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On Return Periodof the Largest Historical Flood

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2014年第3期2卷 144-152页

作者： Witold G.Strupczewski krzysztof kochanek Ewa Bogdanowicz Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of SciencesKsięcia JanuszaWarsawPoland Institute of Meteorology and Water Management PodlesnaWarsawPoland

The use of nonsystematic flood data for statistical purposes depends on reliability of assessment both flood magnitudes and their return period. The earliest known extreme flood year is usually the beginning of the historical record. Even though the magnitudes of historic floods are properly assessed, a problem of their retun periods remains unsolved. Only largest flood (XM) is known during whole historical period and its occurrence carves the mark of the beginning of the historical period and defines its length (L). So, it is a common practice of using the earliest known flood year as the beginning of the record. It means that the L value selected is an empirical estimate of the lower bound on the effective historical length M. The estimation of the return period of XM based on its occurrence, i.e. , gives the severe upward bias. Problem is to estimate the time period (M) representative of the largest observed flood XM. From the discrete uniform distribution with support of the probability of the L position of XM one gets ?which has been taken as the return period of XM and as the effective historical record length. The efficiency of using the largest historical flood (XM) for large quantile estimation (i.e. one with return period T = 100 years) has been assessed using maximum likelihood (ML) method with various length of systematic record (N) and various estimates of historical period length ?com- paring accuracy with the case when only systematic records alone (N) are used. The i-th simula- tion procedure incorporates systematic record and one largest historic flood (XMi) in the period M which appeared in the Li year backward from the end of historical period. The simulation result for selected distributions, values of their parameters, different N and M values are presented in terms of bias (B) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the quantile of interest and widely discussed.

关键词： Flood Frequency Analysis Historical Information Error Analysis Maximum Likelihood Monte Carlo Simulations

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Flood Risk for Embanked Rivers

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2014年第3期2卷 135-143页

作者： Ewa Bogdanowicz Witold G.Strupczewski krzysztof kochanek Iwona Markiewicz Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Podlesna 6101-673 WarsawPoland Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of SciencesKsiecia Janusza 6401-452 WarsawPoland

Flood frequency analysis (FFA) concentrates on peak flows of flood hydrographs. However, floods that last years devastated large parts of Poland lead us to revision of the views on the assessment of flood risk in Poland. It turned out that it is the prolonged exposure to high water on levees that causes floods, not only the water overflowing the levee crest. This is because, the levees are weakened by water and their disruption occurs when it seems that the danger is over, i.e. after passing culmination. Two main causes of inundation of embanked rivers, namely over-crest flow and wash out of the levees, are combined to assess the total risk of inundation. Therefore the risk of inundation is the total of risk of exceeding embankment crest by flood peak and risk of washout of levees. Hence, while modeling the flood events in addition to the maximum flow one should consider also the duration of high water in a river channel, Analysis of the frequency of annual peak flows based on annual maxima and peaks over threshold is the subject of countless publications. Therefore we will here mainly modeling the duration of high water levels. In the paper the two-component model of flood hydrograph shape i.e. “duration of flooding-discharge- probability of nonexceedance” (DqF), with the methodology of its parameters estimation for stationary case was developed as a completion to the classical FFA with possible extension to non stationary flood regime. The model combined with the technical evaluation of probability of levees breach due to the d-days duration of flow above alarm stage gives the annual probability of inundation caused by the embankment breaking. The results of theoretical research were supplemented by a practical example of the model application to the series for daily flow in the Vistula River in Szczucin. Regardless promising results, this method is still in its infancy despite its great cognitive potential and practical importance. Therefore, we would like to poi

关键词： Flood Frequency Analysis Levee Break Flood Duration Maximum Likelihood Nonstationarity

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TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES RECRUIT CCR6+ REGULATORY T CELLS AND PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLOREACTAL TUMOR IN MICE

TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES RECRUIT CCR6+ REGULATORY T CELL...

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2010’全国肿瘤分子标志及应用学术研讨会暨第五届中国中青年肿瘤专家论坛

作者： Karin Scharffetter-kochanek Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases University of Ulm

Background:Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs) are a prominent inflammatory cell population remodelling tumor microenvironment(1).Accumulated evidence

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Cytokinin but not gibberellin application had major impact on the phenylpropanoid pathway in grape

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Horticulture Research 2021年第1期8卷 599-613页

作者： Kamal Tyagi Itay Maoz Bettina kochanek Noa Sela Larry Lerno Susan EEbeler Amnon Lichter Department of Postharvest Science Agricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterRishon LeZionIsrael Department of Viticulture and Enology University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA Department of Plant Pathology Agricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterRishon LeZionIsrael Food Safety and Measurement Facility University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA

Cytokinin and gibberellic acid(GA)are growth regulators used to increase berry size in seedless grapes and it is of interest to understand their effects on the phenylpropanoid pathway and on ripening *** 3 and synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron(N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea,CPPU)and their combination were applied to 6 mm diameter fruitlets of‘Sable Seedless’,and berries were sampled 51 and 70 days(d)following *** treatments increased berry size and delayed sugar accumulation and acid degradation with a stronger effect of ***,but not GA,reduced berry color and the levels of *** CPPU reduced the levels of anthocyanins by more than 50%,the combined treatment of GA+CPPU reduced the levels by about 25%at 51 *** treatment had minor effects on flavonols content but increased the levels of monomeric flavan-3-ols by more than *** analysis using HPLC showed that proanthocyanidin content was significantly increased by CPPU,whereas mean degree of polymerization was reduced from 26 to *** analysis by GC-MS showed changes in composition with CPPU or GA treatment with potential impact on ***-seq analysis showed that GA had a minor overall effect on the transcriptome whereas CPPU had pronounced effects on gene expression at both 51 and 70 *** the control and CPPU at similar Brix of ca.19.7°,a reduced expression of stilbene synthases(STSs)including their regulators MYB14 and MYB15,and other phenylpropanoid-related genes was observed in CPPU-treated ***,our study shows that CPPU had a major influence on the phenylpropanoid pathway and affected multiple ripening-related processes.

关键词： CPPU impact treatment

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印度国大党

印度国大党

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1977年

作者： (美)科查内克

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Minocycline fails to improve neurologic and histologic outcome after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in rats

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World Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2019年第7期8卷 106-119页

作者： Andreas Janata Ingrid AM Magnet Kristin L Schreiber Caleb D Wilson Jason P Stezoski Keri Janesko-Feldman Patrick M kochanek Tomas Drabek Safar Center for Resuscitation Research University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA 15224United States Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA 15213United States Emergency Department KA RudolfstiftungVienna 1030Austria Department of Emergency Medicine Vienna General HospitalMedical University of ViennaVienna 1090Austria Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA 15213United States Department of Anesthesiology Perioperative and Pain MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115United States Wyoming Otolaryngology Wyoming Medical CenterCasperWY 82604United States

BACKGROUND Prolonged cardiac arrest(CA)produces extensive neuronal death and microglial proliferation and activation resulting in neuro-cognitive *** other potential mechanisms,microglia have been implicated as triggers of neuronal death after hypoxic-ischemic *** is neuroprotective in some brain ischemia models,either by blunting the microglial response or by a direct effect on *** To improve survival,attenuate neurologic deficits,neuroinflammation,and histological damage after ventricular fibrillation(VF)CA in *** Adult male isoflurane-anesthetized rats were subjected to 6 min VF CA followed by 2 min resuscitation including chest compression,epinephrine,bicarbonate,and *** return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC),rats were randomized to two groups:(1)Minocycline 90 mg/kg intraperitoneally(i.p.)at 15 min ROSC,followed by 22.5 mg/kg *** 12 h for 72 h;and(2)Controls,receiving the same volume of vehicle(phosphate-buffered saline).The rats were kept normothermic during the postoperative *** injury was assessed daily using Overall Performance Category(OPC;1=normal,5=dead)and Neurologic Deficit Score(NDS;0%=normal,100%=dead).Rats were sacrificed at 72 *** degeneration(Fluoro-Jade C staining)and microglia proliferation(anti-Iba-1 staining)were quantified in four selectively vulnerable brain regions(hippocampus,striatum,cerebellum,cortex)by three independent reviewers masked to the group *** In the minocycline group,8 out of 14 rats survived to 72 h compared to 8 out of 19 rats in the control group(P=0.46).The degree of neurologic deficit at 72 h[median,(interquartile range)]was not different between survivors in minocycline vs controls:OPC 1.5(1-2.75)vs 2(1.25-3),P=0.442;NDS 12(2-20)vs 17(7-51),P=0.328)or between all studied *** number of degenerating neurons(minocycline vs controls,mean±SEM:Hippocampus 58±8 vs 76±8;striatum 121±43 vs 153±32;cerebellum 20±7 vs 22

关键词： Heart arrest/pathology Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Survival rate Neurons/drug effects Microglia/drug effects Minocycline/pharmacology

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The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein regulates the abscission zone competence to respond to ethylene signals

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Horticulture Research 2018年第1期5卷 528-544页

作者： Srivignesh Sundaresan Sonia Philosoph-Hadas Chao Ma Cai-Zhong Jiang Joseph Riov Raja Mugasimangalam Betina kochanek Shoshana Salim Michael SReid Shimon Meir Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce Agricultural Research Organization(ARO)The Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyonIsrael The Robert H.Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Robert H.Smith Faculty of AgricultureFood and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael Department of Plant Sciences University of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA Crops Pathology&Genetic Research Unit USDA-ARSDavisCAUSA Department of Bioinformatics QTLomics Technologies Pvt.LtdBangaloreIndia Department of Nano Science and Technology Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatoreIndia Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops Department of Ornamental HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina

The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein(THyPRP)gene was specifically expressed in the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)flower abscission zone(FAZ),and its stable antisense silencing under the control of an abscission zone(AZ)-specific promoter,Tomato Abscission Polygalacturonase4,significantly inhibited tomato pedicel abscission following flower *** understanding the THyPRP role in regulating pedicel abscission,a transcriptomic analysis of the FAZ of THyPRP-silenced plants was performed,using a newly developed AZ-specific tomato microarray *** expression of THyPRP in the silenced plants was already observed before abscission induction,resulting in FAZ-specific altered gene expression of transcription factors,epigenetic modifiers,post-translational regulators,and *** data demonstrate that the effect of THyPRP silencing on pedicel abscission was not mediated by its effect on auxin balance,but by decreased ethylene biosynthesis and ***,THyPRP silencing revealed new players,which were demonstrated for the first time to be involved in regulating pedicel abscission *** include:gibberellin perception,Ca2+-Calmodulin signaling,Serpins and Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier proteins involved in post-translational modifications,Synthaxin and SNARE-like proteins,which participate in exocytosis,a process necessary for cell *** changes,occurring in the silenced plants early after flower removal,inhibited and/or delayed the acquisition of the competence of the FAZ cells to respond to ethylene *** results suggest that THyPRP acts as a master regulator of flower abscission in tomato,predominantly by playing a role in the regulation of the FAZ cell competence to respond to ethylene signals.

关键词： Hybrid inhibited competence

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治疗性低温在严重创伤性脑损伤中的应用

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美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2004年第4期23卷 219-220页

作者： PatrickM．kochanek PeterJ．Safar 祝洪澜祝学光 Author Affillations: Safar Center for Resuscitation Research Department of Critical Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology

至少从19世纪起，低温就被推荐用于严重创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury，TBI)的治疗。到20世纪60年代中期，中度低温(28℃～32℃)已成为全世界许多中心治疗TBI患者常规方案的一部分。但是，到80年代初，由于其长时间不加控制应用... 详细信息

至少从19世纪起，低温就被推荐用于严重创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury，TBI)的治疗。到20世纪60年代中期，中度低温(28℃～32℃)已成为全世界许多中心治疗TBI患者常规方案的一部分。但是，到80年代初，由于其长时间不加控制应用引起的感染并发症，人们对中度低温治疗TBI已失去热忱。与此相反，对于成人和儿童顽固性颅内高压低温仍然是一种可接受的治疗方案。90年代，轻度低温(33℃～36℃)在实验性不完全性大脑缺血和心脏骤停中的应用再次受到关注。有许多实验室应用TBI实验模型对低温治疗进行了研究。在已发表的40篇报道中，低温治疗的有效性可达90％以上。

关键词：治疗性低温创伤性脑损伤 TBI 低温治疗并发症

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以前难以诊断的骨髓增生异常综合征患者的皮肤白血病性浸润

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（皮肤病学分册） 2005年第2期1卷 30-31页

作者： Schneider L.A. Weber L. Viardot A. K. Scharffetter-kochanek 马慧群 Dept. of Dermatology and Allergology University of Ulm Maienweg 12 D-89081 Ulm Germany

We report the rare case of a patient with leukaemia cutis first presenting only on the hand and fingers and then subsequently spreading over the trunk and face. The lesions heralded the transformation of a previously undiagnosed myelodysplastic syndrome type RAEB (refractory anaemia with blast excess)-into frank myeloid leukaemia. The haematological disease was first detected by the dermatohistopathologist. This case underlines the need to look meticulously for skin changes and perform early skin biopsies in haematological patients, as the skin can reveal the first clinical signs of an otherwise not evident bone marrow disorder. Leukaemia cutis as the initial clinical presentation of a transforming myelodysplastic syndrome type RAEB into acute myeloid leukaemia has been reported only veryrarely.

关键词：皮肤白血病骨髓性白血病血液病患者皮肤组织病理骨髓疾病皮肤活检临床症状

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急性神经系统病变危重症患儿国际调查：PANGEA研究

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中国小儿急救医学 2017年第2期24卷 108-108页

作者： Fink EL kochanek PM Tasker RC 方伯梁首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院

目的儿童重症神经系统病变的国际状况尚未明确。本研究旨在评估PICU内急性神经系统病变患儿发病率及预后。设计前瞻性研究。场所多中心(107家PICU)多国(23个国家, 79%位于北美及欧洲)联合研究。对象因新发颅脑创伤、卒中、心搏骤停、中... 详细信息

目的儿童重症神经系统病变的国际状况尚未明确。本研究旨在评估PICU内急性神经系统病变患儿发病率及预后。设计前瞻性研究。场所多中心(107家PICU)多国(23个国家, 79%位于北美及欧洲)联合研究。对象因新发颅脑创伤、卒中、心搏骤停、中枢神经系统感染或炎症、癫痫持续、脊髓损伤、脑积水或颅内占位入住ICU的7 d～17岁患儿。干预措施无。方法及主要结果研究评估预诊断急性神经系统病变患儿的发病率及预后。记录患儿及各中心特点。不良预后定义为病变前后儿童脑功能分类评分(pediatric cerebral performance category, PCPC)下降≥2分或出院时/3个月内死亡, 以先者为准。筛查数据后总体发病率为16.2%。924例急性神经系统病变患儿中, 心搏骤停(23%)及颅脑创伤(19%)为最常见病因。出院全因病死率12%。心搏骤停患儿病死率最高(24%), 颅脑创伤患儿预后最差(49%)。南美、亚洲及一个非洲中心内感染及炎症为最常见神经系统病变, 余中心则为心搏骤停。结论神经系统病变为一项国际性重大儿童医疗问题, 较为常见且病死率及并发症率较高。本研究提示需关注儿童及婴幼儿急性重症神经系统疾病, 包括增加研究, 加强临床资源配置及开发新的治疗方案。

关键词：儿童流行病学神经重症监护预后国际

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