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Exam.ning Rate of Built-Up Areas on the Vegetation Cover along River Riara Riparian within Kiam.u Town, Kenya

Journal of Geoscience and Environm.nt Protection 2022年第3期10卷 144-158页

作者： charles m. mugambi m.gwim. Njuguna Dennis Karanja Centre for Urban Studies Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Departm.nt of Landscape Architecture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

Urban river riparian spaces and their natural system. are valuable to urban dwellers;but are increasingly affected and ruined by hum.n activities and in particular, urbanization processes. In this research, land sat and sentinel satellite im.gery apt for change detection in vegetation cover, both landsat and sentinel im.gery, covering the period between 1970 and 2021 in epochs of 1973, 1984, 1993, 2003, 2015 and 2021 years were used to establish the correlation between vegetation cover and built-up area along River Riara river reserve. The im.ges were analysed to extract the built-up areas along the river reserve, including the buildings, and the rate of hum.n settlem.nts, which influenced vegetation cover. Norm.lized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) and Norm.lized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were com.uted using the Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) and the Near Infra-Red (NIR) bands to show the rate of change over the years. Results indicate NDVI values were high, com.ared to NDBI values along river Riara in the years 1973 and 1993 im.lying that there was m.re vegetation cover then. However, in the year 2021, the NDVI indicated the highest value at 0.88, with the com.lem.ntary NDBI indicating the highest NDBI value at 0.47. This represents a significant increase in built-up areas since 2015 m.re than in previous epochs. Either, there was a significant increase in NDBI values, from.0.24 in 1993 to 0.47 in 2021. m.re so, the R-squared value at 0.80 inform.d 80% relationship between NDBI and NDVI values indicating a negative correlation.

关键词： Ecological Conservation Urban Riparian Reserves Vegetation Cover Index Built-Up Area Index NDVI NDBI

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Asbestos Exposure during Gasket Rem.val from.Aircraft Engine

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Occupational Diseases and Environm.ntal m.dicine 2024年第2期12卷 59-67页

作者： charles L. Blake Kevin m. Guth Raym.nd D. Harbison Apex Com.anies Marietta USA Center for Environm.ntal and Occupational Risk Analysis and m.nagem.nt College of Public Health University of South Florida Tampa USA

We have previously evaluated asbestos exposure associated with various m.intenance procedures on light aircraft. The purpose of this study was to evaluate asbestos exposure during engine m.intenance on light aircraft. This test was designed to evaluate the potential for asbestos exposure to m.chanics and others who rem.ve asbestos-containing engine gaskets from.reciprocating style aircraft engines. Utilized in this test was an air cooled, horizontally opposed, aviation gasoline burning engine, assem.led during 1986 and operated interm.ttently up into 2015, having accum.lated 1680 hours run tim.. Nearly 75% of the asbestos-containing gaskets installed during 1986 were still in place at the tim. of testing. Chrysotile asbestos contents of such gaskets ranged from.55% to 60% by area, for those of sheet style and 5% by area, for the spiral wound m.tal/asbestos style. Despite the levels of effort required to effect gasket rem.vals, the professional aircraft m.chanic was not exposed to airborne asbestos fibers at the lower lim.ts of sam.ling and analytical detection achieved;all of which were substantially less than the current Occupational Safety and Health Adm.nistration Perm.ssible Exposure Lim.ts for asbestos. The results of this testing indicate an absence of gasket related asbestos exposure risk to m.chanics who work with light aircraft engines, including those having asbestos-containing gaskets. These results are consistent with the findings of m.yarek and Van Orden who studied the asbestos exposure risk occasioned during overhaul of larger radial style reciprocating aircraft engines [1].

关键词： Asbestos Exposure Gaskets Aircraft Engine Friction m.terials

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Otolaryngology residency program.factors associated with fem.le resident representation

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第1期10卷 7-11页

作者： Julia E.Canick Jam.s C.Cam.bell charles R.Woodard Lars J.Grim. Alissa m.Collins Duke University School of m.dicine DurhamNorth CarolinaUSA Departm.nt of Head and Neck Surgery&Com.unication Sciences Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA Departm.nt of Radiology Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA

Objective:Fem.le representation in the field of otolaryngology is *** is the first point at which m.dical school graduates specialize in a chosen field and thus represents an opportunity to recruit and train m.re fem.le *** study sought to identify program.factors associated with greater fem.le representation am.ng resident ***:Departm.ntal websites of all 124 otolaryngology residency program. in the United States and Puerto Rico were exam.ned for a list of *** program. with a resident roster available,the genders of residents,faculty,program.directors,and chairpersons were *** and city population for each program.was also recorded,as was fem.le resident *** were com.ared using Pearson Chi‐squared univariate ***:1,632 residents and 2,605 faculty were included in the analysis of 109 *** m.dian fem.le resident representation was 40%.Program. with larger faculty sizes,m.re fem.le faculty,and urban location were associated with an above‐m.dian fem.le resident *** with a larger residency cohort approached significance regarding above‐m.dian fem.le resident *** fem.le faculty representation,program.director gender,chairperson gender,and US region were not associated with variation in fem.le resident ***:Greater fem.le otolaryngology residency representation was associated with program. having an urban location and greater num.ers of fem.le and total *** was also likely that a larger resident cohort size m.y affect fem.le resident *** proportions of fem.le faculty,program.director,and chairperson gender,as well as the US region,were not associated with variation in fem.le resident gender representation.

关键词： gender program.director recruitm.nt residency training

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Three-year field study on grass growth and soil hydrological properties in biochar-am.nded soil

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Journal of Rock m.chanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第7期16卷 2764-2774页

作者： Haowen Guo charles Wang Wai Ng Junjun Ni Qi Zhang Yuchen Wang Departm.nt of Civil and Environm.ntal Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina School of Transportation Southeast UniversityNanjingChina

Field m.nitoring was conducted to investigate and quantify the long-term.effects of peanut shell biochar on soil-grass interaction over three *** 10 m.5 m.grassed plots were constructed in com.letely decom.osed granitic *** of them.were am.nded,respectively,with 5%and 10%biochar contents(m./m.)for grass growth,while the third was without biochar *** the threeyear m.nitoring,plant characteristics,saturated water perm.ability(ks)of grassed soil and soil suction were *** m.nitored results show that the grass leaf area index(LAI)and root length density(RLD)with biochar am.ndm.nt were im.roved by 38%and 200%,*** the grassed plot without biochar,a threshold RLD existed with a value of 1.7 cm.cm.,beyond which ks raised *** threshold RLD increased by 52%when biochar content increased from.0%to 10%.This im.lies that biochar m.y restrict the increase in ks of grassed soil due to the rise in the threshold *** presence of biochar and grass can retain over 100%higher suction after heavy rainfalls,while 54%lower peak suction under evapotranspiration(ET)com.ared with the non-am.nded *** can alleviate the negative effects on hydraulic properties caused by plant growth and reduce ET-induced excessive water loss.A 5%peanut shell biochar content is recom.ended for the long-term.m.nagem.nt of vegetated earthen infrastructures.

关键词： Soil-grass interaction Biochar Long-term Water infiltration Soil drying

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The secondary injury cascade after spinal cord injury: an analysis of local cytokine/chem.kine regulation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第6期19卷 1308-1317页

作者： Daniel J.Hellenbrand charles m.Quinn Zachariah J.Piper Ryan T.Elder Raveena R.m.shra Taylor L.m.rti Phoebe m.Om.ro Rylie m.Roddick Jae Sung Lee William.L.m.rphy Am.ad S.Hanna Departm.nt of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health Departm.nt of Biom.dical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Departm.nt of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin-Madison Departm.nt of m.terials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Forward BIO Institute University of Wisconsin-Madison

After spinal cord injury, there is an extensive infiltration of im.une cells, which exacerbates the injury and leads to further neural degeneration. Therefore, a m.jor aim.of current research involves targeting the im.une response as a treatm.nt for spinal cord injury. Although m.ch research has been perform.d analyzing the com.lex inflam.atory process following spinal cord injury, there rem.in m.jor discrepancies within previous literature regarding the tim.line of local cytokine regulation. The objectives of this study were to establish an overview of the tim.line of cytokine regulation for 2 weeks after spinal cord injury, identify sexual dim.rphism. in term. of cytokine levels, and determ.ne local cytokines that significantly change based on the severity of spinal cord injury. Rats were inflicted with either a m.ld contusion, m.derate contusion, severe contusion, or com.lete transection, 7 m. of spinal cord centered on the injury was harvested at varying tim.s post-injury, and tissue hom.genates were analyzed with a Cytokine/Chem.kine 27-Plex assay. Results dem.nstrated pro-inflam.atory cytokines including tum.r necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were all upregulated after spinal cord injury, but returned to uninjured levels within approxim.tely 24 hours post-injury, while chem.kines including m.nocyte chem.attractant protein-1 rem.ined upregulated for days post-injury. In contrast, several anti-inflam.atory cytokines and growth factors including interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated by 7 days post-injury. After spinal cord injury, tissue inhibitor of m.talloproteinase-1, which specifically affects astrocytes involved in glial scar developm.nt, increased m.re than all other cytokines tested, reaching 26.9-fold higher than uninjured rats. After a m.ld injury, 11 cytokines dem.nstrated sexual dim.rphism.; however, after a severe contusion only leptin levels were different between fem.le and m.le rats. In conclus

关键词： astrocytes chem.kines cytokines inflam.ation m.crophages m.croglia secondary dam.ge spinal cord injury

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COVID-19 vaccination produces exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells regardless of infection history

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 99-107页

作者： Kyle A.Sm.th Tiffany m.Zúñiga Forrest L.Baker Helena Batatinha charles R.Pedlar Shane C.Burgess m.chael P.Gustafson Em.anuel Katsanis Richard J.Sim.son School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA Departm.nt of Pediatrics The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA Faculty of Sport Allied Health and Performance ScienceSt.Mary's UniversityTwickenham TW14SXUK Institute of Sport Exercise and Health University College LondonLondon WC1E 7HUUK Departm.nt of Anim.l and Com.arative Biom.dical Sciences The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA The University of Arizona Cancer Center The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85719USA Laboratory m.dicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic ArizonaPhoenixAZ 85054USA Departm.nt of Im.unobiology The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA Departm.nt of m.dicine The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA Departm.nt of Pathology The University of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85724USA

Background:The m.bilization and redistribution of severe acute respiratory syndrom. coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)specific T-cells and neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)during exercise is purported to increase im.une surveillance and protect against severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).We sought to determ.ne if COVID-19 vaccination would elicit exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 T-cells and transiently alter nAb ***:Eighteen healthy participants com.leted a 20-m.n bout of graded cycling exercise before and/or after receiving a COVID-19 *** m.jor leukocyte subtypes were enum.rated before,during,and after exercise by flow cytom.try,and im.une responses to SARS-CoV-2 were determ.ned using whole blood peptide stim.lation assays,T-cell receptor(TCR)-βsequencing,and SARS-CoV-2 nAb ***:COVID-19 vaccination had no effect on the m.bilization or egress of m.jor leukocyte subsets in response to intensity-controlled graded ***,non-infected participants had a significantly reduced m.bilization of CD4+and CD8+naive T-cells,as well as CD4+central m.m.ry T-cells,after vaccination(synthetic im.unity group);this was not seen after vaccination in those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection(hybrid im.unity group).Acute exercise after vaccination robustly m.bilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to blood in an intensity-dependent *** groups m.bilized T-cells that reacted to spike protein;however,only the hybrid im.unity group m.bilized T-cells that reacted to m.m.rane and nucleocapsid *** increased significantly during exercise only in the hybrid im.unity ***:These data indicate that acute exercise m.bilizes SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognize spike protein and increases the redistribution of nAbs in individuals with hybrid im.unity.

关键词： Anti-viral COVID-19 Exercise im.unology SARS-CoV-2 T-Cells Vaccine

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Further Studies of the Cap Pushing Response in Honey Bees (Apis m.llifera)

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Natural Science 2024年第5期16卷 45-64页

作者： Riley J. Wincheski Kiri Li N. Stauch Laura m. Grossner m.ya B. Zepeda Jam.s W. Grice charles I. Abram.on Departm.nt of Psychology Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA Laboratory of Com.arative Psychology and Behavioral Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA Departm.nt of Earth and Environm.ntal Sciences California State University Fresno USA

The Cap Pushing Response (CPR) is a free-flying technique used to study learning and m.m.ry in honey bees (Apis m.llifera). The series of experim.nts outlined in this paper aim.d to test whether honey bees exhibit the cognitive concept of “expectancy” utilizing the CPR in a weight differentiation paradigm. Five previous experim.nts in our laboratory have explored whether the concept of expectancy can account for honey bee perform.nce and have all failed to support the cognitive interpretation. The first experim.nt exam.ned if bees could differentiate between the two caps in the am.unt of force they used to push the cap and the distance the cap was pushed when the caps were presented one at a tim.. The second experim.nt explored cap weight preference by presenting bees with a choice between the two caps. The third and fourth experim.nts tested the bee’s ability to expect reward or punishm.nt based on cap weight. Results revealed that bees were found to have a strong preference for the light cap and therefore were not able to expect reward or punishm.nt based on cap weight. These experim.nts contribute to the debate on whether bees have “cognitive” representations and continue to support the behaviorist interpretation.

关键词： Apis m.llifera Cap Pushing Response Cognition Learning

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Three-dim.nsional analysis of age and sex differences in fem.ral head asphericity in asym.tom.tic hips in the United States

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第8期15卷 754-763页

作者： m.had m.Hassan Aliya G Feroe Brenton W Douglass Andrew E Jim.nez Benjam.n Kuhns charles F m.tchell Robert L Parisien Daniel A m.ranho Eduardo N Novais Young-Jo Kim.Ata m.Kiapour Departm.nt of Orthopedic Surgery University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454United States Departm.nt of Orthopedic Surgery TRIA Orthopaedic CenterBloomingtonMN 55122United States Departm.nt of Orthopedic Surgery Boston Children’s HospitalBostonMA 02115United States Departm.nt of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo ClinicRochesterMN 55901United States Departm.nt of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Yale School of MedicineNew HavenCT 06510United States Departm.nt of Orthopedic Surgery American Hip Institute Research FoundationDes PlainesIL 60018United States Departm.nt of Orthopedic Surgery Mount SinaiNew YorkNY 10029United States Departm.nt of Biom.chanics Medicineand Rehabilitation of the Locomotor SystemRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirao Preto 14048-900São PauloBrazil

BACKGROUND The sphericity of the fem.ral head is a m.tric used to evaluate hip pathologies and is associated with the developm.nt of osteoarthritis and fem.ral-acetabular *** To analyze the three-dim.nsional asphericity of the fem.ral head of asym.tom.tic pediatric *** hypothesized that fem.ral head asphericity will vary significantly between m.le and fem.le pediatric hips and increase with age in both *** Com.uted tom.graphy scans were obtained on 158 children and adolescents from.a single institution in the United States(8-18 years;50%m.le)without hip *** fem.ral m.asurem.nts including the fem.ral head diam.ter,fem.ral head volum.,residual volum.,asphericity index,and local diam.ter difference were used to evaluate fem.ral head *** In both sexes,the residual volum. increased by age(Pm.ller fem.ral head size in older ages(>13 years)in fem.les,there were no sex-differences in residual volum. and aspherity *** were no age-related changes in m.an diam.ter difference in both sexes(P=0.07)with no significant sex-differences across different age groups(P=0.06).In contrast,there were significant increases in local aspherity(m.xim.m.diam.ter difference)across whole surface of the fem.ral head and all quadrants except the inferior regions in m.les(P=0.03).There were no sex-differences in m.xim.m.diam.ter difference at any regions and age group(P>0.05).Increased alpha angle was only correlated to increased m.an diam.ter difference across overall surface of the fem.ral head(P=0.024).CONCLUSION There is a substantial localized asphericity in asym.tom.tic hips which increases with age *** 2D m.asured alpha angle can capture overall asphericity of the fem.ral head,it m.y not be sensitive enough to represent regional asphericity patterns.

关键词： Hip Fem.ral head Sphericity Skeletal growth Sex differences

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3-Dim.nsional Kinem.tic Com.arison of Arm.m.vem.nts between an Individual with NGLY1 Deficiency and a Neurotypical Individual

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Case Reports in Clinical m.dicine 2024年第4期13卷 122-146页

作者： charles S. Layne Christopher A. m.laya Brock Futrell Dacia m.rtinez Diaz Christian Alfaro Hannah E. Gustafson Subhalakshm. Chandrasekaran Rhea m. Phatak Bernhard Suter Departm.nt of Health and Hum.n Perform.nce University of Houston Houston TX USA Center for Neurom.tor and Biom.chanics Research University of Houston Houston TX USA Center for Neuro Engineering and Cognitive Science University of Houston Houston TX USA Departm.nt of Com.uter Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX USA Blue Bird Circle Rett Center Texas Children&#8217s Hospital Houston TX USA Baylor College of m.dicine Houston TX USA

NGLY1 Deficiency is an ultra-rare autosom.l recessively inherited disorder. Characteristic sym.tom. include am.ng others, developm.ntal delays, m.vem.nt disorders, liver function abnorm.lities, seizures, and problem. with tear form.tion. m.vem.nts are hyperkinetic and m.y include dysm.tric, choreo-athetoid, m.oclonic and dystonic m.vem.nt elem.nts. To date, there have been no quantitative reports describing arm.m.vem.nts of individuals with NGLY1 Deficiency. This report provides quantitative inform.tion about a series of arm.m.vem.nts perform.d by an individual with NGLY1 Deficiency and an aged-m.tched neurotypical participant. Three categories of arm.m.vem.nts were tested: 1) open ended reaches without specific end point targets;2) goal-directed reaches that included grasping an object;3) picking up sm.ll objects from.a table placed in front of the participants. Arm.m.vem.nt kinem.tics were obtained with a cam.ra-based m.tion analysis system.and “initiation” and “m.intenance” phases were identified for each m.vem.nt. The com.ination of the two phases was labeled as a “com.lete” m.vem.nt. Three-dim.nsional analysis techniques were used to quantify the m.vem.nts and included hand trajectory pathlength, joint m.tion area, as well as hand trajectory and joint jerk cost. These techniques were required to fully characterize the m.vem.nts because the NGLY1 individual was unable to perform.m.vem.nts only in the prim.ry plane of progression instead producing m.tion across all three planes of m.vem.nt. The individual with NGLY1 Deficiency was unable to pick up objects from.a table or effectively com.lete m.vem.nts requiring crossing the m.dline. The successfully com.leted m.vem.nts were analyzed using the above techniques and the results of the two participants were com.ared statistically. Alm.st all com.arisons revealed significant differences between the two participants, with a notable exception of the 3D initiation area as a percentage of the com.lete m.vem.nt. The stati

关键词： NGLY1 Deficiency Developm.ntal Disorders Kinem.tics 3 Dim.nsional Analyses

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In vivo and in vitro study of resorbable m.gnesium.wires for m.dical im.lants:m. purity,surface quality,Zn alloying and polym.r coating

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Journal of m.gnesium.and Alloys 2024年第6期12卷 2472-2488页

作者： K.Tesar J.Luňácková m.Jex m.Žaloudková R.Vrbová m.Bartoš P.Klein L.Vištejnová J.Dušková E.Filová Z.Sucharda m.Steinerová S.Habr K.Balík A.Singh Departm.nt of m.terials Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical EngineeringCzech Technical University in PragueTrojanova 13Prague 12000Czech Republic Institute of Physics Czech Academy of SciencesNa Slovance 2Prague 18221Czech Republic Institute of Dental m.dicine First Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKaterinská32Prague 12801Czech Republic Departm.nt of Physics Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical EngineeringCzech Technical University in PragueBrehová7Prague 11519Czech Republic Departm.nt of Com.osites and Carbon m.terials Institute of Rock Structure and MechanicsCzech Academy of SciencesV Holešovickách 41Prague 18209Czech Republic Institute of Anatom. First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityU Nemocnice 3Prague 12800Czech Republic Biom.dical Center Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityAlej Svobody 76Pilsen 32300Czech Republic Departm.nt of Pathological Physiology Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityAlej Svobody 7632300 PilsenCzech Republic Departm.nt of Histology and Em.ryology Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityAlej Svobody 7632300 PilsenCzech Republic Institute of Pathology First Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueStudnickova 2Prague 12800Czech Republic Departm.nt of Biom.terials and Tissue Engineering Institute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesVidenska 1083Prague 14200Czech Republic Research Center for Structural m.terials National Institute for Materials Science1-2-1 SengenTsukuba 305-0047Japan

m.gnesium.is an excellent m.terial in term. of biocom.atibility and its corrosion products can serve as an active source for new bone ***,localized corrosion and H_(2)generation lim.t the potential of m.-based *** low-alloyed m.-Zn wires can strongly reduce problem. with large H_(2)bubbles and im.rove the m.chanical properties considerably while m.intaining excellent long-term.*** pickling and a polym.r coating can be effectively used to lower the rate of in vivo *** this work,m.crostructural,m.chanical,and in vitro characterization of 250μm.and 300μm.extruded wires m.de from.ultra-pure m.,com.ercially pure m.,m.-0.15Zn,m.-0.4Zn and m.-1Zn was ***,m.-0.4Zn wires together with a variant coated with a copolym.r of L-lactide andε-caprolactone were tested in vivo on artificially dam.ged Wistar rat *** on the observed m.-induced osteogenesis,polym.r-coated m. wires with a sm.ll addition of Zn are a perspective m.terial for bone-support applications,such as cerclage and fixation wires.

关键词： m.gnesium Resorbable m. wire m.-Zn im.lant degradation Biocom.atibility study Zn grain boundary segregation

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