年第7期13卷 691-693页

作者： Dan Li Zhou Fang Qiang Shi nicholas Zhang Binsheng Gong Weida Tong Ahmet F.Coskun Joshua Xu Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S.Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonAR72079USA Wallace H.Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30332USA Machine Learning Graduate Program Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA Division of Systems Biology National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S.Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonAR72079USA Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA Parker H.Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA

Reducing the use of animal models in drug development and safety assessment has long been supported by the *** and Drug Administration(FDA).The report by Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals indicates that in 2020,experiments involved the use of over 100 million animals,with the United States leading the list by utilizing 20 million *** ethical considerations associated with animal testing and the costs in terms of time and money,animal models are not always effective in predicting human reactions to drug *** animal testing has been the traditional method for assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs.

关键词： money utilizing testing

Teleseismic waves reveal anisotropic poroelastic response of wastewater disposal reservoir

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2021年第6期5卷 547-558页

作者： Andrew J Barbour nicholas M Beeler u.s.geological survey earthquake science centerusa

Connecting earthquake nucleation in basement rock to fluid injection in basal,sedimentary reservoirs,depends heavily on choices related to the poroelastic properties of the fluid-rock system,thermo-chemical effects *** constraints on these parameters outside of laboratory settings are rare,and it is commonly assumed that the rock layers are *** the Arbuckle wastewater disposal reservoir in Osage County,Oklahoma,high-frequency formation pressure changes and collocated broadband ground velocities measured during the passing of large teleseismic waves show a poroelastic response of the reservoir that is both azimuthally variable and anisotropic;this includes evidence of static shifts in pressure that presumably relate to changes in local *** azimuthal dependence in both the static response and shear coupling appears related to tectonic stress and strain indicators such as the orientations of the maximum horizontal stress and faults and *** dynamic strains from a nearby borehole strainmeter,we show that the ratio of shear to volumetric strain coupling is~0.41 which implies a mean Skempton's coefficient of A=0.24 over the plausible range of the undrained Poisson's *** these observations are made at relatively low confining pressure and differential stress,we suggest that the hydraulically conductive fracture network is a primary control on the coupling between pore pressure diffusion and elastic stresses in response to natural or anthropogenic sources.

关键词： poroelasticity dynamic strain anisotropy wastewater disposal Oklahoma induced seismicity

Pan-retinal ganglion cell markers in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques

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Zoological Research 2023年第1期44卷 226-248页

作者： Francisco M.Nadal-Nicolás Caridad Galindo-Romero Fernando Lucas-Ruiz nicholas Marsh-Amstrong Wei Li Manuel Vidal-Sanz Marta Agudo-Barriuso Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla(IMIB)Murcia 30120Spain Dpto.Oftalmología Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MurciaMurcia 30120Spain Retinal Neurophysiology Section National Eye InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland 20892-2510USA Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95817USA

Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using retrograde tracing of retinorecipient areas. This is an invasive technique, and its use is precluded in higher mammals such as monkeys. In the past decade, several RGC markers have been described. Here, we reviewed and analyzed the specificity of nine markers used to identify all or most RGCs, i.e., pan-RGC markers, in rats, mice, and macaques. The best markers in the three species in terms of specificity, proportion of RGCs labeled, and indicators of viability were BRN3A, expressed by vision-forming RGCs, and RBPMS, expressed by vision-and non-vision-forming RGCs. NEUN, often used to identify RGCs, was expressed by non-RGCs in the ganglion cell layer, and therefore was not RGC-specific. γ-SYN, TUJ1, and NF-L labeled the RGC axons, which impaired the detection of their somas in the central retina but would be good for studying RGC morphology. In rats, TUJ1 and NF-L were also expressed by non-RGCs. BM88, ERRβ,and PGP9.5 are rarely used as markers, but they identified most RGCs in the rats and macaques and ERRβ in mice. However, PGP9.5 was also expressed by non-RGCs in rats and macaques and BM88 and ERRβ were not suitable markers of viability.

关键词： RGC Optic nerve crush BM88 BRN3A Estrogen-related receptorβ ERRβ NEUN Neurofilament-L PGP9.5 RBPMS γ-SYN βIII-tubulin TUJ1

So you aspire to be a Professor?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第44期15卷 5626-5627页

作者： nicholas J Talley Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Professor of Medicine and EpidemiologyDivision of Gastroenterology & HepatologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine Consultant200 First Street S.W.PL-6-56Rochester MN 55905United States

'The truth is that life is delicious,horrible,charming,frightful,sweet,bitter,and that is everything.

关键词：胃疾病临床治疗疗效

A focused review on recent advances in diagnosis and management of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma

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Hepatoma Research 2022年第1期8卷 284-300页

作者： Mahmoud Aryan nicholas Forrister Nishah Panchani Bijal Vashi Zahara Chowdhury Haider A.Mejbel Mohamed Shoreibah Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham17202nd Avenue SouthBDB 327BirminghamAL 35294USA University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Department of Medicine17202nd Ave S.BirminghamAL 35294USA University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Medicine Department of Medicine2500 N State St.JacksonMS 39213USA Division of Surgical and Molecular Genetics Pathology Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham61919th St SBirminghamAL 35233USA Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham18087th Avenue SouthBDB 391BirminghamAL 35294USA

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma(FHCC)is a rare primary malignancy of the liver for which data remain *** tumor is more often diagnosed in younger patient populations in the absence of underlying cirrhosis and *** lesions can be diagnosed on computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging with common findings including central calcifications,a central stellate scar,and radiating fibrotic *** markers have not proved useful for diagnosis;however,pathologic analysis can be implemented to aid in diagnosis with findings including ample granular eosinophilic cytoplasm,nuclei with open chromatin and prominent macronuclei,hyaline and pale bodies,and dense lamellar fibrosis that divides the cells into cords or *** demonstrates aggressive malignant potential with nodal *** patterns have remained mainly surgical;however,systemic therapies have been implemented and are under further investigation with clinical *** therapies and radiation therapies have been trialed *** this focused review,we discuss the most up-to-date perspective on epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnostic approach,differential diagnosis,treatment regimens,prognosis,and future directions of FHCC.

关键词： Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis treatment surgery systemic histology review

Effects of the Morphology of the Electrode Nanostructures on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

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Nano Research 2008年第6期1卷 483-489页

作者： nicholas N.Bwana Department of Computer Science Mathematicsand PhysicsThe University of the West IndiesCave Hill CampusSt.MichaelBarbados

This article reports the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells based on different working electrode structures,namely(1)highly ordered arrays of TiO_(2)nanorods,(2)highly ordered arrays of TiO_(2)nanotubules of different wall thicknesses,and(3)sintered TiO_(2)*** though highest short-circuit current density was achieved with systems based on TiO_(2)nanotubules,the most effi cient cells were those based on ordered arrays of TiO_(2)*** is probably due to the higher open-circuit photovoltage values attained with TiO_(2)nanorods compared with TiO_(2)*** nanorods are thicker than the nanotubules and therefore the injected electrons,stored in the trap states of the inner TiO_(2)particles,are shielded from recombination with holes in the redox electrolyte at *** high short-circuit photocurrent densities seen in the ordered TiO_(2)systems can be explained by the fact that,in contrast to the sintered nanoparticles,the parallel and vertical orientation of the ordered nanostructures provide well defi ned electron percolation paths and thus signifi cantly reduce the diffusion distance and time constant.

关键词： Electrode nanorods nanotubules sintered efficiency