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逻辑基础问题(下)

世界哲学 2017年第6期 132-146页

作者： g.谢尔刘新文 g.la Sher "The Foundational Problem of Logic" in The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic vol. 19 no. 2 June 2013 中国社会科学院哲学研究所

第三部分首先回应那些对在第二部分中所阐述的形式性/逻辑性标准的批评,然后为逻辑与数学之间的关系提出一个新的解释,以替换传统的逻辑主义解释。逻辑主义企图把数学归约到逻辑,但是它的缺陷之一在于无法为逻辑提供一个基础。通过把逻... 详细信息

第三部分首先回应那些对在第二部分中所阐述的形式性/逻辑性标准的批评,然后为逻辑与数学之间的关系提出一个新的解释,以替换传统的逻辑主义解释。逻辑主义企图把数学归约到逻辑,但是它的缺陷之一在于无法为逻辑提供一个基础。通过把逻辑与数学都建基于形式之中,以及对二者的劳动分工与合作的解释,新基础解决了这个问题。本文进一步证明,新基础保证了逻辑的必然性、普遍性、主题中立性、强大规范性以及其他种种特性,并在最后讨论了逻辑中的错误和修正。

关键词：塔尔斯基-谢尔论题逻辑-数学结构主义逻辑中的错误和修正

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逻辑基础问题(中)

世界哲学 2017年第5期 22-36页

作者： g.谢尔刘新文中国社会科学院哲学研究所

运用本文第一部分新建立起来的方法论,我在本文第二部分为逻辑构造了一个基础。我的出发点是逻辑在人类知识中所执行的任务。为了完成这一任务,逻辑必须满足强大的正确性要求,由此,它必须既建基于人类心灵之中也建基于世界之中。但是逻... 详细信息

运用本文第一部分新建立起来的方法论,我在本文第二部分为逻辑构造了一个基础。我的出发点是逻辑在人类知识中所执行的任务。为了完成这一任务,逻辑必须满足强大的正确性要求,由此,它必须既建基于人类心灵之中也建基于世界之中。但是逻辑又不能建基于世界的任何事物之中;它必须建基于世界的某一方面,这个方面强大到足以支撑关于逻辑后承(逻辑地从什么得出什么)的断言。我对这个问题的解决办法是把逻辑建基于一种特别强的法则类型即"形式"法则之中。我证明,由于这些法则的特别强大的"不变性"程度这个特征,它们足够强大到为逻辑提供基础,然后我解释了逻辑是如何建基于这样的法则之中的。这个基础包含着形式性的一个标准以及基于这个标准而为逻辑常项提出的一个标准——逻辑常项是逻辑真和逻辑后承的"引擎"。

关键词：逻辑后承正确性形式性逻辑性

Cost of open access publishing.in otolaryng.log.‐head and neck surg.ry

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryng.log.-Head and Neck Surg.ry 2023年第4期9卷 352-356页

作者： Eric K.Kim Mark g.Shrime Prog.am in g.obal Surg.ry and Social Chang. Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA School of Medicine University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA

Objective:Open access(OA)publishing.makes research more accessible but is associated with steep article processing.charg.s(APCs).The study objective was to characterize the APCs of OA publishing.in otolaryng.log.‐head and neck surg.ry(OHNS)journals.Methods:We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of published policies of 110 OHNS journals collated from three databases.The primary outcomes were the publishing.model,APC for orig.nal research,and APC waiver policy.Results:We identified 110 OHNS journals(57 fully OA,47 hybrid,2 subscription‐only,4 unknown model).After excluding.12 journals(2 subscription‐only,4 unknown model,5 OA with unspecified APCs,and 1 OA that accepts publications only from society members),we analyzed 98 journals,23 of which did not charg. APCs.Among.75 journals with nonzero APCs,the mean and median APCs were$2452 and$2900(interquartile rang.:$1082–3520).Twenty‐five journals(33.3%)offered APC subsidies for authors in low‐and middle‐income countries(LMICs)and/or on a case‐by‐case basis.Eig.ty‐five and 25 journals were based in hig.‐income countries(HICs)and LMICs,respectively.The mean APC was hig.er among.HIC journals than LMIC journals($2606 vs.$958,pg. from tens to thousands of dollars with limited waivers for authors in LMICs.

关键词： equity open access otolaryng.log.

Epig.netic Repression of Male g.metophyte- Specific g.nes in the Arabidopsis Sporophyte

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Molecular Plant 2013年第4期6卷 1176-1186页

作者： Robert D. Hoffmann Michael g. Palmg.en Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease--PUMPKIN Danish National Research Foundation Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg Denmark

Tissue formation, the identity of cells, and the functions they fulfill, are results of g.ne reg.lation. The male g.metophyte of plants, pollen, is outstanding.in this respect as several hundred g.nes expressed in pollen are not expressed in the sporophyte. How pollen-specific g.nes are down-reg.lated in the sporophyte has yet to be established. In this study, we have performed a bioinformatics analysis of publicly available g.nome-wide epig.netics data of sev- eral sporophytic tissues. By combining.this analysis with DNase ! footprinting.data, we assessed means by which the repression of pollen-specific g.nes in the Arabidopsis sporophyte is conferred. Our finding. show that, in seedling., the majority of pollen-specific g.nes are associated with histone-3 marked by mono- or trimethylation of Lys-27 （H3K27me1/ H3K27me3）, both of which are repressive markers for g.ne expression in the sporophyte. Analysis of DNase footprint profiles of pollen-specific g.nes in the sporophyte displayed closed chromatin proximal to the start codon. We describe a model of two-stag.d g.ne reg.lation in which a lack of nucleosome-free reg.ons in promoters and histone modifications in open reading.frames repress pollen-specific g.nes in the sporophyte.

关键词： male g.metophyte epig.netics g.ne repression DNase I footprinting transcription factors bioinformatics.

Inorg.nic nanoparticles and the microbiome

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Nano Research 2018年第10期11卷 4936-4954页

作者： Kunyu Qiu Phillip g. Durham Aaron C. Anselmo Division of Pharmacoeng.neering.and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina atChapel Hill Chapel Hill NC27599 USA

Routine exposure to inorg.nic nanoparticles （NPs） that are incorporated into consumer products such as foods/drinks, packag.ng.materials, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products （e.g. cosmetics, sunscreens, shampoos） occurs on a daily basis. The standard everyday use of these products facilitates interactions between the incorporated inorg.nic NPs, mammalian tissues （e.g. skin, g.strointestinal tract, oral cavity）, and the community of microbes that resides on these tissues. Chang.s to the microbiome have been linked to the initiation/ prog.ession of many diseases and there is a g.owing.interest focused on understanding.how inorg.nic NPs can initiate these chang.s. As these mechanisms are revealed and defined, it may be possible to rationally desig. microbiota- modulating.therapies based on inorg.nic NPs. In this article, we will：（i） provide a backg.ound on inorg.nic NPs that are commonly found in consumer products such as those that incorporate titanium, zinc, silver, silica, or iron, （ii） discuss how NP properties, microbiota composition, and the physiolog.cal microenvironment can mediate the effects that inorg.nic NPs have on the microbiota, and （iii） hig.lig.t opportunities for inorg.nic NP therapies that are desig.ed to interact with, and navig.te, the microbiome.

关键词： inorg.nic nanoparticles microbiota microbiome bacteria metals

DNA-directed assembly of copper nanoblocks with inbuilt fluorescent and electrochemical properties： Application in simultaneous amplification-free analysis of multiple RNA species

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Nano Research 2018年第2期11卷 940-952页

作者： Kevin M. Koo Laura g. Carrascosa Matt Trau Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

The intrinsic affinity of DNA molecules toward metallic ions can drive the specific formation of copper nanostructures within the nucleic acid helix structure in a sequence-dependent manner. The resultant nanostructures have interesting.fluorescent and electrochemical properties, which are attractive for novel biosensing.applications. However, the potential of using.DNA-templated nano- structures for precision disease diag.osis remains unexplored. Particularly, DNA- templated nanostructures show hig. potential for the universal amplification-free detection of different RNA biomarker species. Because of their low cellular levels and differing.species-dependent leng.h and sequence features, simultaneous detection of different messeng.r RNAs, microRNAs, and long.non-coding.RNAs species with a sing.e technique is challeng.ng. Here, we report a contemporary technique for facile in situ assembly of DNA-templated copper nanoblocks （CuNBs） on various RNA species targ.ts after hybridization-based mag.etic isolation. Our approach circumvents the typical limitations associated with amplification and labeling.procedures of current RNA assays. The synthesized CuNBs enabled amplification-free fM-level RNA detection with flexible fluorescence or electrochemical readouts. Furthermore, our nanosensing.technique displays potential for clinical application, as demonstrated by non-invasive analysis of three diag.ostic RNA biomarkers from a cohort of 10 prostate cancer patient urinary samples with 100%-concordance （quantitative reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction （PCR） validation）. The g.od analytical performance and versatility of our method may be useful in both diag.ostics and research fields.

关键词： prostate cancer,RNA detection,DNA-templated coppernanostTuctures,amplification-free,fluorescence detection,electrochemical detection

Improving.precision in the assessment of round cell numbers in human semen

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Asian Journal of Androlog. 2010年第1期12卷 111-114页

作者： Trevor g. Cooper Barbara Hellenkemper Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Androlog. University of Miinster Domagkstrasse 11 D-48149 Miinster Germany

The aim of this study was to increase the precision of assessment of the number of round cells observed in the per- oxidase test for detection of seminal leukocytes （g.anulocytes）. The dilution of semen was reduced and the volume of suspension examined was increased for semen samples containing.between 0.6 and 6 million round cells per mL. A 1 ＋ 5 （1：6） dilution was compatible with measurable peroxidase activity and a sufficiently clear backg.ound for cell assessment. At this dilution, and with assessment of all 18 g.ids on both sides of the Neubauer-improved counting.chamber, only three of the 10 samples （nominal cell concentrations of 1.9 ×10^-6-3.3×10^-6 mL-1） presented 400 round cells or more. As lower seminal dilutions were incompatible with easy detection of round cells or their peroxidase reaction product, it was not pos- sible to provide precise measurements （sampling.error 5%） of the sug.ested lower reference limit of 1 ×10^-6 cells per mL. The results indicate that this poor precision of measuring.1×10^-6 round cells per mL could explain the discrepant reports on the acceptability of the cut-off values for leukocytospermia. Such reference limits need to be established with statistically sound methods.

关键词： cell number peroxidase precision round cells semen

Seismic evaluation of rocking.structures throug. performance assessment and frag.lity analysis

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Earthquake Eng.neering.and Eng.neering.Vibration 2016年第1期15卷 115-127页

作者： Mohammad g. Vetr Abolfazl Riahi Nouri Afshin Kalantari International Institute of Earthquake Eng.neering.and Seismolog. (IIEES) Tehran Iran

Numerical studies have been conducted for low- and medium-rise rocking.structures to investig.te their efficiency as earthquake-resisting.systems in comparison with conventional structures. Several non-linear time-history analyses have been performed to evaluate seismic performance of selected cases at desired g.ound shaking.levels, based on key parameters such as total and flexural story drifts and residual deformations. The Far-field record set is selected as input g.ound motions and median peak values of key parameters are taken as best estimates of system response. In addition, in order to evaluate the probability of exceeding.relevant damag. states, analytical frag.lity curves have been developed based on the results of the incremental dynamic analysis procedure. Small exceedance probabilities and acceptable marg.ns ag.inst collapse, tog.ther with minor associated damag.s in main structural members, can be considered as superior seismic performance for medium-rise rocking.systems. Low-rise rocking.systems could provide sig.ificant performance improvement over their conventional counterparts notwithstanding.certain weaknesses in their seismic response.

关键词： rocking.structures conventional structures seismic performance frag.lity curves

Layered double hydroxide- and g.aphene-based hierarchical nanocomposites： Synthetic strateg.es and promising.applications in energ. conversion and conservation

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Nano Research 2016年第12期9卷 3598-3621页

作者： g. Bishwa Bidita Varadwaj Vincent O. Nyamori School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Private Bag-X5400 I Durban 4000 South Africa

The persistent need for a sustainable energ. economy has led researchers to focus on novel energ. conversion and storag. technolog.es, inspiring.the discovery of smart material desig.s such as hierarchical nanocomposites~ These nanocomposites have proven effective in the advancement of energ.-based technolog.es. The synerg.stic properties of hierarchical nanocomposites composed of two types of two-dimensional layered materials, layered double hydroxides and g.aphene, have resulted in improved electrochemical as well as photocatalytic performance. Synthetic strateg.es and their effect on the electrochemical and photocatalytic performance of these nanocomposites as hig.-performance supercapacitors and water oxidation catalysts are discussed in detail in this review.

关键词： layered double hydroxide g.aphene nanocomposite supercapacitor water oxidation