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Neuromarketing: neurocode-Tracking in combination with Eye-Tracking for Quantitative objective Assessment of TV commercials

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2015年第4期5卷 137-147页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel c/o neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany

The term “neuromarketing” suggests a combination of marketing research and brain research. Within marketing research, objective assessment of TV commercials is performed by use of Eye-Tracking devices. Brain research has been dominated by NMRI technologies during the last years. However, information content and time resolution are much better when monitoring electric activity by spectral analysis. The current experimental approach was initiated in order to test the combination of a newly developed EEG technology (neurocode-Tracking) with commercially available Eye-Tracking. Ten male subjects were exposed to a reference recording condition (watching a fixed cross on the screen) followed by 5 TV commercials representing 5 different banks. Video films obtained from Eye-Tracking (so-called heat maps) were synchronized with the results of neurocode-Tracking in form of a second video with a time resolution of 364 ms per image. Spectral power analysis of the EEG in different brain regions allowed for assessment of single scenes for cognitive and emotional responses. Averaging of data over the whole time course gave information on mental activation, attention, visual perception, memory, pleasure and tension. comparison of the 5 commercials to reference recording revealed the clip of the Targo-Bank having the highest values with respect to mental activation and *** experiments have proven that the combination of neurocode-Tracking with Eye-Tracking can be successfully used in advertisement research and gives valid information on individual as well as group dependent cognitive and emotional responses leading to objective assessment of TV commercials.

关键词： neurocode-Tracking Eye-Tracking Quantitative EEG TV commercials cATEEM^(■)

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classification of Herbal Drug Effects by Discriminant Analysis of Quantitative Human EEG Data

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2019年第2期10卷 101-117页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany

clinical indications for herbal drugs very often only rely on traditional knowledge. Single plant-derived preparations are used for many purposes and cannot be classified to belong to a single category like calming or stimulating drugs. With respect to the brain a unique possibility exists to analyze drug effects by recording the EEG. It is common knowledge that many drugs change the frequency content of electric brain activity. Quantitative analysis of the EEG by Fast Fourier Transformation reveals parameters like spectral power, which can be processed further (cATEEM®). Source density was determined from 17 channels of the quantitative EEG from 10 clinical studies recorded in a relaxed state with open eyes. Linear discriminant analysis was used to differentiate the effects of Placebo (circadian rhythm) from cNS-active herbal drugs in comparison to Valium®. calmvalera®, L-Theanine, Lasea®, Neurapas®, Neuravena®, Neurexan®, Nutrifin Relax®, Pascoflair®(herbal calming drugs) as well as memoLoges®, Zembrin®(herbal stimulating drugs) induced different changes of the frequency content of brain electric activity. Discriminant analysis revealed that Nutrifin Relax®, Pascoflair®and Suntheanine®could not be separated well from each other indicating a similar mechanism of action. The effect of Valium®was projected at a very isolated position far away from the herbal preparations indicating a totally different mechanism of action. Zembrin®and memoLoges®grouped together with respect to the first three discriminant functions, but were different with respect to the 4th to 6th discriminant function. Lasea®as anxiolytic drug and Neurapas®as antidepressive drug were projected at isolated positions indicating their different clinical indications. The results indicate that discriminant analysis of human quantitative EEG data allows for unique pharmacological description of individual effect

关键词： Quantitative EEG Discriminant Analysis Herbal Drugs Fast Fourier Transformation central Nervous System cATEEM

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Effects of Neurexan on Stress-Induced changes of Spectral EEG Power: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, crossover Exploratory Trial in Human Volunteers

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2019年第3期9卷 100-112页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o NeuroCode AG Wetzlar Germany

Neurexan is a multicomponent natural medicinal product?used?for?stress-related?symptoms such as nervous restlessness and insomnia. The present study?investigated?the?efficacy?of Neurexan on stress-induced changes of brainwave frequencies?using quantitative analysis of spectral EEG power. Thirty healthy male and female volunteers were tested in a randomized, placebo controlled cross-over trial under conditions of relaxation and experimental stress-in-?duction. Recording of the EEG was performed over four hours after drug administration. Data was?analyzed using the proprietary fast dynamic EEG technology neurocode-Tracking. Quantitative EEG revealed a task dependent increase of beta2 power as a surrogate parameter of stress induced anxiety. The elevated frontotemporal beta2 power was ameliorated by intake of Neurexan during the second and third hour after administration. This indicates that Neurexan is effectively helping subjects to better cope with task-related stress situations.

关键词： Stress Anxiety qEEG Brain Map Brainwave Frequency Homeopathy Neurexan Nx4

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Neurophysiological Biomarker of Mild cognitive Impairment

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Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 2014年第2期3卷 64-77页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany

Mild cognitive impairment is sometimes regarded as related to aging. However, statistically every second case turns into full dementia, which still is resistant to any treatment. It is therefore desir-able to recognize deviations from normality as early as possible. This might be feasible by using quantitative EEG analysis in the presence of mental work. The present retrospective data analysis revealed a new quantitative biomarker indicating the degree of impairment. current source density was calculated from 16 channel EEG using cATEEM?? software. Four different conditions were analyzed: relaxed state, performing a d2-concentration test, a calculation performance test and a memory test for 5 min each. Subjects older than 40 years were divided into two groups according to their DemTect score: 13 - 18 (Hc;n = 44) or 8 - 12 (McI;n = 45). Spectral power was chopped into six frequency ranges (delta, theta, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2). Average spectral power was enhanced in the McI group in comparison to healthy subjects with respect to delta (p = 0.05) during relaxed state when all electrode positions were regarded. With respect to EEG recording during performance of three different psychometric tests it was recognized that mainly spectral changes during performance of the d2-concentration test were related to mild cognitive impairment. With regard to all electrode positions statistically significantly lower spectral power values were reached during the d2-test for delta (p = 0.001), theta (p = 0.0001) and alpha 1 waves (p = 0.08) in impaired subjects in comparison to healthy subjects. Regarding regions of interest increases of delta and theta power were seen in the fronto-temporal brain during performance of the d2-concentration test. These increases disappeared when looking at McI data. In the centro-parietal region decreases of alpha and beta 1 power emerged, which were even larger in McI subjects. No McI-dependent changes were observed in the other two test

关键词： DemTect cognition Psychometry EEG Source Density Mild cognitive Impairment (McI) Alzheimer’s Disease cATEEM

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Single Dose Effects of Pascoflair^(█) on current Source Density(cSD)of Human EEG

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2012年第2期3卷 130-140页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Klaus Koch Gabriele Weiss Justus-Liebig-University c/o neurocode ag WetzlarGermany neurocode ag WetzlarGermany Pascoe Pharmazeutische Praparate GmbH GiessenGermany

Pascoflair? 425 mg is a herbal drug based on Passiflora incarnata dry extract and is registered in different countries for the treatment of nervous restlessness and anxiety and also as an aid to sleep. The study was initiated for the quantitative assessment of the effect of this preparation on brain electric activity and cognition in human volunteers. Quantitative electroencephalographic current source density (cSD) from 16 healthy male and female human volunteers (average age 49 years) was used in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Data were taken 0.5, 1.5, 3 and 4 hours after administration of the preparations under the conditions of 6 minutes eyes open, 5 minutes d2 concentration test, mathematical calculation test and memory test respectively. During mental load, changes in spectral band power were used to analyse drug-induced effects. All variables were fed into a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for comparison with other drug profiles. Spectral power in the delta and theta range was significantly attenuated at 3 and 4 hours after administration in comparison with the time-dependent increase normally observed due to circadian rhythm. Discriminant analysis revealed a difference to placebo for all recordings as early as 30 minutes after intake of 3 coated tablets of Pascoflair? 425 mg. Using LDA data location within the poly-dimensional space, verum was projected into the area of the effects of Gingko/Ginseng as reference drugs tested earlier under identical conditions. Psychometric performance was not disrupted. Pascoflair? 425 mg can be regarded as a well characterized plant-derived drug with anxiolytic and calming properties without negative sedative and cognition-attenuating side effects. current results document the effecttiveness of the preparation as early as after 30 minutes. In addition, they indicate persistence of good mental performance for hours. Trial registration: the study has been registered at *** under NcT0104760

关键词： Passion Flower EEG clinical Study Source Density Discriminant Analysis

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Zynamite^(■) (Mangifera indica Leaf Extract)and caffeine Act in a Synergistic Manner on Electrophysiological Parameters of Rat central Nervous System

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2018年第5期9卷 502-518页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Julia Wiebe Nigel Gericke Leonie Schombert Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o neurocode ag WetzlarGermany Nektium S.L. Las PalmasSpain neurocode ag WetzlarGermany

Zynamite®, a special extract from Mangifera indica, exerted stimulatory properties on the central nervous system during a pilot study. The question arose if Zynamite®?would have a similar action on the central nervous system as caffeine. Two well established animal models were used: a) quantitation of spectral power of field potentials in the freely moving rat and b) induction of long term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus slice preparation ex vivo after one week of daily administration. In the presence of 25 mg/kg of Zynamite®, predominantly alpha2 and beta1 spectral frequencies were attenuated in all brain areas during the first hour after administration. Exactly this pattern of frequency changes had been observed in earlier studies with i.p. administration of caffeine. Discriminant analysis confirmed this similarity by projection of Zynamite®?and 0.5 mg/kg caffeine into close neighborhood and showing identical colours, which points to a similar mechanism of action in this analysis. In addition, when Zynamite®?was combined with very low doses of caffeine synergistic effects were observed. Since alpha2 waves are under the control of dopamine, activation of this neurotransmitter system might be responsible for the stimulating property of Zynamite®. These results are corroborated by the results from the ex vivo study using the hippocampus slice in vitro to follow changes in excitability in the presence of 0.5 mg/kg of caffeine, 25 mg/kg of Zynamite®?or their combination in comparison to Placebo after daily administration for one week. Both caffeine and Zynamite®?increased LTP. LTP relates to space and time dependent memory. From these studies it is evident that both caffeine and Zynamite®?act in similar ways on brain electrical activity, and have potential to improve cognitive function. Bioactive compounds of Zynamite®?clearly pass the blood brain barrier to act on the central nervous system. Due to the demonstrat

关键词： Zynamite^(■) Mangifera indica caffeine Rat Field Potential Hippocampus Slice Synergy

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Ex Vivo characterization of the Action of Sideritis Extract Using Electrical Activity in the Rat Hippocampus Slice Preparation

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2016年第10期7卷 407-416页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Leonie Schombert Björn Feistel Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany Finzelberg GmbH & co. KG Andernach Germany

A hydroethanolic extract (20% V/V) from Herba Sideritis scardica has been recognized to positively influence cognition. The present investigation aimed at the question if this extract would be able to modify intra-hippocampal communication after oral administration of 100 mg/kg daily for one week. The glutamatergic synapse between Schaffer collaterals and pyramidal cells can be tested by electric stimulation using single pulses or theta burst stimulation. The resulting population spike is modulated by compounds acting at the central nervous system or other preparations directly or as ex vivo approach. In this case the effect of the special extract was tested in vitro the next day after repetitive in vitro administration. conventional recording technique in the in vitro hippocampus slice revealed an increase of the population spike in the presence of single stimuli and theta burst stimuli resulting in increased long-term potentiation. This effect was tried to modulate by several glutamate receptor antagonists, among them compounds targeting at the ionic NMDA receptor (cGS19755), AMPA receptor (NBQX), Kainate receptor (UBP301) and targeting at three metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR I (YM298198), mGluRII ((RS)-APIcA)) and mGluRIII (MSoP). only NBQX was able to prevent the action of the Sideritis scardica extract. Since the AMPA receptor has been related to cognition in several reports in the literature, it is concluded from this result that the positive action of Sideritis scardica extract on brain function involves a modulation of AMPA receptor dependent neurotransmission.

关键词： Hippocampus Slice AMPA Receptor Sideritis scardica Greak Mountain Tea Long Term Potentiation Hippocampus

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opposite Neurophysiological Findings Induced by Sideritis scardica and Sideritis euboa Extract in the Rat

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2016年第11期6卷 448-461页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Björn Feistel Leonie Schombert Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany Finzelberg GmbH & co. KG Andernach Germany neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany

Psychophysiological effects of Sideritis herba extracts depend on biologically active ingredients, which might be different for several botanical types of this plant. The present investigation aimed at the characterization of extracts from Sideritis scardica and Sideritis euboa in vivo and in vitro. construction of electropharmacograms on the base of recording of electrical field potentials from four different brain regions was used to compare the possible pharmacological effects to a database of reference drugs with known clinical indications. Whereas Sideritis scardica produced decreases of spectral power in line with stimulatory frequency patterns as observed in the presence of Ginkgo biloba extract, administration of Sideritis euboa produced opposite effects. Electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals was used to elicit a pyramidal cell response called population spike in vitro. The amplitude of this spike was determined in the presence of single as well as theta burst stimuli. Direct exposure of brain matter to Sideritis scardica extract led to concentration dependent increases of the population spike amplitude under both stimulation patterns in the range from 12.5 to 100 mg/L. on the opposite, extract from Sideritis euboa did not change the electric response up to 50 mg/L. Higher concentrations of this extract attenuated the signal amplitude. A 1:1 blend of both gave intermediate results. The in vitro results are in line with the in vivo EEG recordings, where both extracts induced opposite changes of the electric power with respect to electric frequency patterns. The results from both models suggest a stimulatory and/or memory-enhancing action for the extract from Sideritis scardica but not for Sideritis euboa extract, where a more tranquillizing effect like that observed in the presence of Humulus cone extract may be expected.

关键词： Neurophysiology Rat Hippocampus Slice Sideritis scardica Sideritis euboa Greak Mountain Tea Electropharmacogram

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cerebral Bioavailability of Silexan—A Quantitative EEG Study in Healthy Volunteers

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open Journal of Psychiatry 2015年第3期5卷 285-297页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Winfried Wedekind Angelika Dienel Justus-Liebig-University c/o neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & co. KG Karlsruhe Germany

Background: A quantitative EEG (qEEG) study was performed to investigate the cerebral bioavailability of Silexan. Method: Twenty-four male and female healthy volunteers between 20 and 62 years of age were eligible for participation and received 160 or 80 mg/day Silexan or placebo in randomised order according to a 3-way crossover design. Treatment phases of 14 days were separated by 14-day washout periods. qEEG recordings in conditions “eyes open”, “eyes closed”, as well as during performance of 3 different cognitive tasks, were performed at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after drug administration on the first (single-dose assessment) and last day of each treatment period (repetitive dose assessment). Result: compared with placebo, qEEG analysis revealed a significant increase of spectral power within two hours in the alpha1 range (7.0 - 9.5 Hz), particularly in the fronto-temporal region, where it was more pronounced after administration of Silexan 160 mg/day than after the 80 mg/day dose. changes in other frequency bands were mainly attributable to circadian rhythm. No EEG changes typically seen during the investigation of sedative drugs (general theta increase) were observed. cognitive task performance under both doses of Silexan was not inferior compared with that in the placebo period. conclusions: The study provides evidence that ingredients of the anxiolytic lavender oil preparation Silexan penetrate the blood-brain barrier and induce functional changes in the cNS. The types of changes observed in the qEEG are consistent with the anxiolytic clinical effect of the drug represented by increases of alpha1 spectral power. No sedative effects were observed. Silexan was well tolerated during repetitive administration of doses up to twice the marketed dose.

关键词： Silexan clinical Trial cerebral Bioavailability qEEG cATEEM

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neurocode-Tracking Based on Quantitative Fast Dynamic EEG Recording in combination with Eye-Tracking

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2014年第2期4卷 106-119页

作者： Wilfried Dimpfel Hans carlos Hofmann HcH System-Programmierung Asslar-Berghausen Germany Justus-Liebig-University Giessen c/o neurocode ag Wetzlar Germany

Information processing within the brain relies on electro-chemical features. Electric events are accessible by recording of the EEG. These electric oscillations might be regarded as a neuronal code carrying information on important motor, cognitive and emotional events. A new approach of quantitative assessment of very short time epochs of 364 ms has been developed on the base of particularly defined frequency ranges and called “neurocode-Tracking”. The new method was technically validated by the use of a signal generator and was found to correspond to classical quantitative EEG analysis except for some smudging during the transition from one frequency range to the next. Real data from a subject were obtained during relaxation and performance of three mental tasks. Data were time averaged for 180 s using the classical method and compared to data averaging during 16.4 s. Results were nearly identical with respect to spectral signatures showing the expected midline frontal theta increases during performance of three cognitive tests but not during relaxation. collection of very short time epochs of 728 ms duration confirmed task dependent frontal theta increases, most prominent during calculation performance test (cPT), less during d2-concentration and memory test, none during relaxation. Finally, the new technique was combined with eye-tracking. capture of the EEG mapping video of neurocode-Tracking and synchronization with the gaze overlay video by starting recording with an audio signal (gong) allowed a match of gazes precisely with the corresponding electric events. Use of this technical combination in research will hopefully lead to a new understanding of spectral signatures of electric activity called enkephaloglyphs.

关键词： neurocode Tracking Eye Tracking Quantitative EEG Attention

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