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Digital biofabrication to realize the potentials of plant roots for product design

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Bio-Design and Manufacturing 2021年第1期4卷 111-122页

作者： Jiwei Zhou Bahareh Barati Jun Wu Diana scherer Elvin Karana Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering Delft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands Amsterdam The Netherlands

Technological and economic opportunities,alongside the apparent ecological benefits,point to biodesign as a new industrial paradigm for the fabrication of products in the twenty-first *** presented work studies plant roots as a biodesign material in the fabrication of self-supported 3D structures,where the biologically and digitally designed materials provide each other with structural *** a material-driven design approach,we present our systematic tinkering activities with plant roots to better understand and anticipate their responsive *** helped us to identify the key design parameters and advance the unique potential of plant roots to bind discrete porous *** illustrate this binding potential of plant roots with a hybrid 3D object,for which plant roots connect 600 computationally designed,optimized,and fabricated bioplastic beads into a low stool.

关键词： Plant roots Biodesign Digital biofabrication Material-driven design Living organisms

Adiponectin,the past two decades

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分子细胞生物学报:英文版 2016年第2期8卷 93-100页

作者： Zhao V.Wang Philipp E.scherer Division of Cardiology Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines Blvd.DallasTX 75390USA Touchstone Diabetes Center Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines Blvd.DallasTX 75390USA Department of Cell Biology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines Blvd.DallasTX 75390USA

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific factor,first described in *** the past two decades,numerous studies have elucidated the physiological functions of adiponectin in obesity,diabetes,inflammation,atherosclerosis,and cardiovascular ***,elicited through cognate receptors,suppresses glucose production in the liver and enhances fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle,which together contribute to a beneficial metabolic action in whole body energy *** its role in metabolism,adiponectin also protects cells from apoptosis and reduces inflammation in various cell types via receptor-dependent ***,as a fat-derived hormone,therefore fulfills a critical role as an important messenger to communicate between adipose tissue and other organs.A better understanding of adiponectin actions,including the pros and cons,will advance our insights into basic mechanisms of metabolism and inflammation,and potentially pave theway toward novel means of pharmacological intervention to address pathophysiological changes associated with diabetes,atherosclerosis,and cardiometabolic disease.

关键词： adiponectin diabetes obesity metabolic syndrome

NITROGEN FIXATION OF Azorhizobium IN ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED ROOT PARA-NODULES IN WHEAT

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Science China Chemistry 1992年第12期35卷 1463-1470页

作者：陈廷伟 SIEGFRIED scherer PETER BGER Soils and Fertilizer Institute Chinese Academy of Agriculiural SciencesBeijing 100081PRC Bacteriological Institute Faculty of Agriculture Technical University Munchen D-8050 Freising Germany Lehrstuhl für Physiologie und Biochemie der Pflanzen Universitat Konstanz D-7750 Konstanz Germany

Nodule-like structures (para-nodules) can be induced in wheat roots by low concentrationsof 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a synthetic analogue of the plant growth hor-mone indole-acetic acid. Growth of nodulated wheat plants was not affected by 2,4-D treat-ment. Infection of these?para-nodules by adding oxygen-tolerant Azorhizobium caulinodans isolat-ed from stem nodules of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata resulted in massive prolifera-tion of bacterial cells in the intercellular spaces as well as inside the para-nodular ***-nodules colonized by Azorhizobium coulinodans not only reduced acetylene, but alsotransferred fixed nitrogen to the plant, contributing up to 16--23% of the nitrogen budgetof infected wheat.

关键词： Azorhizobium nitrogen fixation nodules wheat

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新型水泥基材料耐久性的预测(英文)

硅酸盐学报 2012年第7期40卷 1071-1080页

作者： George W scherer Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Eng. Quad. E-319 Princeton University

普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)混凝土的耐久性已经历了一个世纪的试验验证和基础性研究,对一些破坏过程(如冻融)已有了较为深入的了解,但对多数破坏过程还只是泛泛的了解。在已有研究的基础上,通过试验,建立可行的模型,揭示材料的物理性质(如:扩... 详细信息

普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)混凝土的耐久性已经历了一个世纪的试验验证和基础性研究,对一些破坏过程(如冻融)已有了较为深入的了解,但对多数破坏过程还只是泛泛的了解。在已有研究的基础上,通过试验,建立可行的模型,揭示材料的物理性质(如:扩散系数、结晶速率、化学势)可以加快研究的进程。这种方法对于新型水泥基材料的研究和开发尤为重要。新型水泥基材料的长期性能不能直接用OPC的经验模型,要用基于成熟的机理和可测量的物理性能来预测。OPC研究已经揭示了控制新型水泥基材料性能的参数,同时参考全面的数值模拟分析方法能够描述材料的真实行为。建立基于实验测试其性能的模型有利于研究和开发新型水泥基材料。本文综述了几种破坏类型(冻融、盐结晶,锈蚀)的模型及所需量化的性能参数。

关键词：耐久性模型冻融锈蚀

Plant Phosphatidylcholine-Hydrolyzing Phospholipases C NPC3 and NPC4 with Roles in Root Development and Brassinolide Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Molecular Plant 2010年第3期3卷 610-625页

作者： Rinukshi Wimalasekera Premysl Pejchar Andre Holka Jan Martinec Gunther RE. scherer Leibniz University of Hannover Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science Section of Applied Molecular Physiology Herrenhauser Strasse 2 D-30419Hannover Germany Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Rozvojova 263 165 02 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C （PC-PLC） catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine （PC） to generate phosphocholine and diacylglycerol （DAG）. PC-PLC has a long tradition in animal signal transduction to generate DAG as a second messenger besides the classical phosphatidylinositol splitting phospholipase C （PI-PLC）. Based on amino acid sequence similarity to bacterial PC-PLC, six putative PC-PLC genes （NPC1 to NPC6） were identified in the Arabidopsis genome. RT-PCR analysis revealed overlapping expression pattern of NPC genes in root, stem, leaf, flower, and silique. In auxin-treated PNPc3：GUS and PNPc4：GUS seedlings, strong increase of GUS activity was visible in roots, leaves, and shoots and, to a weaker extent, in brassinolide-treated （BL） seedlings. PNPc4：GUS seedlings also responded to cytokinin with increased GUS activity in young leaves. Compared to wild-type, T-DNA insertional knockouts npc3 and npc4 showed shorter primary roots and lower lateral root density at low BL concentrations but increased lateral root densities in response to exogenous 0.05-1.0 I^M BL BL-induced expression of TCH4 and LRX2, which are involved in cell expansion, was impaired but not impaired in repression of CPD, a BL biosynthesis gene, in BL-treated npc3 and npc4. These observations suggest NPC3 and NPC4 are important in BL-mediated signaling in root growth. When treated with 0.1 I^M BL, DAG accumulation was observed in tobacco BY-2 cell cultures labeled with fluorescent PC as early as 15 min after application. We hypothesize that at least one PC-PLC is a plant signaling enzyme in BL signal transduction and, as shown earlier, in elicitor signal transduction.

关键词： Auxin brassinolide signaling phosphate deficiency phosphatidylcholine-splitting phospholipase C (PC-PLC) NPC genes.

COPPER AMINE OXIDASE1 （CuAO1） of Arabidopsis thaliana Contributes to Abscisic Acid- and Polyamine-lnduced Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis and Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction

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Molecular Plant 2011年第4期4卷 663-678页

作者： Rinukshi Wimalasekera Corina Villar Tahmina Begum Giinther F. E. scherer Leibniz Universitat Hannover Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science Section of Applied Molecular Physiology Herrenhauser Strasse 2 D-30419Hannover Germany Present address: Institute of Plant Research ETH Universitatstr. 2 8092 Zurich Switzerland Present address: ZMBP University of T~bingen Auf der Morgenstell 28 D-72076 Tubingen Germany

Polyamines （PA）, polyamine oxidases, copper amine oxidases, and nitric oxide （NO） play important roles in physiology and stress responses in plants. NO biosynthesis as a result of catabolism of PA by polyamine oxidases and copper amine oxidases may explain in part PA-mediated responses. Involvement of a copper amine oxidase gene, COPPER AMINE OXIDASEI （CuAO1）, of Arabidopsis was tested for its role in stress responses using the knockouts cuao1-1 and cuaol-2. PA-induced and ABA-induced NO production investigated bY fluorometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that the cuaol-1 and cuaol-2 are impaired in NO production, suggesting a function of CuAO1 in PA and ABA-mediated NO production. Furthermore, we found a PA-dependent increase in protein S-nitrosylation. The addition of PA and ABA also resulted in H2O2 increases, cuao1-1 and cuao1-2 showed less sensitivity to exogenous ABA supplementation during germination, seedling establishment, and root growth inhibition as compared to wild-type. In response to ABA treatment, expression levels of the stress-responsive genes RD29A and ADH1 were significantly lower in the knockouts. These observations characterize cuao1-1 and cuao1-2 as ABA-insensitive mutants. Taken together, our findings extend the ABA signal transduction network to include CuAO1 as one potential contributor to enhanced NO production by ABA.

关键词： COPPER AMINE OXIDASE1 polyamines nitric oxide abscisic acid signal transduction germination.

Thermal evolution of an ancient subduction interface revealed by Lue Hf garnet geochronology, Halilba■? Complex(Anatolia)

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第1期10卷 127-148页

作者： Amaury Pourteau Erik E.scherer Simon Schorn Rebecca Bast Alexander Schmidt Lisa Ebert Institut für Erd- und Umweltwissenschaften Universit?t Potsdam Earth Dynamics Research Group ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR) School of Earth and Planetary Sciences Curtin University Münster Isotope Research Centre Institut für Mineralogie Westf?lische Wilhelms-Universit?t Münster Department of Geological Sciences University of Cape Town Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie Universit?t zu K?ln

The thermal structure of subduction zones exerts a major influence on deep-seated mechanical and chemical processes controlling arc magmatism, seismicity, and global element cycles. Accretionary complexes exposed inland may comprise tectonic blocks with contrasting pressureetemperature(Pe T)histories, making it possible to investigate the dynamics and thermal evolution of former subduction interfaces. With this aim, we present new Lue Hf geochronological results for mafic rocks of the Halilbag?Complex(Anatolia) that evolved along different thermal gradients. Samples include a lawsoniteeepidote blueschist, a lawsoniteeepidote eclogite, and an epidote eclogite(all with counter-clockwise Pe T paths),a prograde lawsonite blueschist with a "hairpin"-type Pe T path, and a garnet amphibolite from the overlying sub-ophiolitic metamorphic sole. Equilibrium phase diagrams suggest that the garnet amphibolite formed at w0.6 -0.7 GPa and 800 -850℃, whereas the prograde lawsonite blueschist records burial from 2.1 GPa and 420℃ to 2.6 GPa and 520℃. Well-defined Lue Hf isochrons were obtained for the epidote eclogite(92.38 ± 0.22 Ma) and the lawsoniteeepidote blueschist(90.19 ± 0.54 Ma),suggesting rapid garnet growth. The lawsoniteeepidote eclogite(87.30 ± 0.39 Ma) and the prograde lawsonite blueschist(ca. 86 Ma) are younger, whereas the garnet amphibolite(104.5 ± 3.5 Ma) is *** data reveal a consistent trend of progressively decreasing geothermal gradient from granulite-facies conditions at ~104 Ma to the epidote-eclogite facies around 92 Ma, and the lawsonite blueschist-facies between 90 Ma and 86 Ma. Three Lue Hf garnet dates(between 92 Ma and 87 Ma) weighted toward the growth of post-peak rims(as indicated by Lu distribution in garnet) suggest that the HP/LT rocks were exhumed continuously and not episodically. We infer that HP/LT metamorphic rocks within the Halilbag?Complex were subjected to continuous return flow, with "warm" rocks being exhumed during the tectonic bur

关键词： Subduction Lu/Hf dating of garnet Metamorphic sole Eclogite Blueschist Lawsonite

No plant functional diversity effects on foliar fungal pathogens in experimental tree communities

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第3期66卷 139-151页

作者： Lydia Hantsch Uwe Braun Josephine Haase Oliver Purschke Michael scherer-Lorenzen Helge Bruelheide Institute of Biology Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle WittenbergAm Kirchtor 106108 Halle(Saale)Germany Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH ZurichEcosystem ManagementInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsUniversitaetsstr.168092 ZurichSwitzerland German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e04103 LeipzigGermany Faculty of Biology GeobotanyAlberts-Ludwigs University of FreiburgSchaenzlestr.179104 FreiburgGermany

Foliar fungal pathogens affect forest ecosystem processes by exerting highly species-specific impacts on growth and survival of *** many ecosystem processes in forests depend on functional diversity of specific tree species,a close relationship is expected between this and foliar fungal pathogen *** for such a relationship in the German tree diversity experiment BIOTREE(Bechstedt),we hypothesized that pathogen richness and pathogen load decline with increasing functional diversity of tree *** macro-and microscopic analyses,we assessed pathogen richness and load on 16 tree species in plots that,although differing in functional diversity,had the same tree species *** found no effects of functional diversity on pathogen richness or ***,we encountered strong species identity effects in plot species composition,as susceptible tree species contributed positively to each community’s pathogen richness and ***,testing for effects of particular leaf traits and geographical range size of host species revealed a significant effect of total leaf phenolics,which was unexpected as pathogen richness increased with increasing content in *** study showed that at the community level,host species’identity was more important for foliar fungal pathogen richness and load than the functional diversity of host *** positive relationship between pathogen richness and phenolics in leaves,along with the finding that pathogen richness is very much conserved in tree species,point to an evolutionary arms race between hosts and fungi resulting from fungi increasing their capacity to infect tree leaves and trees boosting their defences.

关键词： Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning BIOTREE experiment Host defence traits Phylogenetic pattern Polyphenolics Tree species identity effects

Soil respiration is driven by fine root biomass along a forest chronosequence in subtropical China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 36-46页

作者： Chao Wang Yinlei Ma Stefan Trogisch Yuanyuan Huang Yan Geng Michael scherer-Lorenzen Jin-Sheng He Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciencesand Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking University5 Yiheyuan RoadBeijing 100871China Department for Geobotany Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1Halle(Saale)D-06108Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5eLeipzig D-04103Germany Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences12 Zhongguancun South StreetBeijing 100081China Faculty of Biology/Geobotany University of Freiburg79104 FreiburgGermany

Aims Soil respiration(Rs)is a major process controlling soil carbon loss in forest ***,the underlying mechanisms leading to variation in Rs along forest successional gradients are not well *** this study,we investigated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on Rs along a forest successional gradient in southeast *** We selected 16 plots stratified by forest age,ranging from 20 to 120 *** each plot,six shallow collars and six deep collars were permanently inserted into the *** and deep collars were used to measure Rs and heterotrophic respiration(Rh),*** soil respiration(Ra)was estimated as the difference between Rs and *** layer respiration(R_(L))was calculated by subtracting soil respiration measured in collars without leaf litter layer(R_(NL))from *** was measured every 2 months,and soil temperature(ST)and soil volumetric water content(SVWC)were recorded every hour for 19 *** calculated daily Rs using an exponential model dependent on *** Rs was summed to obtain cumulative annual Rs *** equation modelling(SEM)was applied to identify the drivers of Rs during forest *** Findings Rs showed significant differences among three successive stages,and it was the highest in the young *** was higher in the young stage than in the medium *** annual Rs and Ra peaked in the young and old stages,*** annual Rh and respiration measured from soil organic matter(R_(SOM))decreased,whereas R_(L)increased with forest *** SEM revealed that cumulative annual Rs was influenced by fine root biomass and *** results indicated that the dominant force regulating Rs on a seasonal scale is ST;however,on a successional scale,belowground carbon emerges as the dominant influential factor.

关键词： forest succession soil respiration fine root biomass soil temperature