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Soil respiration under three different land use types in a tropical mountain region of China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第3期13卷 416-423页

作者： WU Jun-jie Stefanie Daniela GOLDBERG Peter edward MORTIMER xu Jian-chu Center for Mountain Ecosystem Studies Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Chinese Academy of Sciences World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia

Soil respiration (SR) Wis one of the largest contributors of terrestrial CO_2 to the *** as well as physicochemical parameters influence SR and thus, different land use practices impact the emissions of soil CO_2. In this study, we measured SR, bi-monthly, over a one-year period in a terrace tea plantation, a forest tea plantation and a secondary forest, in a subtropical mountain area in Xishuangbanna, China. Along with the measurement of SR rates, soil characteristics for each of the land use systems were investigated. Soil respiration rates in the different land use systems did not differ significantly during the dry season, ranging from2.7±0.2 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1) to 2.8±0.2 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1). During the wet season, however, SR rates were significantly larger in the terrace tea plantation(5.4±0.5 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)) and secondary forest(4.9±0.4 μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)) than in the forest tea plantation(3.7±0.2 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1)).This resulted in significantly larger annual soil CO_2 emissions from the terrace tea and secondary forest,than from the forest tea plantation. It is likely that these differences in the SR rates are due to the 0.5times lower soil organic carbon concentrations in thetop mineral soil in the forest tea plantation, compared to the terrace tea plantation and secondary ***, we suggest that the lower sensitivity to temperature variation in the forest tea soil is a result of the lower soil organic carbon concentrations. The higher SR rates in the terrace tea plantation were partly due to weeding events, which caused CO_2 emission peaks that contributed almost 10% to the annual CO_2 flux. Our findings suggest that moving away from heavily managed tea plantations towards low-input forest tea can reduce the soil CO_2 emissions from these systems. However, our study is a casestudy and further investigations and upscaling are necessary to show if these findings hold true at a landscape level.

关键词： Soil respiration Subtropical mountain region Soil temperature Soil moisture Weeding Tea plantation

Utilization of longitudinal ultrasound to quantify joint soft-tissue changes in a mouse model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis

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Bone Research 2017年第3期5卷 228-234页

作者： Hao xu Echoe M Bouta Ronald W Wood edward M Schwarz Yongjun Wang Lianping Xing Department of Orthopaedics Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Center for Musculoskeletal Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Rochester Medical Center

To assess the utility of longitudinal ultrasound （US） to quantify volumetric changes in joint soft tissues during the progression of posttraumatic osteoarthritis （PTOA） in mice, and validate the US results with histological findings. A longitudinal cohort of 3-month-old wild-type C57BL/6 male mice received the Hulth-Telhag surgical procedure on right knee to induce ~OA, and sham surgery on their left knee as control. US scans were performed on both knees before, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-surgery. Joint space volume and Power-Doppler （PD） volume were obtained from US images via Amira software. A paraUel cross-sectional cohort of mice was killed at each US time point, and knee joints were subjected to histological analysis to obtain synovial soft-tissue area and OARSI scores. The correlation between US joint space volume and histological synovial soft-tissue area or OARSI score was assessed via linear regression analysis. US images indicated increased joint space volume in PTOA joints over time, which was associated with synovial inflammation and cartilage damage by histology. These changes started from 2 weeks post-surgery and gradually became more severe. No change was detected in sham joints. Increased joint space volume was significantly correlated with increased synovial soft-tissue area and the OARSI score （P 〈 0.001）. PD signal was detected in the joint space of PTOA joints at 6 weeks post-surgery, which was consistent with the location of blood vessels that stained positively for CD31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin in the synovium. This study indicates that US is a cost-effective longitudinal outcome measure of volumetric and vascular changes in joint soft tissues during PTOA progression in mice, which positively correlates with synovial inflammation and cartilage damage.

关键词： OA PD USA Figure

Mini-Review:Green sustainable processes using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第6期21卷 720-726页

作者： RAMSEY edward University of Science and Technology Liaoning

Environmentally benign carbon dioxide offers significant potential in its supercritical fluid phase to replace current reliance on a range of hazardous, relatively expensive and environmentally damaging organic solvents that are used on an extensive global basis. The unique combination of the physical properties of supercritical fluids are being exploited and further researched to continue the development and establishment of high efficiency, compact plant to provide energy and water efficient manufacturing processes. This mini-review is focused on the use and potential applications of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide for a selected range of key and emerging industrial processes as a sustainable alternative to totally eliminate or greatly reduce the requirement of numerous conventional organic solvents. Examples of the industries include： chemical extraction and purification, synthetic chemical reactions including polymerization and inorganic catalytic processes. Biochemical reactions involving enzymes, particle size engineering, textile dyeing and advanced material manufacture provide further illustrations of vital industrial activities where supercritical fluid technology processes are being implemented or developed. Some aspects relating to the economics of sustainable supercritical fluid carbon dioxide processes are also considered.

关键词： supercritical extraction synthesis catalysis enzymes polymerization particles dyeing

Evaluation of the Validity of the Ratsnake Subspecies Elaphe carinata deqenensis(Serpent:Colubridae)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2012年第3期3卷 219-226页

作者： Peng GUO Qin LIU edward A.MYERS Shaoying LIU Yan xu Yang LIU Yuezhao WANG College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering Yibin University Department of Biology Graduate School and University CenterCity University of New York Department of Biology College of Staten IslandCity University of New York Sichuan Academy of Forestry Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Based on morphological character comparisons and molecular phylogenetic reconstruction, we assessed the validity of the ratsnake subspecies Elaphe carinata deqenensis. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from fragments of two mitochondrial genes(ND2 and ND4) and one nuclear gene(c-mos) revealed a well-supported and minimally divergent sister relationship between putative E. c. deqenensis and E. c. carinata. Morphological comparisons indicated that all diagnostic characters proposed in the original description of E. c. deqenensis are unable to separate this taxon from E. c. carinata. On the basis of these preliminary investigations, we provisionally suggest that E. c. deqenensis is not a valid subspecies, and should henceforth be treated as a synonym of E. c. carinata.

关键词： snake Colubrinae morphology hemipenis molecular phylogeny Hengduan Mountains

Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus Gloydius(Serpentes: Crotalinae)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2012年第2期3卷 127-132页

作者： Yan xu Qin LIU edward A MYERS Lian WANG Song HUANG Yun HE Peihao PENG Peng GUO College of Tourism and Urban-Rural Planning Chengdu University of Technology College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering Yibin University College of Staten Island Department of Biology 6S-143 2800 Victory Blvd.Staten IslandNY 10314 United States City University of New York Graduate Center 365 Fifth AvenueNew YorkNY 10016-4309 United States College of Life and Environment Sciences Huangshan University

Based on two mitochondrial genes (cyt b, ND4) and one nuclear gene (c-mos), we explored the relationships within the Asian pit viper genus Gloydius. In total, 23 samples representing 10 species were analyzed. All phylogenetic analyses support a monophyletic Gloydius with two major clades, one comprising G. brevicaudus, G. blomhoffii, and G. ussuriensis with the sister clade consisting of G. intermedius, G. saxatilis, G. halys and G. shedaoensis. The relationships among the three montane species G. strauchi, G. qinlingensis and G. liupanensis, as well as the two monophyletic groups, are unstable, and discussed. Divergence date estimation indicates that Gloydius lineage formed 15 Ma and diversification of the genus occurred at 9.89 Ma. Issues regarding the taxonomy of this genus are discussed where necessary.

关键词： molecular phylogenetics venomous snake pit viper mtDNA nDNA

Sustainable oil-in-water analysis using a supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction system directly interfaced with infrared spectroscopy

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第9期22卷 1462-1468页

作者： edward D.Ramsey School of Chemical Engineering University of Science and Technology Liaoning

A direct aqueous supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） system using carbon dioxide provides a sustainable means by which a vast range of industries may continue to depend on well established infrared （IR） techniques to determine oil-in-water. The SFE-IR method provides an environmentally friendly substitute for current national standard IR reference methods for measuring oil-in-water that rely on using increasingly restricted ozone depleting solvents whose manufacture is being phased out in accordance with international law. The SFE-IR analysis of a 500 mL water sample can be accomplished in 15 min. A rapid on-line SFE-IR calibration method has been implemented. With this calibration method, SFE-IR accuracy for determining diesel oil in 500 mL spiked water samples using single wave number measurement was 86.0%-98.8% with precision （RSD） ranging from 2.5%-7.0%. Using a general purpose calculation which involves measuring infrared absorbance values at three different wave numbers, SFE-IR method accuracy for determining diesel oil in 500 mL spiked water samples was 83.7%-92.2% with RSD 1.0%-9.3%. Data is presented that indicates current long established national standard IR reference methods involving three wave number calculations should be reviewed since, without careful consideration, the inclusion of calculated aromatic hydrocarbon species contributions to final oil-in-water concentration values may provide less accurate results.

关键词： oil-in-water supercritical fluid extraction infrared spectroscopy sustainable green technology

High-order schemes for predicting computational aeroacoustic propagation with adaptive mesh refinement

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2013年第1期29卷 1-11页

作者： edward Peers xun Huang State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics College of Engineering Peking University

High-order schemes based on block-structured adaptive mesh refinement method are prepared to solve computational aeroacoustic （CAA） problems with an aim at improving computational efficiency. A number of numerical issues associated with high-order schemes on an adaptively refined mesh, such as stability and accuracy are addressed. Several CAA benchmark problems are used to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the approach.

关键词： Adaptive mesh Aeroacoustics High-order schemes

Unveiling Cellular Internalization Dynamics of Single Gold Nanorods by Tracking Their Orientational and Translational Motions

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CCS Chemistry 2022年第4期4卷 1295-1304页

作者： Dong xu Yi Du Feng Ge Yan He edward S.Yeung National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Products Further Processing College of Food Science and EngineeringCentral South University of Forestry&TechnologyChangsha 410004 State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollege of BiologyHunan UniversityChangsha 410082 Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology(Ministry of Education)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084 Department of Chemistry Iowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011

Single nanoparticle tracking(SPT)is a unique and powerful tool to investigate the interaction between nanoparticles and cells,which is of considerable importance for nanotechnology applications in biomedical fields and in-depth understanding of biological ***,previous work typically focused on translations of single nanoparticles while they undergo both translational and rotational *** this study,we obtained both the translational and rotational dynamics of single gold nanorods during their cellular internalization process using dual-channel polarization *** particular,the azimuth and polar angles were integrated into a polar coordinate systemto obtain three general orientation distribution patterns,found to have a close relationship with the nanoparticle cellular internalization process and time-dependent ***,the patterns accompanied by trajectories,translational and rotational coefficients,the azimuth and polar angles,and other parameters provided a wealth of knowledge on the nanoparticle cellular internalization dynamics with unprecedented *** observed that the gold nanorods could initially assume a tip-first quick rotation state with partially restricted orientations,then change to a strongly confined near-vertical insertion state with slight angular fluctuations,and eventually transform into a random and fast rotation *** methodology opens up a new avenue for a detailed understanding of biological processes.

关键词： orientation distribution pattern nanoparticle cellular internalization orientational and translational motion single nanoparticle tracking

Methods for improving thermal tolerance in military personnel prior to deployment

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Military Medical Research 2021年第3期8卷 405-423页

作者： edward Tom Ashworth James David Cotter Andrew edward Kilding Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand(SPRINZ) Auckland University of Technology17 Antares PlaceRosedaleAuckland 0632New Zealand School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtago 9016New Zealand

Acute exposure to heat, such as that experienced by people arriving into a hotter or more humid environment, can compromise physical and cognitive performance as well as health. In military contexts heat stress is exacerbated by the combination of protective clothing, carried loads, and unique activity profiles, making them susceptible to heat illnesses. As the operational environment is dynamic and unpredictable, strategies to minimize the effects of heat should be planned and conducted prior to deployment. This review explores how heat acclimation(HA) prior to deployment may attenuate the effects of heat by initiating physiological and behavioural adaptations to more efficiently and effectively protect thermal homeostasis, thereby improving performance and reducing heat illness risk. HA usually requires access to heat chamber facilities and takes weeks to conduct, which can often make it impractical and infeasible, especially if there are other training requirements and expectations. Recent research in athletic populations has produced protocols that are more feasible and accessible by reducing the time taken to induce adaptations, as well as exploring new methods such as passive HA. These protocols use shorter HA periods or minimise additional training requirements respectively, while still invoking key physiological adaptations, such as lowered core temperature, reduced heart rate and increased sweat rate at a given intensity. For deployments of special units at short notice(< 1 day) it might be optimal to use heat re-acclimation to maintain an elevated baseline of heat tolerance for long periods in anticipation of such an event. Methods practical for military groups are yet to be fully understood, therefore further investigation into the effectiveness of HA methods is required to establish the most effective and feasible approach to implement them within military groups.

关键词： Heat acclimation Thermoregulation Heat illness Physiology Human Conditioning Military