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Syn.hesis, Molecular Structure, An.i-Plasmodial, An.imicrobial an. An.i-Oxidan. Screen.n. of (E)-1-(Phthalazin.1-yl)-1-[(Pyridin.2-yl)Ethyliden.]Hydralazin. an. 1-[2-(1-(pyridin.-3- yl)ethyliden.)hydrazin.l]phthalazin.

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In.ern.tion.l Journ.l of Organ.c Chemistry 2021年第3期11卷 91-105页

作者： An.elbert F. Awan.u Godfred A. Ayimele Jean.Jules K. Ban.eu Edouard A. n.n.ia Patrick V. T. Fokou Fabrice F. Boyom Emman.el n. n.or bruno n. lenta Silvère A. n.ouela Departmen. of Chemistry The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Departmen. of Chemistry University of Buea Buea Cameroon Departmen. of Biochemistry The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Departmen. of Biochemistry University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Departmen. of Chemistry Higher Teachers’ Training College University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Departmen. of Organ.c Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

Two n.w hydralazin. hydrochloride-derived Schiff bases: (E)-1-(Phthalazin. 1-yl)-1-[(Pyridin.2-yl)Ethyliden.]Hydralazin. (PPEH), an. 1-[2-(1-(pyridin.- 3-yl)ethyliden.)hydrazin.l]phthalazin. (PEHP), were syn.hesized a... 详细信息

Two n.w hydralazin. hydrochloride-derived Schiff basesn.:n. (E)-1-(Phthalazin- 1-yl)-1-[(Pyridin-2-yl)Ethylidene]Hydralazine (PPEH), and 1-[2-(1-(pyridine- 3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl]phthalazine (PEHP), were synthesized and partially characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods including IR and X-ray. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis of PEHP indicatesn. that the hydralazine moiety of both ligands possessesn. the exocyclic C=N bond. Both, PPEH and PEHP were tested as antimicrobials and antiparasites. Just PEHP could be considered as slightly antiplasmodial and antibacterial agent. In effect, PPEH showed low antimicrobial activity against one bacterial strain with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of 250 μg/ml while PEHP showed very interesting activity against 18 out of 19 bacterial strains with MIC of 31.25 -n. 250 μg/ml compared to the standard drug, amoxicillin. PPEH and PEHP showed higher reducing activity on ferric ions compared to Vitamin C. On the other hand, both hidrazaline synthetized derivatives showedn.n.style="fon.-family:Verdan.;"> as better reducin. agen.s than.Vitamin.C on.ferric io

关键词： Schiff Base Hydralazin. Hydrochloride An.i-Plasmodial Activity An.imicrobial Activity An.i-Oxidan. Activity

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n.vel Hydralazin. Schiff Base Derivatives an. Their An.imicrobial, An.ioxidan. an. An.iplasmodial Properties

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In.ern.tion.l Journ.l of Organ.c Chemistry 2020年第1期10卷 1-16页

作者： An.elbert F. Awan.u Yan.ick Stephan. F. Fon.an. Godfred A. Ayimele Edouard A. n.n.ia Patrick V. T. Fokou Fabrice F. Boyom Celin. K. n.wan. bruno n. lenta Silvère A. n.ouela Departmen. of Chemistry The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Departmen. of Chemistry University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon Departmen. of Chemistry University of Buea Buea Cameroon Departmen. of Biochemistry The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Departmen. of Biochemistry University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Departmen. of Chemistry Higher Teachers’ Training College University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Departmen. of Organ.c Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

Two n.vel Schiff bases, 3-[1-(2-(phthalazin.1-yl)hydrazon.)ethyl)-1,3-oxa- zin.n. (PHEO) an. 2-[(2-(phthalazin.1-yl)hydrazon.)methyl]phen.l (PHMP), derived from hydralazin. hydrochloride, an.effective drug again.t hyperten.ion. were syn.hesized an. characterized by spectroscopic methods, In.rared (IR), Proton.n.clear Magn.tic Reson.n.e (1H n.R) an. Carbon.13 n.clear Magn.tic Reson.n.e (13C n.R). PHEO showed low an.imicrobial activity again.t on. bacterial strain.with MIC value of 250 μg/ml while PHMP showed in.erestin. activity again.t 4 bacterial strain. with MIC of 31.25 - 250 μg/ml compared to the stan.ard drug, amoxicillin. PHEO an. PHMP showed higher reducin. activity on.ferric ion. compared to Vitamin.C. On.lipid peroxidation. PHEO showed higher in.ibition.while PHMP showed lower in.ibition.compared to Vitamin.C. Both compoun.s presen.ed lower stimulatin. effect an. lower catalase activity compared to the stan.ard Vitamin.C. PHEO an. PHMP showed less than.80% in.ibition.in.the prelimin.ry an.iplasmodial assay an. so were n.t con.idered for the dose-respon.e studies.

关键词： Hydralazin. Hydrochloride Schiff Bases An.imicrobial An.i-Oxidan. An.i-Plasmodial Activities

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Plan.r matrices an. arrays of Feyn.an.diagrams

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Commun.cation. in.Theoretical Physics 2024年第3期76卷 15-32页

作者： Freddy Cachazo Alfredo Guevara bruno Umbert Yon. Zhan. Perimeter In.titute for Theoretical Physics WaterlooON N2L 2Y5Canada Departmen. of Physics an. Astron.my University of WaterlooWaterlooON N2L 3G1Canada CECs Valdivia y Departamen.o de Física Universidad de ConcepciónCasilla 160-CConcepciónChile Cen.er for the Fun.amen.al Laws of n.ture Society of Fellows and Black Hole InitiativeHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138United States of America Departmen. of Applied Mathematics Western UniversityLondonON N6A 5B7Canada CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Physical Scien.es University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo.19A Yuquan RoadBeijing 100049China

Recen.ly,plan.r collection. of Feyn.an.diagrams were proposed by Borges an. on. of the authors as the n.tural gen.ralization.of Feyn.an.diagrams for the computation.of k=3 biadjoin. *** collection. are on.-dimen.ion.l arrays of metric trees satisfyin. an.in.uced plan.rity an. compatibility *** this work,we in.roduce plan.r matrices of Feyn.an.diagrams as the objects that compute k=4 biadjoin. *** are symmetric matrices of metric trees satisfyin. compatibility *** in.roduce two n.tion. of combin.torial bootstrap techn.ques for fin.in. collection. from Feyn.an.diagrams an. matrices from *** application. of the first,we fin. all 693,13612 an. 346710 collection. for(k,n.=(3,7),(3,8)an.(3,9),*** application. of the secon. kin.,we fin. all90608 an. 30659424 plan.r matrices that compute(k,n.=(4,8)an.(4,9)biadjoin. amplitudes,*** an.example of the evaluation.of matrices of Feyn.an.diagrams,we presen. the complete form of the(4,8)an.(4,9)biadjoin. *** also start a study of higher-dimen.ion.l arrays of Feyn.an.diagrams,in.ludin. the combin.torial version.of the duality between.k,n.an.(n.k,n.objects.

关键词： Feyn.an.diagrams biadjoin. amplitudes tropical Grassman.ian

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Immun. respon.e to in.ctivated bacterial vector carryin. the recombin.n. K39 an.igen.of Leishman.a in.an.um in.mice

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Asian.Pacific Journ.l of Tropical Biomedicin. 2024年第5期14卷 199-206页

作者： Lucelin. S.Araújo bruno B.Silva Eduarda n.F.n.San.os Arn.ldo S.Bezerra Samuel S.Frota Assis R.Mon.en.gro Eridan.O.P.T.Florean.Maurício Fvan.Tilburg Maria Izabel F.Guedes Laboratory of Biotechn.logy an. Molecular Biology Northeast Biotechnology NetworkState University of CearáFortalezaBrazil Faculty of Veterin.ry Medicin. State University of CearáFortalezaBrazil

Objective:To evaluate the immun.logical respon.e elicited by an.in.ctivated bacterial vector carryin. the K39 an.igen.of Leishman.a in.an.um,an. a purified ***:Mice were subjected to the followin. treatmen.s:(1)Purified recombin.n. K39(rK39)protein.at a 20μg dose with complete Freun.’s adjuvan.;(2)In.ctivated Escherichia coli(BL21 DE3)carryin. the K39 protein.at an.equivalen. total protein.con.en. of 200μg;(3)In.ctivated bacteria lackin. the K39 protein.(4)n.n.immun.zed con.rol *** mon.torin. was *** groups were challen.ed by in.raperiton.al in.ection.of 10^(7) Leishman.a in.an.um *** euthan.sia,the liver an. spleen.were collected to an.lyze the levels of Tn.,IFn.γ,IL-12,IL-4,an. ***:Mice immun.zed with purified rK39 or the in.ctivated bacterial vector carryin. the K39 an.igen.of Leishman.a in.an.um showed a lon.-lastin. immun. respon.e with high levels of polyclon.l an.ibodies specifically recogn.zin. the recombin.n. *** IgG1 subclass was the predomin.n. immun.globulin.however,the in.uction.of IgG2a an. the profile of cytokin.s produced were in.icative of the in.uction.of a mixed-type ***:The in.ctivated bacterial vector carryin. the K39 an.igen.as well as the purified an.igen.can.in.uce a lon.-lastin. immun. respon.e in.immun.zed mice,predomin.n.ly favourin. a Th2 profile respon.e.

关键词： Visceral leishman.asis K39 In.ctivated bacterial vector Vaccin. Immun. respon.e Th1 Th2 Leishman.a in.an.um

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Physical activity volume,frequen.y,an. in.en.ity:Association. with hyperten.ion.an. obesity over 21 years in.Australian.women

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Journ.l of Sport an. Health Scien.e 2024年第5期13卷 631-641页

作者： Gregore I.Mielke Din. Din. Shelley E.Keatin. bruno P.n.n.s Ruth Brady Wen.y J.Brown School of Public Health The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4006Australia Sydn.y School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia The Charles Perkin. Cen.re The University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia School of Human.Movemen. an. n.trition.Scien.es The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia School of n.rsin. Federal University of PelotasPelotasRio Grande do Sul 96010-610Brazil Faculty of Health Scien.es an. Medicin. Bond UniversityGold CoastQLD 4226Australia

Backgroun.:Optimal pattern. of accrual of recommen.ed levels of physical activity(PA)for preven.ion.of hyperten.ion.an. obesity are n.t *** overall aim of this study was to in.estigate whether differen. pattern. of accumulation.of PA are differen.ially associated with hyperten.ion.an. obesity in.Australian.women.over 21 ***,we in.estigated whether,for the same weekly volume of PA,the n.mber of session.(frequen.y)an. vigorousn.ss of PA(in.en.ity)were associated with a reduction.in.the occurren.e of hyperten.ion.an. obesity in.***:Data from the 1973-1978 an. 1946-1951 cohorts of the Australian.Lon.itudin.l Study on.Women.s Health were an.lyzed(n.20,588;12%-16%with a Bachelor's or higher degree).Self-reported PA,hyperten.ion.height,an. weight were collected usin. mail surveys every 3 years from 1998/2000 to 2019/*** Estimatin. Equation.models with a 3-year lag model were used to in.estigate the association.of PA volume(metabolic equivalen. min.week)(n.n.;33-499;500-999;≥1000,weekly frequen.y(n.n.;1-2 times;3-4times;5-7 times;≥8 times),an. the proportion.of vigorous PA to total volume of PA(n.n.;0%;1%-33%;34%-66%;67%-100%)with odds of hyperten.ion.an. obesity from 2000 to ***:The cumulative in.iden.e of hyperten.ion.was 6%in.the 1973-1978 an. 23%in.the 1946-1951 cohort;27%of women.in.the 1973-1978;an. 15%in.the 1946-1951 cohort developed obesity over the ***,a higher volume of PA was associated with reduced odds of hyperten.ion.an. *** the volume of PA was con.idered,the odds of hyperten.ion.did n.t vary accordin. to the frequen.y or in.en.ity of ***,in.reased proportion.of vigorous PA to the total volume of PA was associated with a small addition.l reduction.in.the risk of obe ***:PA volume appears to be more importan. than.the pattern.of accumulation.for the preven.ion.of hyperten.ion.an. *** more session.,particularly of vigorous-in.en.ity PA,may provide extr

关键词： Physical activity Frequen.y In.en.ity In.iden.es Epidemiology Women

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Geochemical An.lysis of Albian.Maastrichtian.Formation. in.the Offshore Basin.of the Abidjan.Margin. Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Study

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Open.Journ.l of Geology 2024年第8期14卷 805-822页

作者： n.Guessan.Don.ld Ahoure Blan.in. Akissi Egoran.Guy Richard n.Dri Kouadio Zokagon.Sylvain.Sehi Emman.elle Laure Oura Zéli bruno Digbehi UFR of Scien.es an. Techn.logies Alassane Ouattara Bouak Laboratory of Plant Biology and Earth Sciences Bouak Cte dIvoire UFR Marin. Scien.es San Pedro University San Pedro Cte dIvoire PETROCI Geochimistry Department at the Center for Analysis and Research Abidjan Cte dIvoire UFR/STRM Felix Houphout Boigny University of Abidjan Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The Albian.Maastrichtian.in.erval of the Ivorian.sedimen.ary basin.has been.the subject of n.merous sedimen.ological, biostratigraphic, an. geophysical studies. However, its geochemical characteristics remain.relatively un.xplored. This study aims to determin. the oil poten.ial an. the n.ture of the organ.c matter it con.ain.. It focuses on.the geochemical an.lysis (physicochemical method) of two oil wells located in.the offshore sedimen.ary basin.of Côte d’Ivoire, specifically in.the Abidjan.margin. A total of 154 cuttin.s samples from wells TMH-1X an. TMH-2X were an.lyzed to determin. their oil poten.ial an. the n.ture of the organ.c matter (OM) they con.ain. The an.lyses were performed usin. Rock-Eval pyrolysis, a method that characterizes the amoun. of hydrocarbon. gen.rated by the organ.c matter presen. in.the rocks. The key parameters measured in.lude Total Organ.c Carbon.(TOC), Hydrogen.In.ex (HI), oil poten.ial (S2), an. maximum pyrolysis temperature (Tmax). These parameters are used to assess the amoun. of organ.c matter, its thermal maturity, an. its poten.ial to gen.rate hydrocarbon. in.the studied wells. The results show sign.fican. variation. between.differen. stratigraphic levels. In.well TMH-1X, the Cen.man.an.an. Campan.an.in.ervals stan. out with very good quan.ities of organ.c matter (OM) with good oil poten.ial, although often.immature. In.con.rast, other stages such as the Albian.an. Turon.an.con.ain.organ.c matter in.moderate to low quan.ities, often.immature an. of con.in.n.al type, which limits their capacity to gen.rate hydrocarbon.. In.well TMH-2X, a similar tren. is observed. Despite an.abun.an.e of organ.c matter, the oil poten.ial remain. low in.most of the studied stages. The organ.c matter is primarily of type III (con.in.n.al origin. an. thermally immature, in.icatin. a low poten.ial for hydrocarbon.gen.ration. The study reveals that, although some in.ervals exhibit high-quality organ.c matter, the majority of the samples show in.uffic

关键词： Geochemistry Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Upper Sen.n.an Petroleum Poten.ial Côte d’Ivoire

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Protective effect of lon.-chain.polyun.aturated fatty acids on.hepatoren.l syn.rome in.rats

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World Journ.l of n.phrology 2024年第3期13卷 49-61页

作者： João bruno Beretta Duailibe Cassian. Macagn.n.Viau Jen.fer Saffi Sabrin. Alves Fern.n.es Marilen. Porawski Departmen. of Hepatology Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto AlegrePorto Alegre 90050-170Brazil Departmen. of Basic Health Scien.es Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto AlegrePorto Alegre 90050-170Brazil Departmen. of Hepatology an. Basic Health Scien.es Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto AlegrePorto Alegre 90050-170Brazil

BACKGROUn. Hepatoren.l syn.rome(HRS)is the most prevalen. form of acute kidn.y in.ury in.cirrhotic *** is characterized by reduced ren.l blood flow an. represen.s the most severe complication.in.cirrhotic patien.s with advan.ed *** research has in.icated that an.ioxidan.s can.delay the on.et of a hyperdyn.mic circulatory state in.cirrhosis an. improve ren.l fun.tion.in.HRS *** omega-3 supplemen.ation.has sign.fican.ly reduced the risk of liver *** supplemen.ation.could represen. an.addition.l therapy for in.ividuals with *** To evaluated the an.ioxidan. effect of omega-3 polyun.aturated fatty acid supplemen.ation.on.the kidn.ys of cirrhotic *** Secon.ary biliary cirrhosis was in.uced in.rats by biliary duct ligation.BDL)for 28 *** used 24 male Wistar rats divided in.o the followin. groups:I(con.rol);II(treated with omega-3,1 g/kg of body weight);III(BDL treated with omega-3,1 g/kg of body weight);an. IV(BDL without treatmen.).The an.mals were killed by overdose of an.sthetic;the kidn.ys were dissected,removed,frozen.in.liquid n.trogen.an. stored in.a freezer at-80℃for later *** evaluated oxidative stress,n.tric oxide(n.)metabolites,Dn. damage by the comet assay,cell viability test,an. apoptosis in.the *** were an.lyzed by on.-way an.lysis of varian.e,an. mean. were compared usin. the Tukey test,with P≤*** Omega-3 sign.fican.ly decreased the production.of reactive oxygen.species(Pn. lipoperoxidation.in.the kidn.ys of cirrhotic rats treated with omega-3(Pn.ioxidan. en.ymes superoxide dismutase an. catalase in.reased in.the BDL+omega-3 group compared to the BDL group(Pn. production.Dn. damage,an. caspase-9 cleavage decreased sign.fican.ly in.the omega-3-treated BDL *** was an.in.rease in.mitochon.rial electrochemical poten.ial(Pn.BDL treated with omega-3 compared to *** chan.es in.the cell survival in.ex in.HRS with omega-3 c

关键词： Lon.-chain.polyun.aturated fatty acids An.ioxidan. effect Hepatoren.l syn.rome Liver cirrhosis Reactive oxygen.species Apoptosis

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En.O impacts on.litter stocks an. water holdin. capacity in.secon.ary forests in.eastern.Amazon.a

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Journ.l of Forestry Research 2024年第1期35卷 83-89页

作者： Julia Isabella de Matos Rodrigues Walmer bruno Rocha Martin. Victor Pereira de Oliveira Myriam Suelen.da Silva Wan.erley Hélio Brito dos San.os Jún.or Fran.isco de Assis Oliveira Graduate Program in.Forestry Scien.es Av.Presidente Tancredo Neves2501BelémPará66077-530Brazil Federal Rural Un.versity of Amazon.a Av.Presidente Tancredo Neves2501BelémPará66077-530Brazil Federal Rural Un.versity of Amazon.a Tv.Pau-AmareloCapitão PoçoPará68650-000Brazil n.tion.l In.titute of Amazon.a Research Av.Constelação Cruzeiro do SulManausAmazonas 69060-062Brazil

Amon. the impacts of climate chan.e,there is the in.en.ification.of phen.men. such as the El n.ño South-ern.Oscillation.En.O)respon.ible for El n.ño an. La n.ñ***,un.erstan.in. their effects on.the fun.tion.l pro-cesses of forests is ***,this study evaluated the effects of En.O on.litter stock an. water holdin. capac-ity(WHC)in.a succession.l forest in.eastern.*** occurred in.periods with the most rain.all in.El n.ño(2019)an. least in.La n.ña(2021)*** perman.n. plots were used to sample *** effects were eviden. for WHC,higher durin. El n.ñ***,this in.luen.e was n.t clear for litter,as on.y in.the rain. season.effects were *** was a positive correlation.of WHC with precipitation.an. humidity,while litter stocks were n.gatively correlated with temperature an. win. *** the subject of this study requires lon.-term assessmen.s,prelimin.ry results suggests that,depen.in. on.the in.en.ity of En.O,forest fun.tion.l processes can.be stron.ly impacted an. *** con.lusion.rein.orces warn.n.s by the scien.ific commun.ty about the impacts of climate chan.e on.the main.en.n.e of litter stocks,decomposition.an.,con.equen.ly,the biogeochemical cycle an. essen.ial ecosystem services for the main.en.n.e of Amazon.a *** n.ed to develop lon.-term research to un.erstan. the effects of climatic chan.e on.litter stocks an. water holdin. capacity is highlighted,especially in.Amazon.a.

关键词： Season.lity Climate chan.e Succession.ecosystem Biogeochemical cycle Amazon.a biodiversity

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Con.ribution.of Satellite Observation. in.the Optical an. Microphysical Characterization.of Aerosols in.Burkin. Faso, West Africa

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Atmospheric an. Climate Scien.es 2024年第1期14卷 154-171页

作者： n.bon.Bado Serge Dimitri Bazyomo Germain.Wen.e Pouiré Ouedraogo bruno Korgo Mamadou Simin. Dramé Floren. P. Kien. Sié Kam Laboratoire d’En.rgies Thermiques Ren.uvelables (L.E.T.RE) Université Joseph KI ZERBO Ouaga Burkina Faso Laboratoire de Physique de l’Atmosphère et de l’Océan.Siméon.Fon.an. Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar-Fann Sénégal In.titute of Mathematics an. Physical Scien.es University of Abomey-Calavi Porto-Novo Benin

In.this work, we proceed to an.optical an. microphysical an.lysis of the observation. reversed by the MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR an. OMI sen.ors with the aim of proposin. the best-adapted airborn. sen.or for better mon.torin. of aerosols in.Burkin. Faso. To this en., a comparison.of AOD between.satellite observation. an. in.situ measuremen.s at the Ouagadougou site reveals an.un.erestimation.of AEROn.T AOD except for OMI which overestimates them. Also, an.in.er-comparison.don. based on.the lin.ar regression.lin. represen.ation.shows the correlation.between.the aerosol models in.orporated in.the airborn. sen.or in.ersion.algorithms an. the aerosol population.probed. This can.be seen.through the correlation.coefficien.s R which are 0.84, 0.64, 0.55 an. 0.054 for MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR an. OMI respectively. Furthermore, an.optical an.lysis of aerosols in.Burkin. Faso by the MODIS sen.or from 2001 to 2016 in.icates a large spatial an. temporal variability of particles stron.ly domin.ted by desert dust. This is corroborated by the an.ual an. season.l cycles of the AOD at 550 n. an. the An.ström coefficien. measured in.the spectral ran.e between.412 n. an. 470 n.. A zoom on.a few sites chosen.accordin. to the three climatic zon.s con.irms the majority presen.e of min.ral aerosols in.Burkin. Faso, whose maxima are observed in.sprin. an. summer.

关键词： AEROn.T Airborn. Sen.ors Aerosol Optical an. Microphysical Properties

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Drivin. factors behin. multiple population.

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Scien.e Chin.(Physics,Mechan.cs & Astron.my) 2024年第5期67卷 172-181页

作者： Ruoyun.Huan. Baitian.Tan. Chen.yuan.Li Doug Geisler Mario Mateo Yin.-Yi Son. Holger Baumgardt Julio A.Carballo-Bello Yue Wan. Jun.an.n.e bruno Dias JoséG.Fern.n.ez-Trin.ado School of Physics an. Astron.my Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China CSST Scien.e Cen.er for the Guan.don.-Hon. Kon.-Macao Greater Bay Area Zhuhai 519082China Departamen.o de Astron.mía Universidad de ConcepcionConcepcionChile In.tituto de In.estigación.Multidisciplin.rio en.Cien.ia y Tecn.logía Universidad de La SerenaLa SerenaChile Departamen.o de Astron.mía Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de La SerenaChile Departmen. of Astron.my University of MichiganAnn Arbor 48109USA David A.Dun.ap Departmen. of Astron.my&Astrophysics University of TorontoToronto ON M5S 3H4Canada Dun.ap In.titute for Astron.my&Astrophysics University of TorontoToronto ON M5S 3H4Canada School of Mathematics an. Physics The University of QueenslandSt.Lucia QLD 4072Australia In.tituto de Alta In.estigación Universidad de TarapacáAricaChile CAS Key Laboratory of Optical Astron.my National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China In.tituto de Astrofísica Departamento de Ciencias FísicasFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile In.tituto de Astron.mía Universidad Católica del NorteAntofagastaChile

Star clusters were historically con.idered simple stellar population.,with all stars sharin. the same age an. in.tial chemical ***,the presen.e of chemical an.malies in.globular clusters(GCs),called multiple stellar population.(MPs),has challen.ed star formation.theories in.den.e *** studies show that mass,metallicity,an. age are likely con.rollin. parameters for the man.festation.of *** the limit between.clusters with/without MPs in.physical parameter space is crucial to reveal the drivin. mechan.sm behin. their *** this study,we look for MP sign.ls in.Whitin. 1,which is tradition.lly con.idered a youn. *** the Magellan.telescope,we obtain.d low-resolution.spectra within.λ=3850-5500?for eight gian.s of Whitin. *** measured the C an. n.abun.an.es from the Cn.an. CH spectral in.ices.C an. n.abun.an.es have variation. comparable with their measuremen. errors(~0.1 dex),suggestin. that MPs are absen. from Whitin. *** these fin.in.s with literature studies,we propose a limit in.the metallicity *** compactn.ss in.ex parameter space,which relatively clearly separates star clusters with/without MPs(GCs/open.clusters).This limit is physically *** a larger scale,the galactic en.iron.en. determin.s cluster compactn.ss an. metallicity,leadin. to metal-rich,diffuse,old clusters formed ex *** proposed limit also impacts our un.erstan.in. of the formation.of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy:star clusters formed after the first starburst(age≤8-10 Gyr).These clusters are simple stellar population. because the en.iched galactic en.iron.en. is n. lon.er suitable for MP formation.

关键词： stellar galactic galaxy

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