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The Interface Between Pragmatics and Conversation Analysis

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外国语 2018年第1期41卷 2-22页

作者： Paul drew Loughborough University UK

In his authoritative and brilliant account of Pragmatics,Levinson(1983)included Conversation Analysis(CA)firmly as part of *** have perhaps been more cautious,even sceptical,about whether CA is really relevant to the Pragmatics programme;and it has to be said that some conversation analysts have been rather stand-offish about being associated with Pragmatics,regarding CA’s programme as very different from that of *** there are many differences and divergences between CA and Pragmatics,my own view is that CA shares with Pragmatics a number of focal interests that lie at or close to the heart of *** I will explore some connections between them,focusing on the contributions CA makes to our understanding of the pragmatics of language use,especially in three of the foundational areas of Pragmatics—namely Implicature(*** Grice 1975),Speech Acts(social action)(*** Austin 1962 and Searle 1969)and Presupposition and Well-Formedness(*** Lakoff1971).I will show examples that demonstrate the distinctiveness of CA’s approach to these core pragmatic aspects of language use—in the spirit of demonstrating how CA’s approach complements and does not detract from approaches in Pragmatics.

关键词： conversation analysis sequential approach empirical complement pragmatics

Conversation Analysis and Social Action

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外国语 2013年第3期36卷 2-19页

作者： Paul drew Loughborough University UK

Conversation analysis(CA) has come to be regarded as focusing primarily on turn-taking,on the way speakers design,hold and extend their turns at talk;how they select next speakers;how others know when it is their turn to speak;how orderly transition from one turn to the next is managed and how turns *** argument in this paper is that this research focus is waning,and that in its place a new direction is emerging(or perhaps reemerging) -the investigation of how social actions are conducted through *** research direction connects with an area that is quite familiar in linguistic pragmatics,that of speech act analysis(Austin,Searle).But CA's approach is quite distinctive,exploring as it does the systematic basis for the selection of one from among the alternative constructions or formats for doing certain *** is illustrated through recent studies of offering and requesting,with some further observations of negatively formatted interrogatives used to make *** studies show that speakers select between the alternative available forms on the basis of the sequential position in which the speaker is conducting that action.

关键词：英语学习学习方法阅读知识阅读材料

Particle Size Optimization of Thermochemical Salt Hydrates for High Energy Density Thermal Storage

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第2期7卷 326-333页

作者： Andrew Martin drew Lilley Raνi Prasher Sumanjeet Kaur Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA Department of Mechanical Engineering UC BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720USA

Thermal energy storage(TES)solutions offer opportunities to reduce energy consumption,greenhouse gas emissions,and ***,they can help reduce the peak load and address the intermittency of renewable energy sources by time shifting the load,which are critical toward zero energy *** materials(TCMs)as a class of TES undergo a solid-gas reversible chemical reaction with water vapor to store and release energy with high storage capacities(600 kWh m^(-3))and negligible self-discharge that makes them uniquely suited as compact,stand-alone units for daily or seasonal ***,TCMs suffer from instabilities at the material(salt particles)and reactor level(packed beds of salt),resulting in poor multi-cycle efficiency and high-levelized cost of *** this study,a model is developed to predict the pulverization limit or Rcrit of various salt hydrates during thermal *** is critical as it provides design rules to make mechanically stable TCM composites as well as enables the use of more energy-efficient manufacturing process(solid-state mixing)to make the *** model is experimentally validated on multiple TCM salt hydrates with different water content,and effect of Rcrit on hydration and dehydration kinetics is also investigated.

关键词： high energy density hydration kinetics long-term cycling thermal energy storage thermochemical materials

Janice drew's work on diet and cancer

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology 2011年第4期2卷 61-64页

作者： Janice drew Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of AberdeenGreenburn RoadBucksburnAberdeenAB21 9SBUnited Kingdom

Obesity and associated reduced consumption of plant derived foods are linked to increased risk of colon cancer as well as a number of other organ specific *** processes are a contributing factor but the precise mechanisms remain *** and cancer incidence are increasing worldwide,presenting bleak prospects for reducing,or preventing,obesity related *** incidence of these preventable cancers can be achieved with greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking diet and *** drew has developed a research program over recent years to investigate molecular mechanisms related to consumption of anti-inflammatory metabolites generated from consumption of plant based diets,the impact of high fat diets and associated altered metabolism and obesity on regulation of colon inflammatory responses and processes regulating the colon *** strategies have been developed incorporating transcriptomics,including the novel gene expression technology,the GenomeLab System and proteomics,together with biochemical analyses of plasma and tissue samples to assess correlated changes in oxidative stress,inflammation and *** approaches developed have achieved success in establishing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of dietary antioxidants and associated genes and pathways that interact to modulate redox status in the *** processes and genes altered in response to obesity and high fat diets have provided evidence of molecular mechanisms that are implicated in obesity related cancer.

关键词： Diet and cancer Obesity-related cancer Adipokines Leptin Phenolic acids Mitochondria Proteomics Multiplex gene expression

A multigroup model for cholera dynamics and control

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International Journal of Biomathematics 2016年第1期9卷 1-27页

作者： drew Posny Chairat Modnak Jin Wang Department of Mathematics Winyate University Wingate NC 28174 USA Department of Mathematics Naresuan University Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand Department of MathematicsUniversity of Tennessee a$ Chattanooga Chattanooga TN 37403 USA

We propose a general multigroup model for cholera dynamics that involves both direct and indirect transmission pathways and that incorporates spatial heterogeneity. Under biologically feasible conditions, we show that the basic reproduction number R0 remains a sharp threshold for cholera dynamics in multigroup settings. We verify the analysis by numerical simulation results. We also perform an optimal control study to explore optimal vaccination strategy for cholera outbreaks.

关键词： Cholera epidemics multigroup models optimal control.

Who＇s your neighbor？ Acoustic cues to individual identity in red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus rattle calls

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Current Zoology 2012年第5期58卷 758-764页

作者： Shannon M. DIGWEED drew RENDALL Teana IMBEAU Departments of Psychology and Biological Science Grant MacEwan University Edmonton Alberta T5J 2P2 Canada Department of Psychology University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada Department of Biological Science Grant MacEwan University Edmonton Alberta T5J 2P2 Canada

North American red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus often produce a loud territorial rattle call when conspecifics enter or invade a territory. Previous playback experiments suggest that the territorial rattle call may indicate an invader＇s identity as squirrels responded more intensely to calls played from strangers than to calls played from neighbors. This dear-enemy effect is well known in a variety of bird and mammal species and functions to reduce aggressive interactions between known neighbors. However, although previous experiments on red squirrels suggest some form of individual differentiation and thus recognition, detailed acoustic analysis of potential acoustic cues in rattle calls have not been conducted. If calls function to aid in conspecific identifi- cation in order to mitigate aggressive territorial interactions, we would expect that individual recognition cues would be acoustically represented. Our work provides a detailed analysis of acoustic cues to identity within rattle calls. A total of 225 calls across 32 in- dividual squirrels from Sheep River Provincial Park, Kananaskis, AB, Canada, were analyzed with discriminant function analysis for potential acoustic cues to individual identity. Initial analysis of all individuals revealed a reliable acoustic differentiation across individuals. A more detailed analysis of clusters of neighboring squirrels was performed and results again indicated a statistically significant likelihood that calls were assigned correctly to specific squirrels （55%-75% correctly assigned）; in other words squirrels have distinct voices that should allow for individual identification and discrimination by conspecifics [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 758-764, 2012].

关键词： Vocal communication Territory calls Red squirrel Dear-enemy Individual identity

Attribution of Fano resonant features to plasmonic particle size, lattice constant, and dielectric wavenumber in square nanoparticle lattices

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Photonics Research 2014年第1期2卷 15-23页

作者： drew DeJarnette Justin Norman D.Keith Roper Microelectronics and Photonics Graduate Program University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA Department of Chemical Engineering University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA

Fano resonances between plasmons and diffracted light offer tunable energies and locales,but attribution of Fano resonance features to geometry and physicochemistry of metal nanostructures and adjacent dielectrics has been confounded by complexity and computational *** work shows predictable modal shifts of Fano resonance in square lattices of plasmonic nanostructures can be attributed directly to changes in medium wavenumber,particle size,and lattice constant that alter plasmon polarizability and diffractive *** 45 to 80 nm radius particles,a window of lattice constants that support Fano resonances is identified in a range from 500 to 900 *** constants that support high intensity resonances are determined by individual particle polarizability and medium *** resonance wavelengths redshift from diffracted photon energies as local refractive index(RI)changes due to coupling with particle polarizability in the *** sensitivities for quadrupole,dipole,and Fano resonances are 150,348,and 541 nm,respectively,per RI *** resonance intensity may be enhanced more than tenfold by selecting nanoparticle sizes and lattice *** quantitative effects of such parametric changes are rapidly and intuitively distinguished using a semi-analytic approach,consisting of an exact expression for particle polarizability,a trigonometric description of diffraction,and a semianalytical coupled dipole approximation.

关键词： lattice particle wave

Growth at the microscale:long term thinning effects on patterns and timing of intra-annual stem increment in radiata pine

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Forest Ecosystems 2018年第4期5卷 438-450页

作者： David M.drew Geoffrey M.Downes Department of Forest and Wood Science Stellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1Matieland 7800South Africa Forest Quality Pty Ltd PO Box 293 HuonvilleTASAustralia.

Background: Stem radial growth in forests is not uniform. Rather, it is characterized by periods of relatively fast or slow growth, or sometimes no growth at all. These fluctuations are generally a function of varying environmental conditions(e.g. water availability) and, importantly, will also be associated with adjustments in proprties in the wood formed. Stand level conditions and forest management, particularly thinning and stand density will, thowever, also have a major influence on patterns of growth variation. We explore how different thinning histories and/or stand densities influence these dynamics of tree growth in the important commercial plantation species Pinus radiata D. ***: Daily stem size change was measured using electronic point dendrometers over two growing seasons on P. radiata trees at two sites, subjected to different thinning regimes. Timing, rates and periodicity of annual growth were calculated from these ***: Greater overall cross-sectional growth in thinned plots was driven mainly by two dynamics. First, the cessation of seasonal growth occurred at least 3 weeks later in the stands in which thinning had taken place. There was no difference between thinned/unthinned stands, however, in the timing of growth onset. Second, within the longer season, trees in thinned plots had more growth days(as much as 20% more) than unthinned plots. The rates of growth on days when growth occurred were not different, however. In this context, it is notable that in trees in the unthinned plots experiencing the most severe competition there were strong "pulses" of growth following drought-breaking rainfall events. Unthinned plots at high stand densities also maintained a smaller(but consistent) zone of dividing cells throughout the season than thinned ***: In Pinus radiata growing under conditions as in our study, conditions late in summer, particularly drought, have an important effect on the timing of cessation of growth. Earl

关键词： Monterey pine Dendrometer Intra-annual growth Drought Thinning

Antidepressant foods:An evidence-based nutrient profiling system for depression

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2018年第3期8卷 97-104页

作者： Laura R La Chance drew Ramsey Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

AIM To investigate which foods are the most nutrient dense sources of nutrients demonstrated by the scientific literature to play a role in the prevention and promotion of recovery from depressive disorders. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to derive a list of Antidepressant Nutrients from the 34 nutrients known to be essential for humans using level of evidence criteria. Nutritional data was extracted for a subset of foods with a high content of at least 1 Antidepressant Nutrient using a USDA database. These foods were analyzed for Antidepressant Nutrient density resulting in an Antidepressant Food Score(AFS). Plant and animal foods were analyzed separately. RESULTS Twelve Antidepressant Nutrients relate to the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders: Folate, iron, longchain omega-3 fatty acids(EPA and DHA), magnesium, potassium, selenium, thiamine, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and zinc. The highest scoring foods were bivalves such as oysters and mussels, various seafoods, and organ meats for animal foods. The highest scoring plant foods were leafy greens, lettuces, peppers, and cruciferous vegetables. CONCLUSION The AFS is based on a nutrient profiling system devised to identify foods with the highest nutrient density of nutrients with clinical evidence to support theirrole in depressive disorders. This list of foods and food categories with the highest density of the 12 Antidepressant Nutrients, the Antidepressant Foods, should be considered by researchers in the design of future intervention studies and clinicians as dietary options to support prevention and recovery from depression disorders.

关键词： Depressive disorder Mental disorders Diet Diet therapy Food