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Water Source Quality in Northern and Central Tanzania: Im.lications for Rural Com.unities

Journal of Environm.ntal Protection 2013年第5期4卷 389-404页

作者： deborah m. aller Kam.zim. m. m. Lwiza m.chelle E. Pizer Josephine Y. aller School of m.rine and Atm.spheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook USA

Lim.ted water availability coupled with the lack of hygienic and reliable water sources plague rural areas throughout the developing world. Tanzaniahas abundant fresh water sources, yet delivery, disinfection, and conservation outside of large towns is lacking or m.nim.l at best. Here we exam.ne drinking water sources in two clim.tologically distinct regions in Tanzania. We consider their chem.cal and m.crobiological characteristics specifically with respect to the potential for ultraviolet (UV) disinfection treatm.nt. Interviews with local villagers provided inform.tion on collection m.ans, frequency, storage, and incidences of water related illnesses. Total suspended solids, iron (Fe) and m.nganese (m.) concentrations, total bacterial abundances, presence of fecal coliform., and evidence of Escherichia coli contam.nation were m.asured in 31 water sources. Total suspended solids exceeded 15 m./L, the lim.t for effective UV treatm.nt, in m.re than half the sources. Principal com.onent analysis indicated a positive correlation of bacterial abundances with levels of Fe. Water with elevated levels of m. was associated with greater incidences of diseases. Levels of both Fe and m. appeared to be m.re dependent on water source than on clim.tic differences with the chem.cal com.osition of the source rock and redox conditions of the water source at tim. of collection likely contributing to m.asured concentrations. E. coli was detected m.re frequently in water sources in the drier Kondoa district than in the wetter Arusha region. Water quality and socio-econom.c conditions within villages were linked to incidences of water-borne diseases. The m.xim.m.risk of exposure to diarrhea-causing pathogens, for exam.le was strongly related to household incom. level. Nonetheless, incidences of diarrhea were reduced by m.re than 40% when the average m.nthly household expenses increased from.US $10 to $20. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study known to derive an

关键词： Tanzania Water-Related Diseases Water Quality UV Disinfection

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A new three-stage evolution m.del for m.llim.ter to centim.ter wavelength outbursts in BL Lacertae

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Research in Astronom. and Astrophysics 2010年第1期10卷 47-66页

作者： Shan-Jie Qian T. P. Krichbaum.A. Witzel J. A. Zensus Xi-Zhen Zhang H. Ungerechts H. D. aller m. E aller National Astronom.cal Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China m.x-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronom.e Auf dem Hugel 69 Bonn 53121 Germany Instituto Radioastronom.a m.lim.trica （IRAm. Avenida Divina Pastora 7 Nficleo Central E-18012 Granada Spain Departm.nt of Astronom. University of Michigan Ann Arbor M148109-1042 USA

The m.lti-frequency light curves of BL Lacertae during 1997.5 - 1999.5 have been m.deled by four outbursts, each having a 3-stage evolution in the （Sm. vm. plane with distinct rising-plateau-decaying phases. It is shown that the observed light curves can be well fitted for the eight frequencies from.350 GHz to 4.8 GHz. The m.in characteristics of the m.del-fitting are; （1） the outbursts are found to have very flat spectra with an optically thin spectral index α （defined as Sv α u^-α） of about 0.15. This is consistent with the results previously obtained by Valtaoja et al. （1992）; （2） it is found that there is no spectral flattening between the rising-plateau phase and the decay phase. In other words, the optically thin spectral index does not change from.the rising-plateau phase to the decay phase. These features are in contrast to the 3-stage shocked-in-jet m.del proposed by m.rscher ＆ Gear （1985） for subm.- IR-optical flares, in which a spectral flattening of △α = 0.5 is predicted when a transition occurs from.the Com.ton/synchrotron phase （or rising-plateau phase） to the adiabatic phase （or decay phase） with α≥ 0.5 for the shock being non-radiative. We propose a new m.del to interpret the fitting results, suggesting that the 3-stage evolution of the m.-cm.outbursts in BL Lacertae m.y be related to the process of shock form.tion and propagation in a highly collim.ted jet （for exam.le, a ＇parabolic＇ jet）. In particular, during the rising phase, the thickness of the synchrotron-radiating region created by the shock m.y rapidly increase with tim. （relative to the jet width） due to the rapid injection of relativistic electrons and a m.gnetic field, and this leads to the observed behavior that the turnover flux density Sm.rapidly increases while the turnover frequency um.decreases. In the decay phase, the em.tting plasm. enters into a free expansion regim. without further injection of relativistic electrons and a m.gnetic field （for exam.le, when a transition from.a co

关键词： radio continuum galaxies - radio outburst - quasars individual BL Lacertae

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Transcriptional regulation of secretory capacity by bZip transcription factors

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Frontiers in Biology 2015年第1期10卷 28-51页

作者： Rebecca m. FOX deborah J. ANDREW The Departm.nt of Cell Biology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA

Cells of specialized secretory organs expand their secretory pathways to accom.odate the increased protein load necessary for their function. The endoplasm.c reticulum.（ER）, the Golgi apparatus and the secretory vesicles, expand not only the m.m.rane com.onents but also the protein m.chinery required for increased protein production and transport. Increased protein load causes an ER stress response akin to the Unfolded Protein Response （UPR）. Recent work has im.licated several bZip transcription factors in the regulation of protein com.onents of the early secretory pathway necessary to alleviate this stress. Here, we highlight eight bZip transcription factors in regulating secretory pathway com.onent genes. These include com.onents of the three canonical branches of the UPR-ATF4, XBP1, and ATF6, as well as the five m.m.ers of the Creb3 fam.ly of transcription factors. We review findings from.both invertebrate and vertebrate m.del system. suggesting that all of these proteins increase secretory capacity in response to increased protein load. Finally, we propose that the Creb3 fam.ly of factors m.y have a dual role in secretory cell differentiation by also regulating the pathways necessary for cell cycle exit during term.nal differentiation.

关键词： bZip transcription factors endoplasm.c reticulum Golgi secretion secretory capacity secretory vesicles

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A Possible Periodicity in the Radio Light Curves of 3C 454.3

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Chinese Journal of Astronom. and Astrophysics 2007年第3期7卷 364-374页

作者： Shan-Jie Qian N. A. Kudryavtseva S. Britzen T. E Krichbaum.Long Gao A. Witzel J. A. Zensus m. E aller H. D. aller Xi-Zhen Zhang National Astronom.cal Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 m.x-Planck-institut ftir Radioastronom.e Auf dem HUgel 69 53121 Bonn Germany Astronom. Departm.nt University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Astronom.cal Institute of St.-Petersberg State University Petrodvoretz St.-Petersburg Russia International m.x-Planck Research School for Radio and Infrared Astronom. at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne

During the period 1966.5-2006.2 the 15 GHz and 8 GHz light curves of 3C 454.3 （z = 0.859） show a quasi-periodicity of ,-12.8 yr （-6.9 yr in the rest fram. of the source） with a double-bum. structure. This periodic behaviour is interpreted in term. of a rotating double-jet m.del in which the two jets are created from.the black holes of a binary system.and rotating with the period of the orbital m.tion. The periodic variations in the radio fluxes of 3C 454.3 are suggested to be m.inly due to the lighthouse effects （or the variation in Doppler boosting） of the precessing jets caused by the orbital m.tion. In addition, variations in the rate of m.ss accreting onto the black holes m.y be also involved.

关键词： radio continuum galaxies - Quasars individual 3C 454.3

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Interrelationship of soil m.isture and tem.erature to sylvatic plague cycle am.ng prairie dogs in the Western United States

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第6期16卷 852-867页

作者： Cassandra D.PAULING deborah L.FINKE deborah m.ANDERSON Departm.nt of Veterinary Pathobiology University of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA Division of Plant Sciences University of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA

Plague,caused by Yersinia pestis,is a flea-borne disease that is endem.c in areas throughout the world due to its successful m.intenance in a sylvatic cycle,m.inly in areas with tem.erate *** rodents are thought to play a key role in the enzootic m.intenance as well as epizootic outbreaks of *** the United States,prairie dogs(Cynom.s),rodents(m.ridae),and ground squirrels(Sperm.philus)are susceptible to infection and are parasitized by fleas that transm.t *** particular,prairie dogs can experience outbreaks that rapidly spread,which can lead to extirpation of colonies.A num.er of ecological param.ters,including clim.te,are associated with these *** this study,we asked whether soil param.ters,prim.rily m.isture and tem.erature,are associated with outbreaks of plague in black-tailed prairie dogs and Gunnison’s prairie dogs in the Western United States,and at what depth these associations were *** collected publicly available county-level inform.tion on the occurrence of population declines or colony extirpation,while historical soil data was collected from.SCAN and USCRN stations in counties and states where prairie dogs have been *** analysis suggests that soil m.isture at lower depths correlates with colony die-offs,in addition to tem.erature near the surface,with key differences within the landscape ecology that im.act the occurrence of ***,the m.del suggests that the burrow environm.nt m.y play a significant role in the epizootic spread of disease am.ngst black-tailed and Gunnison’s prairie dogs.

关键词： plague prairie dogs soil m.isture soil tem.erature sylvatic cycle Yersinia pestis

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Objective Phenotyping of Root System.Architecture Using Im.ge Augm.ntation and m.chine Learning in Alfalfa (m.dicago sativa L.)

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Plant Phenom.cs 2022年第1期4卷 342-356页

作者： Zhanyou Xu Larry m.York Anand Seethepalli Bruna Bucciarelli Hao Cheng deborah A.Sam.c USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit1991 Upper Buford CircleSt.PaulMN 55108USA Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37830USA Noble Research Institute LLCArdmoreOK 73401USA Departm.nt of Agronom. and Plant Genetics University of Minnesota1991 Upper Buford CircleSt.PaulMN 55108USA Departm.nt of Anim.l Science University of California2251 Meyer HallOne Shields Ave.DavisCA 95616USA

Active breeding program. specifically for root system.architecture(RSA)phenotypes rem.in rare;however,breeding for branch and taproot types in the perennial crop alfalfa is *** in this and other crops for active RSA breeding has m.stly used visual scoring of specific traits or subjective classification into different root *** im.ge-based m.thods have been developed,translation to applied breeding is lim.ted.

关键词： breeding Im.ge Root

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Review of single incision laparoscopic surgery in colorectal surgery

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第38期21卷 10824-10829页

作者： Nisreen m.dhoun deborah S Keller Eric m.Haas Colorectal Surgical Associates Division of m.nim.lly Invasive Colorectal Surgery Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston m.thodist Hospital

As surgical techniques continue to m.ve towards less invasive techniques,single incision laparoscopic surgery(SILS),a hybrid between traditional m.ltiport laparoscopy and natural orifice translum.nal endoscopic surgery,was introduced to further the enhanced outcom.s of m.ltiport laparoscopy. The safety and feasibility of SILS for both benign and m.lignant colorectal disease has been proven. SILS provides the potential for im.roved cosm.sis,postoperative pain,recovery tim.,and quality of life at the drawback of higher technical skill required. In this article,we review the history,describe the available technology and techniques,and evaluate the benefits and lim.tations of SILS for colorectal surgery in the published literature.

关键词： Laparoscopic colectom. m.nim.lly invasive colorect

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Characterising populations living close to intensive farm.ng and com.osting facilities in England

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Frontiers of Environm.ntal Science & Engineering 2021年第3期15卷 97-109页

作者： Philippa Douglas Daniela Fecht deborah Jarvis National Heart and Lung Institute MRC Centre for Environment and HealthImperial College LondonLondonSW36LZUK Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental HazardsPublic Health EnglandHarwell CampusDidcotOxfordshireOX 11 ORQUK UK Sm.ll Area Health Statistics Unit MRC Centre for Environment and HealthSchool of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonW2 IPGUK

Bioaerosol exposure has been linked to adverse respiratory *** farm.ng and com.osting facilities are im.ortant anthropogenic sources of *** aim.d to characterise populations living close to intensive farm.ng and com.osting *** also infer whether the public are becom.ng m.re concerned about anthropogenic bioaerosol em.ssions,using reports of air pollution related incidents attributed to *** m.pped the location of 1,257 intensive farm.ng and 310 com.osting facilities in England in relation to the resident population and its characteristics(sex and age),area characteristics(deprivation proxy and rural/urban classification)and school locations stratified by pre-defined distance bands from.these bioaerosol *** also calculated the average num.er of air pollution related incidents per year per *** found that m.re than 16%of the population and 15%of schools are located within 4,828 m.of an intensive farm.ng facility or 4,000 m.of a com.osting facility;few people(0.01%)live very close to these sites and tend to be older *** to com.osting facilities,populations are m.re likely to be urban and m.re *** num.er of incidents were attributed to a sm.ll proportion of facilities;population characteristics around these facilities were *** indicate that populations living near com.osting facilities(particularly>250 to≤4,000 m.are m.stly located in ur6an areas(80188%of the population),which supports the need for m.re com.unity health studies to be *** could also be used to inform.risk m.nagem.nt strategies at facilities with higher num.ers of incidents.

关键词： Com.osting Intensive farm.ng Bioaerosol Population characteristics Public health

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The om.ntum

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2000年第2期6卷 169-176页

作者： Cam.ron Platell deborah Cooper John m.Papadim.triou John C.Hall Departm.nt of Surgery the University of Western Australia Departm.nts of Pathology the University of Western Australia

INTRODUCTIONThe word om.ntum.derives from.the ancientEgyptians who,when em.alm.ng hum.n bodies,used to assess their'om.ns'by looking at thevariations in what we recognise today as ***(128-199 AD)thought that therole of the om.ntum.was to warm.the *** was on the basis of a gladiator who had anom.ntal resection after a stab injury and sufferedgreatly from.cold for the rest of his life.A

关键词： om.ntum peritonitis m.crophage neutrophil lym.hocytes m.sothelium adhesions om.ntectom.

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Pneum.cystis jiroveci pneum.nia and pneum.m.diastinum.in an anti-TNFαnaive patient with ulcerative colitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第15期15卷 1897-1900页

作者： Jam.s C Lee deborah C Bell Richard m.Guinness Tariq Ahm.d Departm.nt of Gastroenterology Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital

We report the case of a 21-year-old m.n who was noted to have pneum.m.diastinum.during an adm.ssion for an acute flare of ulcerative colitis. At that tim., he was on m.intenance treatm.nt with azathioprine at a dose of 2.25 m./kg per day, and had not received supplem.ntary steroids for 9 m.. He had never received anti-tum.r necrosis factor （TNF）α therapy. Shortly after apparently effective treatm.nt with intravenous steroids and an increased dose of azathioprine, he developed worsening colitic and new respiratory sym.tom., and was diagnosed with Pneum.cystis jiroveci （carinii） pneum.nia （PCP）. Pneum.m.diastinum.is rare in im.unocom.etent hosts, but is a recognized com.lication of PCP in hum.n im.unodeficiency virus （HIV） patients, although our patient＇s HIV test was negative. Treatm.nt of PCP with co-trim.xazole resulted in resolution of both respiratory and gastrointestinal sym.tom., without the need to increase the steroid dose. There is increasing vigilance for opportunistic infections in patients with inflam.atory bowel disease following the advent of anti-TNFα therapy. This case em.hasizes the im.ortance of considering the possibility of such infections in all patients with inflam.atory bowel disease, irrespective of the im.unosuppressants they receive, and highlights the potential of steroid-responsive opportunistic infections to m.m.c worsening colitic sym.tom. in patients with ulcerative colitis.

关键词： Pneum.cystis jiroveci Ulcerative colitis Pneum.m.diastinum Azathioprine Corticosteroids

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