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The function of animal ‘eyespots’:Conspicuousness but not eye mimicry is key

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Current Zoology 2009年第5期55卷 319-326页

作者： Martin STEVENS Abi CANTOR julia graham Isabel S.WINNEY Department of Zoology University of CambridgeDowning Street

Many animals are marked with conspicuous circular features often called 'eyespots',which intimidate predators,preventing or halting an *** has long been assumed that eyespots work by mimicking the eyes of larger animals,but recent experiments have indicated that conspicuousness and contrast is important in eyespot function,and not eye *** undertake two further experiments to distinguish between the conspicuousness and mimicry hypotheses,by using artificial prey presented to wild avian predators in the *** experiment 1,we test if eyespot effectiveness depends on the marking shape(bar or circle)and arrangement(eye-like and non-eye-like positions).We find no difference between shapes or arrangement;all spots were equally effective in scaring *** experiment 2,we test if the often yellow and black colors of eyespots mimic the eyes of birds of *** find no effect of shape,and no advantage to yellow and black spots over non-eye-like but equally conspicuous *** consistent finding is that eyespot function lies in being a conspicuous signal to predators,and not necessarily due to eye mimicry.

关键词：模仿眼睛动物纹枯病 amp 实验突出天敌

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The Effects of Stabilized Urea and Split-Applied Nitrogen on Sunflower Yield and Oil Content

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American journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第8期8卷 1842-1854页

作者： Christopher j. graham jac j. Varco Department of Plant Science South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota USA Plant and Soil Sciences Department Mississippi State University Starkville Mississippi USA

Sunflower is an efficient nitrogen (N) accumulator due to its aggressive taproot and extensive root system. While N rate studies in sunflower have shown a yield response, the response is often highly variable and difficult to predict in many instances. Additionally, since most sunflower production is intended for the oil market, surplus nitrogen tends to decrease oil content. Therefore, it is critical to hone nitrogen rates to maximize both yield and oil production and to incorporate alternative approaches to fertilizer application, which includes timing and method of application. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a split-application of N at either the V4 or R1 growth stage to increase yield and/or oil content in sunflower. A second objective was to examine whether a urease inhibitor could be used to retain soil N longer and achieve a similar effect as a split-application. Studies were conducted at two locations over two growing seasons in South Dakota, USA. A target rate of 90 kg·ha-1 was applied as urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) either as an at-planting application or split-applied. Overall, N additions did significantly increase yield over a control. On average, the urease inhibitor tended to increase grain yields over split-applying N at either growth stage, however, there was no statistical effect on either grain yield or oil content. Based on 15N analysis, approximately 27% of the N in the grain was derived from the UAN fertilizer, which indicates a relatively large reliance upon soil N for grain N content. The addition of a urease inhibitor significantly increased average fertilizer uptake by nearly 6% to 32.7%.

关键词： Nitrogen Uptake Urease Inhibitor Isotopic Nitrogen Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Post-fabrication phase trimming of Mach–Zehnder interferometers by laser annealing of germanium implanted waveguides

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Photonics Research 2017年第6期5卷 97-101页

作者： XIA CHEN MILAN M.MILOSEVIC DAVID j.THOMSON ALI Z.KHOKHAR YOHANN FRANZ ANTOINE F.j.RUNGE SAKELLARIS MAILIS ANNA C.PEACOCK graham T.REED Optoelectronics Research Centre University of Southampton

We demonstrate a novel high-accuracy post-fabrication trimming technique to fine-tune the phase of integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometers, enabling permanent correction of typical fabrication-based phase errors. The effective index change of the optical mode is 0.19 in our measurement, which is approximately an order of magnitude improvement compared to previous work with similar excess optical loss. Our measurement results suggest that a phase accuracy of 0.078 rad was achievable with active feedback control.

关键词： Post-fabrication phase trimming of Mach Zehnder interferometers by laser annealing of germanium implanted waveguides MZI

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Mitochondrial ROS and Aging:Understanding Exercise as a Preventive Tool

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journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2020年第1期2卷 15-24页

作者： Henver S.Brunetta Andrew M.Holwerda Luc j.C.van Loon graham P.Holloway Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences University of GuelphGuelphON NIG 2W1Canada Department of Physiological Sciences Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianopolisBrazil Department of Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands

Sarcopenia,which is characterized by reduction in muscle mass and strength,contributes to several age-related conditions,including insulin resistance and *** the importance of maintaining muscle mass for healthy aging,the mechanisms contributing to sarcopenia are not fully ***,mitochondria appear to play a key role in the underlying condition,and importantly,respond robustly to exercise *** are intracellular organelles largely attributed to maintaining ATP concentrations,however,the importance of this organelle in overall cellular homeostasis has been expanded in the last decades to include redox signaling,calcium homeostasis,inflammation,and *** lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial bioenergetics are altered in aged skeletal muscle,resulting in an increase in reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,while conversely genetic/pharmacological approaches that attenuate mitochondrial ROS promote healthy aging and maintenance of muscle *** observations suggest that increased free radicals are one of the bases of the aging process and related ***,we reviewed the current knowledge regarding mitochondrial function and redox balance in aged human skeletal muscle,highlighting the implications of redox unbalance on skeletal muscle mass maintenance and muscle ***,we describe the benefits of exercise and nutrition interventions in the context of improving mitochondrial bioenergetics and functional outcomes regarding skeletal muscle mass and function.

关键词： Mitochondria Redox state Aging Sarcopenia.Exercise Nutrition

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Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?

作者： graham-Dixon Andrew.

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World journal of Orthopedics 2017年第5期8卷 412-423页

作者： Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M graham Robert j Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis University of Leeds School of Medicine Department of Anaesthetics Pinderfields Hospital Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics the Royal Liverpool University Hospital Academic Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Aristotle University Medical School

AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to june 2016) was conducted. The keywords "osteoporosis", "osteoporotic fracture", "dementia" and "Alzheimer's disease"(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and *** Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that t

关键词： Osteoporosis Fracture Dementia Thyroid disease Alzheimer’s disease Elderly Vitamin D Vitamin K Calcium Statins Alcohol Sex steroids

Performance of Bt-susceptible and -heterozygous dual-gene resistant genotypes of Spodoptera frugiperda (***) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in seed blends of non-Bt and pyramided Bt maize

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Insect Science 2021年第4期28卷 1147-1158页

作者： Marcelo Dimase Sebe Brown graham P.Head Paula A.Price Wade Walker Wenbo Yu Fangneng Huang Department of Entomology Louisiana State University Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLouisianaUSA Dean Lee Research Station Louisiana State University Agricultural CenterAlexandriaLouisianaUSA Bayer Crop Science ChesterfieldMissouriUSA Macon Ridge Research Station Louisiana State University Agricultural CenterWinnsboroLouisianaUSA

A seed blend refuge has been implemented in the *** Belt for Bt maize resistance *** fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(***),is a target pest of Bt maize in the *** larvae of this pest are mobile,which may affect the efficacy of seed blend *** this study,field and greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the performance of Bt-susceptible(aabb)and-heterozygous dual-gene-resistant(AaBb)genotypes of *** in seed blends of non-Bt and pyramided Bt *** field trials evaluated larval survival,larval growth,and plant injury with aabb in seed blends of Bt maize expressing Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Vip3A with 0–30%non-Bt *** tests investigated the performance of aabb and AaBb in seed blends of Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 with 0–30% non-Bt *** pure non-Bt maize plots,after 9–13 d of neonates being released on the plants,0.39 and 0.65 larvae/plant survived with leaf injury ratings of 4.7 and 5.9(Davis's 1–9 scale)in the field and greenhouse,*** contrast,live larvae and plant injury were virtually not observed on Bt plants across all planting *** occurrence and plant injury by aabb on non-Bt plants were similar between seed blends and pure non-Bt plantings,suggesting that the blended refuges could provide an equivalent susceptible population as structured refuge under the test *** the greenhouse,the two insect genotypes in seed blends performed similarly,indicating that the seed blends did not provide more favorable conditions for AaBb over *** information generated from this study should be useful in managing *** and evaluating if send blends could be suitable refuge options for Bt resistance management in the regions where the insect is a primary target pest.

关键词： Bt maize dual-gene resistance fall armyworm resistance management seed blend

A NUMERIGAL EXPLORATION OF SECONDARY STARTING FLOW AROUND A FLAT PLATE BY THE DISCRETE VORTEX MODEL

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 1988年第4期 311-318页

作者： P.W.Bearman j.M.R.graham London SW7 2BY Imperial College of Science and Technology Department of Aeronautics

In the present work,a further numerical simulation of the starting flow around a flatplate normal to the direction of motion in a uniform fluid has been made by means of the discretevortex *** secondary separation occurring at rear surface of the plate is explored,andpredicted approximately using Thwait’s *** calculated results show that in the early stages ofthe flow secondary separation does *** evolution of flow field,the vortex growing process andthe characteristics of secondary vortices have been *** time dependent drag coefficients,the vorticity shed from the edges and rear surface,and the separation positions are calculated as well asthe distributions of velocity and pressure on the *** the case of flow normal to the plate,thecalculated secondary vortices are *** existence will change the local velocity distributions andaffect pressure ***,the effect on drag coefficient is negligible.

关键词： starting flow flat plate secondary separation discrete vortex model numerical exploration

SCHISTOX: An individual based model for the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2021年第1期6卷 438-447页

作者： Matthew graham Diepreye Ayabina Tim CD.Lucas Benjamin S.Collyer graham F.Medley T.Deirdre Hollingsworth jaspreet Toor Big Data Institute Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom Centre for Environment and Health Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology School of Public HealthFaculty of MedicineSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonUnited Kingdom MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics(J-IDEA)School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonW21PGUnited Kingdom

A stochastic individual based model,SCHISTOX,has been developed for the study of schistosome transmission dynamics and the impact of control by mass drug *** novel aspects that can be investigated include individual level adherence and access to treatment,multiple communities,human sex population dynamics,and implementation of a potential *** of the model parameters have been estimated within previous studies and have been shown to vary between communities,such as the age-specific contact rates governing the age profiles of ***,uncertainty remains as there are wide ranges for certain parameter values and a few remain relatively *** analyse the model dynamics by parameterizing it with published parameter *** also discuss the development of SCHISTOX in the form of a publicly available open-source GitHub *** next key development stage involves validating the model by calibrating to epidemiological data.

关键词： Schistosomiasis Individual based model Mass drug administration