Characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load from crop farming in the context of livelihood diversification

作     者：邵景安 黄志霖 邓华 

作者机构：College of Geography and Tourism Chongqing Normal University Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Environment Remote Sensing in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Institute of Forest Ecological Environment and ProtectionCAF Chongqing Youth Vocational & Technical College 

出 版 物：《Journal of Geographical Sciences》 (地理学报（英文版）)

年 卷 期：2018年第28卷第4期

页      面：459-476页

核心收录：

学科分类：082803[工学-农业生物环境与能源工程] 08[工学] 0828[工学-农业工程] 09[农学] 0815[工学-水利工程] 0903[农学-农业资源与环境] 

基　　金：Chongqing University Innovation Team for 2016,No.CXTDX201601017 Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology,No.cstc2017jcyj BX0024 

主　　题：livelihood crop farming nonpoint source pollution evolution Three Gorges Reservoir Area 

摘      要：Based on objective data collected from interviews in typical villages of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the present study devised three livelihood scenarios related to rural transformation development： agriculturally dominant livelihood, multiple-type livelihood and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood. Moreover, the present study reports the trend characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load of crop farming in relation to the transformation of dominant livelihood types, and discussed the primary factors which affect livelihood type transformations. Results indicated the following：（1） The current farmland pattern shows a trend of diversification as self-cultivation, cropland transfer and fallow in the sample region. Dynamic characteristics of cultivated land present a special feature that is more ＂transfer-into＂ than ＂transfer-out＂. Various scales of planting are represented among the various households, according to the following decreasing order： half-labor household ＆gt; non-labor household ＆gt; adequate labor household.（2） The highest pollution loading produced by crop farming occurs in half-labor households while the lowest occurs in non-labor households. With increasing labor, the pollution load per unit area tends to first increase and then decrease within families with enough labor.（3） As the type of livelihood transitions from agriculturally dominant to non-agriculturally dominant, the maximum reduction of total pollution loading produced by the agricultural industry can reach 72.01%. Compared to agriculturally dominant livelihoods, multiple-type livelihoods produce a pollution load reduction yield of 19.61%-29.85%, and non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods reduce the pollution load yield by 35.20%-72.01%. However, the rate of reduction of total nitrogen is not the same as total phosphorus.（4） The non-agricultural characteristics of labor allocation and income promote the transformation from dominant livelihood types to non-agricultural livelihoo