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Understanding livelihood vulnerability:a perspective from Western Sichuan’s ethnic rural settings

Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第2期21卷 380-396页

作者： YU Yongqian JING Zheng WANG Yan QIU Xiaoping YANG Xueting XU Yun School of Geography and Resource Science Sichuan Normal UniversityChengdu 610101China Key Laboratory of land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest Ministry of EducationSichuan Normal UniversityChengdu 610101China Sichuan County Economic Development Research Center Mianyang Normal UniversityMianyang 621000China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China

To explore the livelihood status and key influencing factors of rural households in the minority areas,we collected flat data from 284 rural households in 32 villages across 12 counties of Western Sichuan from 2021 to 2022.We conducted participatory household survey on the livelihood status of the rural households and try to identify the key factors to influence their livelihood vulnerability using multiple linear regression.The results showed that:the livelihood situation of the rural households is relatively vulnerable.The vulnerability varies significantly with the income levels,education levels,and income sources.The vulnerability of farm households,categorized from low to high livelihood types,follows the sequence:non-agricultural dominant households,non-agricultural households,agricultural dominant households,and pure agricultural households.The degree of damage to the natural environment,education costs,loan opportunities,the proportion of agricultural income to annual household income,and the presence of sick people in the household have significant positive effects on the livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)of rural households;while help from relatives and friends,net income per capita,household size,household education,agricultural land area,participation in industrial organizations,number of livestock,purchase of commercial houses,drinking water source,and self-supply of food have significant negative effects.Based on the findings,we believe that local rural households operate in a complex livelihood system and recommend continuous interventions targeting key influences to provide empirical research support for areas facing similar situations.

关键词： livelihood Vulnerability Rural households Ethnic areas

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The Ban on Illegal Mining in Ghana: Environmental and Socio-Economic Effect on Local Communities

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第3期12卷 153-162页

作者： Stephen Twumasi Annan Department of Integrated Science Education Faculty of Science Education University of Education Winneba Ghana

The study was conducted to assess the effects of small-scale (artisanal) gold mining and its social and economic implications on the people in Amansie West District of Ghana. The artisanal gold mining communities were studied using secondary data from scholarly articles and journals, books, conference papers, research reports, policy documents, working papers, and briefs. Descriptive and systematic analyses were conducted. The result indicated that youth aged between 21 - 30 were most likely to engage in illegal mining operations in the selected study areas. The study revealed that farmland had been destroyed, making farming difficult for the inhabitants. It is evident from the review that dug-out pits from mining serve as breeding grounds for mosquitoes and death traps for humans. The study, therefore, accentuates the need for illegal small-scale gold mining to be formalised and strategic interventions and policies proposed for the protection of Ghana’s Natural resources. Furthermore, community members should be involved in policy-making and environmental protection issues to help control the menace of landscape destruction. Although the ban on illegal gold mining activity by the government has caused more people to lose their jobs leading to livelihood challenges in mining communities, it is a step in the right direction, as the ban seeks to halt and check the illegal small-scale mining sector. The study recommended alternative livelihood and income-generating projects such as beekeeping, mushroom culture, grasscutter rearing, and agroforestry technologies including the growth of economic fruit trees as alternative livelihood ventures.

关键词： Small-Scale Gold Mining livelihood Social and Economic Implications

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The Administrative Division,Population,and livelihood in Rural Areas of Huzhou in the Late Song and Early Yuan Dynasties-Based on the Survey of the Household Documents of the Huzhou Circuit in the Yuan Dynasty

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Frontiers of History in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2023年第1期18卷 79-97页

作者： Yuan Yansheng School of History and Culture Henan UniversityKaifeng 475001China

There are extremely scarce records of individual villagers in the Song and Yuan dynasties in handed-down literature,and it is also difficult to see the public documents,records,and other materials in the initial state.The printed version of The Rhyme Dictionary of the Ministry of Rites with Emendation and Annotation,an official document of the Yuan Dynasty,which has grassroots household documents of Huzhou Circuit on the back,has been published after collation.These documents include 900 households and nearly 3,000 people,with complete records of the population and people’s properties.As most of the people in the documents lived during the transition from Song to Yuan dynasties,and their family businesses were already finalized in the Song period.Therefore,these documents reflect people’s production and living conditions at the end of the Song Dynasty.Through comprehensive discussions of all the data,this paper analyzes the rural construction in Anji Prefecture(Huzhou Circuit)by using micro-level measurement and accounting in the way of statistical induction.Moreover,this paper also gives statistics including sex ratio,age ratio,average household population,fertility rate,number and type of land owned by households,and housing types,and analyzes the residence and livelihood of the villagers.This is the first time that comparison analysis is made based on original records among the study of rural history in the Song and Yuan dynasties,which provides relatively accurate statistics for the in-depth study of the rural society in the Jiangnan Region(south of the Yangtze River).It is also helpful for understanding the operation mode of the rural society in the Song and Yuan dynasties,and provides basic data support for exploring and reconstructing the daily life history of the villagers.

关键词： Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty household documents population land housing livelihood

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livelihood differentiation between two villages in Yesanpo Tourism District in China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第11期14卷 2359-2372页

作者： HUANG Tai XI Jian-chao GE Quan-sheng Department of Tourism Management Soochow University Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)

The rapidly developing rural tourism industry in China has deeply influenced the livelihoods of rural households. This study compares the impact of rural tourism development in poor areas on the farmers' livelihoods, based on the Sustainable livelihoods Framework proposed by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development. Gougezhuang, a tourist village, and Jiaojiekou, a non-tourist village, both located in Yesanpo Tourism District in the state-level povertystricken Laishui County, Hebei Province, were selected as case studies. The livelihood models of the two villages show great differentiation after 20 years of tourism development. Gougezhuang Village has been driven by the tourism industry and farmers are employed locally, enjoying a relatively higher-income life, with a developmental livelihood model. In contrast, farmers in Jiaojiekou Village earn their living mainly by leaving home to work in the city. They have a low income, with a survival livelihood model, supported by part-time business. Considering that the two villages are adjacent and have similar development backgrounds, the analysis results indicate that rural tourism has an apparent locationspecific effect on poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, but the development ofrural tourism is limited regarding large-scale poverty alleviation efforts in poor areas. To implement a propoor-tourism strategy and achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to implement comprehensive management measures to change the local conditions of rural settlements and make full use of the spillover effect of tourist consumption.

关键词： Sustainable livelihoods Framework livelihood differentiation Survival model Development model Tourism development Yesanpo

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livelihood Diversification of Farm Households and Its Impact on Cultivated Land Utilization in Agro-pastoral Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in the Northern China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2020年第2期30卷 279-293页

作者： LIU Haiyan HAO Haiguang HU Xujun DU Leshan ZHANG Zhe LI Yuanyuan State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China

The relationship between livelihood diversification of farm households and cultivated land utilization has become a core research topic related to global environmental change.Agro-pastoral ecologically-vulnerable areas face challenges such as insufficient ecosystem conservation,low agricultural production,and weak economies.In this study,215 farm households from Zhengxiangbai Banner,Taibus Banner,and Duolun County of Inner Mongolia were surveyed.The sustainable livelihoods framework of the United Kingdom(UK)Department for International Development(DFID)was used to measure the livelihood capital of these farm households.A one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was applied to examine the differences in the livelihood capital of different types households,and a correlation analysis was applied to analyze its impact on cultivated land utilization.Results showed that households with non-farming activities accounted for 64.7%of the total surveyed households,and non-farming employment was becoming more prevalent.Physical and financial capital was the driving factors for livelihood diversity.Each livelihood capital had key factors that affected household farmland use behaviors,such as the age of householder,the labor ratio,proportion of income,farmland scale,number of machines,and these had a significantly positive or negative influence on farmland use.Full-time farming households were more likely to transfer the land into cultivation and invest more labor,while non-farming households with high income were likely to transfer farmland out and invest more money to develop efficient farming or improve the employment skills.The results of this study suggest that policymakers need to fully consider livelihood changes of local households.It is effective to strengthen labor training,create farmland market and improve the efficiency of farmland utilization.We hope to achieve a win-win scenario to improve local economies and ecosystem conservation.

关键词： agro-pastoral ecologically-vulnerable areas livelihood diversification cultivated land utilization ecosystem conservation

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An ecohealth assessment of poultry production clusters (PPCs) for the livelihood and biosecurity improvement of small poultry producers in Asia

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2015年第1期4卷 49-57页

作者： Libin Wang Edi Basuno Tuan Nguyen Worapol Aengwanich Nyak Ilham Xiaoyun Li College of Humanities and Development Studies China Agricultural UniversityQinghua Donglu 17Beijing 100083China Indonesian Center for Agriculture Socio Economic and Policy Studies J1 Ahmad Yani 7016161 BogorIndonesia Center for Agricultural Policy Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentHanoiVietnam Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Mahasarakham UniversityMaha Sarakham 440000Thailand

Background:Poultry production cluster(PPC)programs are key strategies in many Asian countries to engage small commercial poultry producers in high-value production chains and to control infectious poultry diseases.This study assessed the multiple impacts of PPCs through a transdisciplinary ecohealth approach in four Asian countries,and drew the implications for small producers to improve their livelihoods and reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases in the poultry sector.Methods:The data collection combined both quantitative and qualitative methods.It comprised:formal structured household survey questionnaires,measuring the biosecurity level of poultry farms with a biosecurity score card;and key informant interviews.Descriptive statistics were used to process the quantitative data and a content analysis was used to process the qualitative data.Results:This research found that poultry farms in clusters do not necessarily have better economic performance than those outside PPCs.Many farmers in PPCs only consider them to be an advantage for expanding the scale of their poultry operations and improving household incomes,and they are less concerned about-and have limited capacities to-enhancing biosecurity and environmental management.We measured the biosecurity level of farms in PPCs through a 14-item checklist and found that biosecurity is generally very low across all sample sites.The increased flies,mosquitoes,rats,and smells in and around PPCs not only pollute the environment,but also cause social conflicts with the surrounding communities.Conclusion:This research concluded that a poultry cluster,mainly driven by economic objectives,is not necessarily a superior model for the control of infectious diseases.The level of biosecurity in PPCs was found to be low.Given the intensity of poultry operations in PPCs(farms are densely packed into clusters),and the close proximity to residential areas of some PPCs,the risk of spreading infectious diseases,in fact,increases.Good management and collective action for i

关键词： Poultry production cluster(PPC) Small producers Biosecurity Infectious diseases livelihood Ecohealth

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Market opportunities do not explain the ability of herders to meet livelihood objectives over winter on the Mongolian Plateau

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Journal of Arid Land 2020年第3期12卷 522-537页

作者： BAI Haihua YIN Yanting Jane ADDISON HOU Yulu WANG Linhe HOU Xiangyang Grassland Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHuhhot 010010China CSIRO Land and Water ATSIPJames Cook UniversityTownsville 4811Australia Agriculture Information Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China College of Ecology and Environmental Science Inner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhot 010018China

Drylands under pastoral land use are considered one of the most vulnerable social-ecological systems to global climate change,but the herders'abilities to adapt to the different extreme weather events have received little attention in the drylands.Herders on the Mongolian Plateau(MP;including Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and Mongolia),have had a long history of adapting climatic variability and extreme weather events.However,it is unclear how changes such as increased levels of infrastructure and market integration affect the ability of herders to achieve the key livelihood objectives:the minimisation of the death and abortion rates of livestock in the winter.Here,we used remotely sensed and household survey data to map,model and explore the climate exposure and sensitivity of herders in the settled area(Inner Mongolia of China)and nomadic area(Mongolia)in the winter of 2012–2013.We aimed to quantify the multi-scaled characteristics of both climate exposure and sensitivity through the lens of key adaptive strategies utilized by herders.Our results showed that the higher levels of infrastructure and market integration,and the lower levels of remoteness on the MP did not increase the herders'ability to achieve the key livelihood objectives.Our results also suggested that exposure to the snow that is comparatively greater than the long-term average(cumulative exposure)may be more important in determining the social-ecological vulnerability than absolute exposure.We suggested that neither the risk management strategies available to these herders,nor the demographic variables,could compensate for the mode of production governing the pastoral systems.Our study could provide further evidence for the complex and scaled nature of climate exposure and sensitivity,and the results imply that any analysis of the relationship among exposure,sensitivity and vulnerability of pastoral households to climate change in the drylands will require a multi-scaled and interdisciplinary approach.

关键词： climate change extreme weather events adaptive strategies vulnerability households winter livelihood

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Assessment of livelihood Vulnerability to Drought: A Case Study in Dak Nong Province, Vietnam

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2019年第4期10卷 604-615页

作者： Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao Dao Nguyen Khoi Tran Thanh Xuan Bernard Tychon Universite de Liege 6700 ArlonBelgium Institute for Environmental Science Engineeringand ManagementIndustrial University of Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan UniversityDa NangVietnam Faculty of Environment University of ScienceVietnam National University Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam NTT Institute of Hi-Technology Nguyen Tat Thanh UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam

In recent years,droughts have strongly affected the Central Highlands of Vietnam and have resulted in crop damage,yield decline,and serious water shortage.This study investigated the livelihood vulnerability of five communities of farmers who are exposed to droughts in one of the more vulnerable regions of Vietnam—Dak Nong Province.A survey of 250 households was conducted in the five communities to collect data on the region’s sociodemographic profile,livelihood systems,social networks,health status,food and water security,drought conditions,and climate variability.Data were aggregated using a livelihood vulnerability index and the IPCC vulnerability index.The survey results indicate that Quang Phu community is the most vulnerable of the study’s communities,followed by Nam N’dir,Dak Nang,Duc Xuyen,and Dak D’ro in descending order of vulnerability.Water availability and livelihood strategies are the most important variables in determining the vulnerability of the five surveyed communities.In order to reduce vulnerability to droughts,water management practices and livelihood diversification in farming and nonfarming activities are recommended for the study area.

关键词： Agricultural drought livelihood vulnerability Vietnam Vulnerability indicators

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Climate Change and livelihood Vulnerability of the Local Population on Sagar Island, India

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第3期29卷 417-436页

作者： MUKHERJEE Nabanita SIDDIQUE Giyasuddin BASAK Aritra ROY Arindam MANDAL Mehedi Hasan Department of Geography the University of Burdwan

This paper attempts to assess the vulnerability to climate change of human communities in selected mouzas of Sagar Island,South 24 Parganas District of India. A primary household survey has been conducted to collect data on socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategy, health, food, water, social network, natural disaster and climate variation indicators, were selected for livelihood Vulnerability Index(LVI) and livelihood Vulnerability Index-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(LVI-IPCC) analyses to measure and compare the vulnerability of mouzas(administrative unit) currently suffering from frequent flooding, coastal erosion and embankment breaching on an annual basis. Secondary data collected from the Indian Meteorological Department, the Water Resources Information System of India and the Global Sea Level Observing System have been used to identify dynamics of climate change by employing statistical and Geographic Information System(GIS) techniques. A GPS survey has been conducted to identify locations of embankment breaching, and satellite images obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and U.S. Geological Survey(NASA USGS) Government website have been applied to shoreline and land use change detection, using a supervised maximum likelihood classification. The results indicate that the study area has experienced increasing temperature, changing precipitation patterns, rise in sea level, higher storm surges, shoreline change, constant land loss, embankment breaching and changing land use, which have had impact on vulnerability, particularly of poorer people. The LVI(0.48 to 0.68) and LVI-IPCC(0.04 to 0.14) scores suggest that the populations of Dhablat, Bankimnagar, Sumatinagar, Muri Ganga and Sibpur mouzas are highly vulnerable(LVI scores of 0.60 to 0.68 and LVI-IPCC scores of 0.11 to 0.14) to climate change both because the communities are more exposed to it, and because poor access to food, health facilities and water makes them extremely sensitive to it and lowers their adapt

关键词： climate change livelihood vulnerability index(LVI) adaptation strategies estuarine ecosystem vulnerable population

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Aspects of Impacts of Proposed Badagry Deep Sea Port on the Ecosystem and livelihood of Fishing Communities in Badagry,Lagos State,Nigeria

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Journal of Fisheries Science 2022年第2期4卷 25-39页

作者： Martins A.Anetekhai Toki Peter Gabriel Olarinde Mekuleyi Oluwayemisi A.Osodein Department of Fisheries Lagos State UniversityLagosNigeria

Federal government of Nigeria,in collaboration with Lagos State Government proposed development of a seaport in Badagry.This research examined and documented the current state of the ecosystem and livelihood of thirteen communities that will be impacted by the proposed deep-sea port.Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used for the study.Review of secondary data was used to investigate the demographic data of the community while Participatory Rural Appraisal was conducted for 300 households in the communities.Majority of the sampled respondents were in the age range of 45 years and above with females(60%)more than males(40%)in the entire population sampled.Educational levels of the respondents are relatively low.The majority of the sampled households have multiple livelihood systems that keep them engaged throughout all seasons of the year.Capture fisheries is the major occupation in the study area and it is complemented with aquaculture.Existing groups are not strong enough to operate as a pressure group to influence policies and regulate market prices,which has been identified as a major limitation in the study area.There was no regular training or capacity building.Hence the groups were not operating as a business enterprise and could not expand or increase capacity.Consequently not able to contribute significantly to poverty alleviation and increase employment opportunities in their localities.This document will serve as one of the guides to the government for decision-making and compensation to the communities.

关键词： Seaport livelihood Communities Badagry Decision making

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