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Characterization of Chitotriosidase Enzyme Activity in the Serum of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2018年第5期8卷 81-90页

作者： Kenneth Kidder Rodolfo Falconi mark merchant Department of Chemistry McNeese State University Lake Charles USA

Chitotriosidase (ChT) is an endoglucosaminidase enzyme that cleaves chitinous substrates and has been strongly associated with innate immune activity and the ability to identify non-selftissues. This enzyme activity was detected and characterized the serum from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) using a fluorometric probe. Alligator serum exhibited volume-dependent activity, with activity (2.1 ± 0.3 μmol/min) observed at dilutions as low as a 1:150, and maximum activity (5.2 ± 0.6 μmol/min) measured at a dilution of 1:30. Alligator serum ChT showed linear activity for approximately 20 min, at which time activity decreased exponentially, presumably due to the depletion of substrate. In addition, the ChT activity in alligator serum was temperature-dependent with low activity at 5°C, a sharp increase from 10°C - 30°C, and maximal activity from 30°C - 40°C. The activity was inhibited in the presence of water-soluble chitin, but not mannan, indicating the specificity of the enzyme. The presence of ChT in alligator serum is likely to be partially responsible for the potent innate immune system of these crocodylians, and particularly antifungal activities.

关键词： Antifungal Crocodilian Crocodylian Innate Immunity

Characterization of serum complement activity in serum of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis)

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2012年第4期2卷 353-359页

作者： mark merchant Danyell Henry Rodolfo Falconi Becky Muscher Judith Bryja Department of Chemistry McNeese State University Lake Charles USA Department of Herpetology Houston Zoo Houston USA Department of Herpetology San Antonio Zoo San Antonio USA

Incubation of different volumes of serum from the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) resulted in volume-dependent hemolysis, as measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm. The hemolysis occurred rapidly, with almost 90% of the hemolytic activity occurring within 20 min of incubation. A thermal profile showed that Komodo dragon serum exhibited low activity from 5- 20℃, but exerted maximum activity at 35℃, which was substantially reduced at 40℃. The maximum activity was observed near optimal temperatures to which Komodo dragons thermoregulate. Mild heat treatment of Komodo dragon serum (56℃, 30 min) depleted the ability to hemolyze SRBCs. In addition, preincubation of Komodo dragon serum with only 5 mM EDTA or phosphate, both chelators of divalent metal ions, reduced the hemolytic activity sharply. These results indicate that the hemolytic activity was due to the presence of a potent serum complement system. Incubation of Komodo dragon serum with 5 mM EDTA and 15 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+, but not Ba2+, Zn2+, or Fe2+, completely restored activity. These results indicate that Komodo dragon serum complement activity requires the presence of Mg2+ or Ca2+. This is the first assessment of innate immune activity of a Varanid.

关键词： Innate Immunity SRBC Hemolysis Varanid

Comparison of Serum Phospholipase A2Activities of All Known Extant Crocodylian Species

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2017年第4期7卷 151-160页

作者： mark merchant Charles McAdon Stephanie Mead Justin McFatter Caleb D. McMahan Rebeckah Griffith Christopher M. Murray Department of Chemistry McNeese State University Lake Charles LA USA The Field Museum of Natural History Chicago IL USA Department of Math Computer Science and Statistics McNeese State University Lake Charles LA USA Department of Biology Tennessee Technological University Cookeville TN USA

Serum samples from all 23 extant crocodilian species were tested for phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity against nine different bacterial species. The data were used?to generate a PLA2 activity profile for each crocodilian species, and the data were used to compare the activities of the three main lineages (Alligatoridae,?Crocodylidae, and Gavialidae), the seven different genera, and to compare all?of the 23 individual species. The data revealed that the three lineages ofcrocodilians (Alligatoridae, Crocodylidae, and Gavialidae) exhibited PLA2 activities toward nine species of bacteria that were statistically?distinguishable. In?addition,?the PLA2 activities of crocodilians in a specific genus tended to be more similar to other?members in their genus than to members of other crocodilian genera.

关键词： Antibacterial Antimicrobial Crocodilian Crocodylia Crocodylidae Gavialidae Innate Immunity Phylogeny PLA2

Tuberculosis conundrum-current and future scenarios:A proposed comprehensive approach combining laboratory,imaging,and computing advances

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World Journal of Radiology 2022年第6期14卷 114-136页

作者： Suleman Adam merchant Mohd Javed Saifullah Shaikh Prakash Nadkarni Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital Mumbai 400022MaharashtraIndia Department of Radiology North Bengal Neuro CentreJupiter magnetic resonance imagingDiagnostic CentreSiliguri 734003West BengalIndia College of Nursing University of IowaIowa 52242IAUnited States

Tuberculosis(TB)remains a global threat,with the rise of multiple and extensively drug resistant TB posing additional challenges.The International health community has set various 5-yearly targets for TB elimination:mathematical modelling suggests that a 2050 target is feasible with a strategy combining better diagnostics,drugs,and vaccines to detect and treat both latent and active infection.The availability of rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools(Gene-Xpert,TB-Quick)will vastly facilitate population-level identification of TB(including rifampicin resistance and through it,multi-drug-resistant TB).Basicresearch advances have illuminated molecular mechanisms in TB,including the protective role of Vitamin D.Also,Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs the host immune response through epigenetic mechanisms(histone-binding modulation).Imaging will continue to be key,both for initial diagnosis and follow-up.We discuss advances in multiple imaging modalities to evaluate TB tissue changes,such as molecular imaging techniques(including pathogen-specific positron emission tomography imaging agents),non-invasive temporal monitoring,and computing enhancements to improve data acquisition and reduce scan times.Big data analysis and Artificial Intelligence(AI)algorithms,notably in the AI subfield called“Deep Learning”,can potentially increase the speed and accuracy of diagnosis.Additionally,Federated learning makes multi-institutional/multi-city AI-based collaborations possible without sharing identifiable patient data.More powerful hardware designs-e.g.,Edge and Quantum Computing-will facilitate the role of computing applications in TB.However,“Artificial Intelligence needs real Intelligence to guide it!”To have maximal impact,AI must use a holistic approach that incorporates time tested human wisdom gained over decades from the full gamut of TB,i.e.,key imaging and clinical parameters,including prognostic indicators,plus bacterial and epidemiologic data.We propose a similar holistic approach at the level of national/inter

关键词： Tuberculosis Radiology GenXpert Artificial intelligence Molecular imaging Quantum computing

Augmentation of literature review of COVID-19 radiology

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World Journal of Radiology 2022年第9期14卷 342-351页

作者： Suleman Adam merchant Prakash Nadkarni Mohd Javed Saifullah Shaikh LTM Medical College<M General Hospital Mumbai 400022MaharashtraIndia College of Nursing University of IowaIowa CityIA 52242United States Department of Radiology North Bengal Neuro Centre-Jupiter MRI&Diagnostic CentreSiliguri 734003West BengalIndia

We suggest an augmentation of the excellent comprehensive review article titled“Comprehensive literature review on the radiographic findings,imaging modalities,and the role of radiology in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic”under the following categories:(1)“Inclusion of additional radiological features,related to pulmonary infarcts and to COVID-19 pneumonia”;(2)“Amplified discussion of cardiovascular COVID-19 manifestations and the role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring and prognosis”;(3)“Imaging findings related to fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography,optical,thermal and other imaging modalities/devices,including‘intelligent edge’and other remote monitoring devices”;(4)“Artificial intelligence in COVID-19 imaging”;(5)“Additional annotations to the radiological images in the manuscript to illustrate the additional signs discussed”;and(6)“A minor correction to a passage on pulmonary destruction”.

关键词： COVID-19 radiological findings Chest radiographs Hamptons hump Westermark sign Computed tomography Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging COVID-19-associated coagulopathy COVID-19 imaging Artificial intelligence in COVID-19

Enhancing medical-imaging artificial intelligence through holistic use of time-tested key imaging and clinical parameters:Future insights

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Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging 2022年第3期3卷 55-69页

作者： Prakash Nadkarni Suleman Adam merchant College of Nursing University of IowaIowa CityIA 52242United States Department of Radiology LTM Medical College&LTM General HospitalMumbai 400022MaharashtraIndia

Much of the published literature in Radiology-related Artificial Intelligence(AI)focuses on single tasks,such as identifying the presence or absence or severity of specific lesions.Progress comparable to that achieved for general-purpose computer vision has been hampered by the unavailability of large and diverse radiology datasets containing different types of lesions with possibly multiple kinds of abnormalities in the same image.Also,since a diagnosis is rarely achieved through an image alone,radiology AI must be able to employ diverse strategies that consider all available evidence,not just imaging information.Using key imaging and clinical signs will help improve their accuracy and utility tremendously.Employing strategies that consider all available evidence will be a formidable task;we believe that the combination of human and computer intelligence will be superior to either one alone.Further,unless an AI application is explainable,radiologists will not trust it to be either reliable or bias-free;we discuss some approaches aimed at providing better explanations,as well as regulatory concerns regarding explainability(“transparency”).Finally,we look at federated learning,which allows pooling data from multiple locales while maintaining data privacy to create more generalizable and reliable models,and quantum computing,still prototypical but potentially revolutionary in its computing impact.

关键词： Medical imaging Artificial intelligence Federated learning holistic approach Quantum computing Future insights

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in gastrointestinal cancers:A systemic review

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2021年第1期13卷 1-11页

作者： Maham Farshidpour Monjur Ahmed Shilpa Junna Juanita L merchant Inpatient Medicine Banner University of Medical CenterTucsonAZ 85724United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal MedicineThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA 19107United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Banner University of Medical CenterTucsonAZ 85724United States

Gastrointestinal(GI)cancers are one of the most common malignancies worldwide,with high rates of morbidity and mortality.Myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)are major components of the tumor microenvironment(TME).MDSCs facilitate the transformation of premalignant cells and play roles in tumor growth and metastasis.Moreover,in patients with GI malignancies,MDSCs can lead to the suppression of T cells and natural killer cells.Accordingly,a better understanding of the role and mechanism of action of MDSCs in the TME will aid in the development of novel immune-targeted therapies.

关键词： Myeloid-derived suppressor cells Gastrointestinal cancers Immune checkpoint inhibitors Tumor progression

Introduction of new techniques and technologies in surgery: Where is transanal total mesorectal excision today?

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2020年第5期12卷 203-207页

作者： Antonio Caycedo-Marulanda Sunil Patel Shaila merchant Carl Brown Department of surgery Queen’s University and Kingston General HospitalKingston K7L 2V7OntarioCanada Department of Surgery University of British Columbia and St.Paul HospitalVancouver V6Z 1Y6British ColumbiaCanada

The introduction of new surgical techniques and technologies has traditionally been unregulated.In many settings surgeons frequently adopt novel procedures without following a structured program of implementation or supervision.The appearance of innovative technology played a pivotal role in the advancement of new surgical techniques during the industrial revolution.Innovation has been an essential component of surgical development,which led to contemporary surgical techniques such as minimally invasive surgery.Different initiatives have been developed to guide the safe introduction of new surgical techniques and other procedures.Those include comprehensive concepts such as the Idea,Development,Exploration,Assessment,Long-term study framework,which could be particularly relevant when reflecting on the novel transanal total mesorectal excision(taTME),introduced a decade ago.This relatively novel and complex procedure promised to overcome some of the major limitations of traditional surgical approaches for rectal cancer.According to the Idea,Development,Exploration,Assessment,Long-term study framework,taTME is in the phase of exploration,where there is an existing and increasing number of reports being published as the experience grows.The current management of rectal cancer is in a state of radical evolution,with multiple options that were not previously available.Ta TME is only one technique amongst many which could be part of a rectal cancer surgeon’s armamentarium;however,it requires further rigorous study and evaluation.

关键词： Rectal cancer New technology Safety Innovation Transanal surgery

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死亡识别化学信号相关术语的标准化

植物保护学报 2022年第1期49卷 240-249页

作者：石冀哲 merchant Austin 王青华周序国 Department of Entomology University of KentuckyLexington 40546KentuckyUSA 中国林业科学院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所北京100091

对同类的死亡作出响应并非人类独有,昆虫与其他动物也会面对同类死亡作出相近反应。在过去的几十年,大量与死亡相关的文章相继发表,直至2018年,研究人员整合了所有相关研究并提出了一个新的研究领域——进化死亡学,旨在从进化的角度综... 详细信息

对同类的死亡作出响应并非人类独有,昆虫与其他动物也会面对同类死亡作出相近反应。在过去的几十年,大量与死亡相关的文章相继发表,直至2018年,研究人员整合了所有相关研究并提出了一个新的研究领域——进化死亡学,旨在从进化的角度综合研究人类及其他动物的死亡过程与影响。死亡相关化学物质的研究在该领域的形成和发展过程中发挥了重要作用。在进化死亡学这样的跨学科研究领域,往往会出现由于专业术语不统一而阻碍其发展的现象,因此,专业术语的标准化就显得尤为重要。该文将循证系统评价和荟萃分析中的首选报告项目(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis,PRISMA)与关键词共现联合分析相结合,对已发表文献中死亡相关化学物质的术语进行了整理和量化分析,总结和探讨了相关术语使用中的主要问题,并对未来相关术语的标准化使用提出了建议。结果表明在已存在可用相关术语的情况下,其他术语仍不断被创造和引入;同一领域内不同术语用于描述相同的概念;相同术语用于描述其他领域的不同概念。由于现有术语已足够描述可能出现的死亡相关化学物质,且目前对死亡及其相关化学物质在调控行为方面的机理和进化知之甚少,建议今后的研究尽量避免引入新术语,并使用死亡信号(death cue)作为描述死亡相关化学物质的标准术语。精简统一的标准化术语不仅有利于从进化角度跨物种比较研究死亡现象,还将推动进化死亡学这一新兴综合学科的整体发展。

关键词：死亡相关化学物质死亡信号专业术语进化死亡学