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Polish District Heating Systems--Development Perspectives

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2016年第3期10卷 268-279页

作者： krzysztof Wojdyga Faculty of Environmental Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw 00-653 Poland

The most economical and rational means of heat supply for city inhabitants are district heating systems. Heat generated in power plants and large heat sources is cheaper than heat from individual sources. The reason for that is the amount of the generated heat and the used fuel （coal for most heat sources）. District heating, a very important energy sub-sector for the Polish economy, provides heat supply to centralised heating systems, which, on average, satisfy 72% of the demand for heat in Polish cities. Therefore, several million Polish citizens use heat from district heating systems that produce heat in professional, industrial and municipal power plants. In Europe, over 100 million citizens use district heating systems. The present situation of the Polish district heating sector is a result of Poland＇s transformation that took place at the beginning of the 1990s. The reform put the obligation of heat supply on the local authorities, on the municipality, instead of the state. Along with the transformation, district heating also made huge technological and technical progress. Increasing expectations of recipients posed new challenges for the branch, however.

关键词： District heating energy efficiency cogeneration energy planning

Sources of Income and Financial Autonomy of Local Self-government

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Economics World 2018年第1期6卷 22-33页

作者： krzysztof Surowka Cracow University of Economics Cracow Poland

An important feature of local self-government which differs from other public authorities should be the independence of its organs from the government system of administration. The empowerment of local communities, which takes place in all democratic states, has been achieved by giving the guarantee of autonomy to local self-government, including financial autonomy. These are fundamental assumptions of local self-government functioning. The subject of this paper is to present self-government, in the field of shaping the basic sources of public tasks. issues relating to the financial autonomy of loca of its financial supply in cash, enabling the performance

关键词： local self-government (SGU) financial autonomy public tasks local and central taxes income fromproperty state transfers

Predicting the Growth of Ash Deposits in Drop Tube Furnace Using Dynamic Mesh Technique

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Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series) 2022年第3期29卷 21-33页

作者： krzysztof Wacławiak Hui Wang Qi Yang Xuejian Qin Yukun Qin Department of Advanced Materials and Technologies Silesian University of TechnologyKatowice 40-019SilesianPoland School of Energy Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China

Modeling and experiments of the growth of ash deposits during the combustion in a drop tube furnace are presented in this *** existing deposition model for ash deposit was used,which involves relationship among the force of gravity,elastic rebound and adhesion forces acting at the moment of ash particle *** parameters of this model were determined by the experimental *** influence of particle size and velocity on deposit geometry was *** growth of ash deposits involving various inlet velocities,tube diameters and tube arrangements were simulated with dynamic mesh technique in *** simulation results show that particle normal impacted velocity plays an important role due to elastic bounce force *** geometry was influenced by side velocity(velocity of inlet⁃2),and large velocity has an obvious effect to change the shape of deposition and postpone the steady time.

关键词： fly ash deposition dynamic mesh technique

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Kidneys in chronic liver diseases

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第24期18卷 3035-3049页

作者： Marek Hartleb krzysztof Gutkowski Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medical University of Silesia40-752 KatowicePoland

Acute kidney injury(AKI),defined as an abrupt increase in the serum creatinine level by at least 0.3 mg/dL,occurs in about 20% of patients hospitalized for decompensating liver *** with cirrhosis are susceptible to developing AKI because of the progressive vasodilatory state,reduced effective blood volume and stimulation of vasoconstrictor *** most common causes of AKI in cirrhosis are pre-renal azotemia,hepatorenal syndrome and acute tubular *** diagnosis is based on analysis of circumstances of AKI development,natriuresis,urine osmolality,response to withdrawal of diuretics and volume repletion,and rarely on renal *** glomerulonephritis and obstructive uropathy are rare causes of azotemia in cirrhotic *** is one of the last events in the natural history of chronic liver disease,therefore,such patients should have an expedited referral for liver *** syndrome(HRS) is initiated by progressive portal hypertension,and may be prematurely triggered by bacterial infections,nonbacterial systemic inflammatory reactions,excessive diuresis,gastrointestinal hemorrhage,diarrhea or nephrotoxic *** type of renal disease has a specific treatment approach ranging from repletion of the vascular system to renal replacement *** treatment of choice in type 1 hepatorenal syndrome is a combination of vasoconstrictor with albumin infusion,which is effective in about 50% of *** second-line treatment of HRS involves a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,renal vasoprotection or systems of artificial liver support.

关键词： Acute kidney injury Liver cirrhosis Chronicrenal failure Chronic liver disease

Effect of strain rate and crystalline inclusions on mechanical properties of bulk glassy and partially crystallized Zr_(52.5)Cu_(17.9)Ni_(14.6)Al_(10)Ti_5 alloy

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2019年第5期29卷 1036-1045页

作者： Tomasz KOZIE? krzysztof PAJOR Grzegorz CIOS Piotr BA?A Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science AGH University of Science and Technology Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology AGH University of Science and Technology

The mechanical properties of the Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 alloy were presented, with an emphasis on the strain rate effect and presence of crystalline inclusions on the deformation and fracture mechanisms. X-ray diffraction studies indicated fully amorphous alloy structures with lower oxygen contents and partial crystalline structures at higher oxygen levels;however, completely different compressive deformation behaviour was observed. Uniaxial compression tests of the fully amorphous alloy showed elastic deformation, followed by yielding, distinct plastic deformation and serration flow behaviour. An increase in strain rate from 1×10-4 to 1×10-2 s-1 did not affect the yield strength;however, it decreased the compressive fracture strength and reduced the plastic strain. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the intermetallic CuZr2 phase was present even in the low oxygen content alloy, leading to lower fracture strength and ductility loss. For the high oxygen level samples, the presence of the dendritic Zr51Cu28Al21 phase was confirmed, leading to fracture strength impairment. The difference between ductile and brittle samples has been reflected on the fracture surfaces. The higher the plastic strain was, the higher the density of shear bands forming during deformation manifested by a serration flow behaviour on stress-strain curves.

关键词： bulk metallic glasses compression test shear band X-ray diffraction

Exogenous reference gene normalization for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis under dynamic endogenous transcription

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Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第14期7卷 1064-1072页

作者： Stephen Johnston Zachary Gallaher krzysztof Czaja Programs in Neuroscience and Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy Pharmacology and Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-6520 USA

Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） is widely used to investigate transcriptional changes following experimental manipulations to the nervous system. Despite the widespread utilization of qPCR, the interpretation of results is marred by the lack of a suitable reference gene due to the dynamic nature of endogenous transcription. To address this inherent deficiency, we investigated the use of an exogenous spike-in mRNA, luciferase, as an internal reference gene for the 2ct normalization method. To induce dynamic transcription, we systemically administered capsaicin, a neurotoxJn selective for C-type sensory neurons expressing the TRPV-1 receptor, to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. We later isolated nodose ganglia for qPCR analysis with the reference being either exogenous luciferase mRNA or the commonly used endogenous reference 13-111 tubulin. The exogenous luciferase mRNA reference clearly demonstrated the dynamic expression of the endogenous reference. Furthermore, variability of the endogenous reference would lead to misinterpretation of other genes of interest. In conclusion, traditional reference genes are often unstable under physiologically normal situations, and certainly unstable following the damage to the nervous system. The use of exogenous spike-in reference provides a consistent and easily implemented alternative for the analysis of qPCR data.

关键词： exogenous reference gene sensory ganglia reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction normalization injury neural regeneration

Neurogenesis in the adult peripheral nervous system

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Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第14期7卷 1047-1054页

作者： krzysztof Czaja Michele Fornaro Stefano Geuna Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy Pharmacology and Physiology (VCAPP) College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA 99163-6520 USA Department of Anatomy Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM) Midwestern University Downers Grove IL 60515 USA Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO) & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano 10043 Italy

Most researchers believe that neurogenesis in mature mammals is restricted only to the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, neurogenesis is thought to be active only during prenatal development, with the exception of the olfactory neuroepithelium. However, sensory ganglia in the adult peripheral nervous system have been reported to contain precursor cells that can proliferate in vitro and be induced to differentiate into neurons. The occurrence of insult-induced neurogenesis, which has been reported by several investigators in the brain, is limited to a few recent reports for the peripheral nervous system. These reports suggest that damage to the adult nervous system induces mechanisms similar to those that control the generation of new neurons during prenatal development. Understanding conditions under which neurogenesis can be induced in physiologically non-neurogenic regions in adults is one of the major challenges for developing therapeutic strategies to repair neurological damage. However, the induced neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system is still largely unexplored. This review presents the history of research on adult neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system, which dates back more than 100 years and reveals the evidence on the under estimated potential for generation of new neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system.

关键词： adult neurogenesis peripheral nervous system dorsal root ganglia autonomic ganglia stem cells mammals

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia:Evolving concepts on underdiagnosed cause of portal hypertension

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第11期17卷 1400-1409页

作者： Marek Hartleb krzysztof Gutkowski Piotr Milkiewicz Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medical University of Silesia40-752 KatowicePoland Liver Unit Pomeranian Medical University70-111 SzczecinPoland

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia(NRH)is a rare liver condition characterized by a widespread benign transformation of the hepatic parenchyma into small regenerative *** may lead to the development of non-cirrhotic portal *** are no published systematic population studies on NRH and our current knowledge is limited to case reports and case *** may develop via autoimmune,hematological,infectious,neoplastic,or drug-related *** disease is usually asymptomatic,slowly or nonprogressive unless complications of portal hypertension *** diagnosis is made by histopathology,which demonstrates diffuse micronodular transformation without fibrous *** of perinuclear collagen tissue distinguishes NRH from typical regenerative nodules in the cirrhotic *** the initial treatment is to address the underlying disease,ultimately the therapy is directed to the management of portal *** prognosis of NRH depends on both the severity of the underlying illness and the prevention of secondary complications of portal *** this review we detail the epidemiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis,management,and prognosis of NRH.

关键词： Nodular regenerative hyperplasia Portal hypertension Comorbidities

Stress fractures in uncommon location:Six case reports and review of the literature

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2020年第18期8卷 4135-4150页

作者： krzysztof Ficek Paulina Cyganik Jolanta Rajca Agnieszka Racut Aleksandra Kiełtyka Jerzy Grzywocz Grzegorz Hajduk Department of Science Innovation and DevelopmentGalen-OrthopaedicsBierun 43-150Poland Department of Physiotherapy The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical EducationKatowice 40-065Poland Industry Cooperation Department University of SilesiaKatowice 40-007Poland Diagnostic Imaging Department Helimed Diagnostic ImagingKatowice 40-760Poland Department of Spine Surgery District Hospital of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryPiekaryŚląskie 41-940Poland

BACKGROUND Individuals’interest in sports activities has been increasing,contributing to more stress fracture occurrences in uncommon locations on the *** this study,several cases of stress fractures in atypical locations are presented,and the possibility of combining diagnostic methods to make accurate and quick diagnoses is ***,different causes of stress fractures,as well as various modalities of treatment,are *** potential factors of stress fractures were identified by a literature *** SUMMARY Six cases of stress fractures in the calcaneus,intermediate cuneiform bone,sacrum,tibia(bilateral),navicular bone and femoral neck are presented,with different types of diagnostic imaging and *** of the cases were associated with an aspect of mobility because all of the patients were physically active in various sport *** The type of therapeutic procedure selected should depend on the specific clinical case,i.e.,the patient’s condition and level of physical activity.

关键词： Stress fractures Case report Calcaneus Intermediate cuneiform bone Sacral bone Navicular bone