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Vegetables, Herbs and Spices: The Importance of Family and Tasting

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Health 2016年第14期8卷 1554-1565页

作者： Pamela A. Heinrichs Cassandra J. Nikolaus Brenna Ellison Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson karen chapman-novakofski University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign IL USA Currently Address: The Hersey Company Hershey PA USA

Objective: To explore why and how consumers utilize vegetables, herbs and spices. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with adult participants (n = 54) to determine attitudes, self-efficacy, and behaviors related to liking and usage of vegetables, herbs and spices as well as strategies to increase vegetable intake. Results: Seasonal availability, and family-centered memories and practices were motivation for vegetable intake. A diverse number of vegetables (n = 39) were listed as favorites based on taste and versatility, but seasonings were not commonly included in responses regarding preparation. Participants felt that vegetable dish names should reflect ingredients explicitly;that seasonings enhanced vegetable flavors;and that salt and pepper were most commonly used seasonings. The preferred strategy to increase vegetable consumption was through tasting or sampling opportunities;seasoning use was not mentioned. However, participants perceived that suggestions or demonstrations on how to prepare vegetables at home would be helpful. Personal gardens were mentioned frequently, but were not connected to strategies for increasing intake. Conclusions and Implications: Vegetable intake has a family focus that should be emphasized to increase intake. Efforts to increase intake could emphasize flavor and versatile preparation methods through tasting opportunities or educational demonstrations.

关键词： Dietary Habits Focus Groups Vegetables Spices Herbs

Effect of beverages with different protein profiles on postprandial blood glucose response in overweight and obese men

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2012年第1期2卷 40-46页

作者： Dina Fernandez-Raudales Lillian K. Diaz-Rios Jennifer Lotton karen chapman-novakofski Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana USA

Positive postprandial blood glucose responses have been related to low glycemic index (GI) and low glycemic load (GL) diets. The objective was to determine the effect of protein profile on glycemic response of low glycinin soymilk (high in β-conglycinin) (LGS) and conventional soymilk (S) in overweight and obese men. Twenty-four subjects, 23 - 45 years old, average BMI of 29 (26 - 38) with triglycerides <200 mg/dL consumed 250 mL of LGS, S with identical macronutrient content, with bovine milk (M) as reference. Fasting blood samples were followed by samples at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after the milk consumption. One-day diet record, anthropometrics, and a demographic interview were completed. LGS and S presented a GI of (average ± standard deviation) 41.0 ± 29.9 and 40.4 ± 37.2, respectively. M showed a GI of 29.2 ± 25.3, however, treatment effect was not significant (P = 0.338). Similarly, GL for LGS (4.52 ± 3.29), S (4.44 ± 4.09) and M (2.33 ± 1.01) were not significantly different (P = 0.107). Postprandial glucose concentration curves for LGS, S and M presented the same tendency throughout 120 min (P = 0.331). Fasting blood glucose correlated with GI (r = -0.553;P = 0.032) and GL (r = -0.567;P = 0.028). LGS, S and M are low GI products and postprandial glycemic responses were not different. The high content of the protein β-conglycinin in LGS did not have an effect in postprandial blood glucose response in over-weight and obese men.

关键词： Overweight Men Glycemic Index Low Glycinin Soymilk Glycemic Response Glycemic Load

The impact of kleptoparasitic invasions on the evolution of gall-size in social and solitary Australian Acacia thrips

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Insect Science 2006年第5期13卷 391-400页

作者： THOMAS WILLIAM chapman karen LEAH FRANCIS-GEYER MICHAEL PHILIP SCHWARZ School of Biological Sciences Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia

Many species of gall-inducing Acacia thrips are attacked by kleptoparasitic thrips who enter the gall, destroy the occupants, and then use the gall for producing their own offspring. The hypothesis tested here is that pressure exerted by ldeptoparasites （genus Koptothrips） not only provoked the evolution of soldiers in the gall-inducing clade, but have also influenced the evolution of gall size and morphology. Various size dimensions of invaded galls were compared to those of uninvaded galls using data from six gall-inducing species and their kleptoparasites. For the non-social gall-inducing species （K. ellobus and K. nicholsoni） invaded galls showed no significant size differences from galls that had not been invaded. For the four social gall-inducingspecies （K. habrus, K. intermedius, K. waterhousei and K. morrisi） invaded galls were significantly narrower and/or shorter than uninvaded galls. Galls of social species that had not been invaded and contained adult soldiers were significantly larger than galls where soldiers were still at a larval stage, suggesting that gall size is related to gall age in these species. An hypothesis is proposed that links the timing of invasion by kleptoparasites to size of the host gall： induction of a smaller gall by host founders will reduce the period of vulnerability to invasion （before soldiers become adults） for social thrips by allowing foundresses in these smaller galls to begin laying soldierdestined eggs relatively sooner.

关键词： evolution of gall-size Kladothrips Koptothrips principal components analysis soldiers social behavior

Inter-relationships between gastric emptying and glycaemia:Implications for clinical practice

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World Journal of Diabetes 2023年第5期14卷 447-459页

作者： Tejaswini Arunachala Murthy Marianne chapman karen L Jones Michael Horowitz Chinmay S Marathe Adelaide Medical School University of AdelaideAdelaide 5000SAAustralia Intensive Care Unit Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide 5000SAAustralia NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology Interventions and OutcomesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaide 5000SAAustralia Endocrine and Metabolic Unit Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide 5000SAAustralia

Gastric emptying(GE)exhibits a wide inter-individual variation and is a major determinant of postprandial glycaemia in health and diabetes;the rise in blood glucose following oral carbohydrate is greater when GE is relatively more rapid and more sustained when glucose tolerance is ***,GE is influenced by the acute glycaemic environment acute hyperglycaemia slows,while acute hypoglycaemia accelerates *** GE(gastroparesis)occurs frequently in diabetes and critical *** diabetes,this poses challenges for management,particularly in hospitalised individuals and/or those using *** critical illness it compromises the delivery of nutrition and increases the risk of regurgitation and aspiration with consequent lung dysfunction and ventilator *** advances in knowledge relating to GE,which is now recognised as a major determinant of the magnitude of the rise in blood glucose after a meal in both health and diabetes and,the impact of acute glycaemic environment on the rate of GE have been made and the use of gut-based therapies such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,which may profoundly impact GE,in the management of type 2 diabetes,has become *** necessitates an increased understanding of the complex inter-relationships of GE with glycaemia,its implications in hospitalised patients and the relevance of dysglycaemia and its management,particularly in critical *** approaches to management of gastroparesis to achieve more personalised diabetes care,relevant to clinical practice,is *** studies focusing on the interactions of medications affecting GE and the glycaemic environment in hospitalised patients,are required.

关键词： Glycaemia Gastric emptying Clinical practice Glucagon-like peptide-1

Cichlid fish visual systems: mechanisms of spectral tuning

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 75-86页

作者： karen CARLETON Department of Biology University of MarylandCollege ParkUSA

Hundreds of species of cichlid fishes have evolved in the Great Lakes of *** colorful fishes are known for their ecological ***,we discuss the diversity of their visual *** have seven unique cone opsin genes,which produce visual pigments sensitive from the ultraviolet to the red end of the *** species typically express three visual pigments to produce a trichromatic visual *** species differ in which sets of opsin genes they express,visual sensitivities can differ *** addition to the large visual pigment shifts from changing gene expression,cichlids can also more finely tune visual pigments through altera-tions in opsin amino acid *** of these tuning mechanisms likely play an important role in cichlid ecology and could contribute to the evolution of cichlid diversity through speciation.

关键词： cichlid fish opsin gene vision visual pigments.

VISUAL PROGRAMMING FOR BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING:ENERGY AND SHADING ANALYSIS CASE STUDIES

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Journal of Green Building 2015年第4期10卷 28-43页

作者： karen Kensek University of Southern California School of ArchitectureWatt Hall#204Los AngelesCA 90089-0291

INTRODUCTION Although visual programming is being broadly implemented in other disciplines,it has only relatively recently become an important supplement to three-dimensional modeling programs in the architecture,engineering,and construction ***,Grasshopper in conjunction with Rhino is a leading example of a visual programming environment that is strongly supported by a user community that is developing additional functionality,but Grasshopper does not yet work directly with building information modeling(BIM)*** is relatively new,but shows considerable promise in becoming a constructive tool to complement BIM,3D modeling,and analysis programs because it includes parametric geom-etries and works with Revit,a leading BIM software *** case studies are described:extensibility of Dynamo through the use of a building energy simu-lation package,controlling a virtual model’s response through light level sensors,and interactively updating shading components for a building facade based on solar *** demonstrate that one can work directly within building information models(BIM)using a visual programming language through updating component *** case studies demonstrate the feasibility of a workflow for sustain-able design simulations that is different than that more commonly used--having a separation between design and analysis models and using a neutral file format exchange such as IFC or gbXML to transfer *** visual programming languages are still a bit uncommon in the building industry,a short background is provided to place them within the tool set of other customizable tools that designers have been developing.

关键词： visual programming language VPL building information modeling BIM Dynamo Revit Grasshopper computational design

Exploring Loss and Damage at the International Climate Change Talks

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014年第3期5卷 242-246页

作者： karen Elizabeth McNamara School of Geography Planning and Environmental ManagementThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia

In recent years, there has been a growing need to address loss and damage as a result of climate change through international processes. At the most recent November 2013 international climate change talks in Warsaw, 194 countries negotiated the best way to establish institutional arrangements for loss and damage under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Such a decision to establish these arrangements was made in 2012 in Doha in a decision known as the‘‘Doha Gateway.’’ While the 19th(2013) Conference of the Parties succeeded in delivering the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, there was concern by some negotiators earlier into the conference that this would never transpire given the staunch disagreements between countries and lobbying blocks on a way forward. This article provides a brief historical overview of loss and damage at the climate change talks, and examines the key discourses defining this issue between 2011 and 2013 by analyzing submissions by lobbying blocks and member countries, and final negotiated texts. These discourses revolve around causality and solutions, compensation, and the relationship between loss and damage and adaptation.

关键词： Adaptation Climate change Loss and damage Mitigation United Nations

Application of Image Analysis Based on SEM and Chemical Mapping on PC Mortars under Sulfate Attack

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2014年第3期29卷 534-539页

作者：于诚孙伟 Scrivener karen School of Materials Science and Engineering Southeast University Jiangsu Key Lab of Construction Material Laboratory of Construction Materials Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)Ecublens 1015 LausanneSwitzerland

The degradation mechanisms of cementitious materials exposed to sulfate solutions have been controversial, despite considerable research. In this paper, two methodologies of image analysis based on scanning electron microscope and chemical mapping are used to analyse Portland cement mortars exposed to sodium sulfate solution. The effects of sulfate concentration in solution and water to cement ratio of mortar, which are considered as the most sensitive factors to sulfate attack, are investigated respectively by comparing the macro expansion with microstructure analysis. It is found that the sulfate concentration in pore solution, expressed as sulfate content in C-S-H, plays a critical role on the supersaturation with respect to ettringite and so on the expansion force generated.

关键词： image analysis mapping sulfate attack pore solution

Role of complex organic arsenicals in food in aggregate exposure to arsenic

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第11期28卷 86-96页

作者： David J.Thomas karen Bradham Pharmacokinetics Branch Integrated Systems Toxicology Division National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Offilce of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Parle NC 27709 USA Public Health Chemistry Branch Exposure Methods and Measurements Division National Exposure Research Laboratory Offilce of Researchand Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA

For much of the world＇s population, food is the major source of exposure to *** to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here,we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals（arsenosugars, arsenolipids,and trimethylarsonium compounds） that are found in foods and consider their origins,metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.

关键词： Arsenic Arsenobetaine Arsenolipids Arsenosugars