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Petroleum research 2024年第1期9卷 37-47页

作者： Dongsheng Xiao Xiong fei Xu Jilun Kang Yiting Zhang PetroChina Tuha oilfield company exploration and development research institute China

Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu Basin is a special lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary deposits rich in volcanic debris and carbonate,with abundant shale oil ***,understanding of shale oil characteristics and genesis remains ***,sedimentary environment,and formation mechanisms of tuffaceous shale oil are investigated based on core and thin section observations,X-ray diffraction,field emission SEM and geochemical *** show that three mixed lithofacies types are developed in Lucaogou Formation:blocky tuff,laminated tuffaceous dolomite,and laminated dolomitic *** lithofacies types are characterized by high content of felsic and dolostone,widespread organic matter,and low clay *** of tuffaceous shale oil sweet spots is primarily influenced by four factors:inputting of volcanic ash as a high-quality source rocks and reservoirs provides good material basis;devitrification of volcanic glass,calcitization,and dissolution are crucial for formation of reservoirs;expulsion of source rocks with high-abundance organic matter expulsion facilitates migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in adjacent reservoirs;fracture development improves reservoir permeability to form highly productive sweet *** analyzing characteristics and genesis of tuffaceous shale oil,the main controlling factors of reservoir physical property and oil saturation are clarified,which is of great significance for selection of shale oil exploration zones.

关键词： shale oil Tuffaceous Formation mechanism Lucaogou formation Santanghu basin

Application of sparse S transform network with knowledge distillation in seismic attenuation delineation

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2345-2355页

作者： Nai-Hao Liu Yu-Xin Zhang Yang Yang Rong-Chang Liu Jing-Huai Gao Nan Zhang School of Information and Communications Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Software Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University PetroChina research institute of Petroleum exploration and development (RIPED) CNPC research institute of exploration and development Yumen Oilfield Company CNPC

Time-frequency analysis is a successfully used tool for analyzing the local features of seismic ***, it suffers from several inevitable limitations, such as the restricted time-frequency resolution,the difficulty in selecting parameters, and the low computational efficiency. Inspired by deep learning,we suggest a deep learning-based workflow for seismic time-frequency analysis. The sparse S transform network(SSTNet) is first built to map the relationship between synthetic traces and sparse S transform spectra, which can be easily pre-trained by using synthetic traces and training labels. Next, we introduce knowledge distillation(KD) based transfer learning to re-train SSTNet by using a field data set without training labels, which is named the sparse S transform network with knowledge distillation(KD-SSTNet).In this way, we can effectively calculate the sparse time-frequency spectra of field data and avoid the use of field training labels. To test the availability of the suggested KD-SSTNet, we apply it to field data to estimate seismic attenuation for reservoir characterization and make detailed comparisons with the traditional time-frequency analysis methods.

关键词： S transform Deep learning Knowledge distillation Transfer learning Seismic attenuation delineation

A log-based method for fine-scale evaluation of lithofacies and its applications to the Gulong shale in the Songliao Basin,Northeast China

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 189-202页

作者： Weilin Yan Chunyan Wang Shujun Yin Zheng Wen Jiandong Zheng Xiuli Fu Zhou Feng Zhaoqian Zhang Jianhua Zhu exploration and development research institute of Daqing oilfield company Limited PetroChinaDaqingHeilongjiang163002China research institute of Petroleum exploration&development PetroChinaBeijing100083China

The Gulong shale demonstrates high clay content and pronounced thin laminations,with limited vertical variability in log curves,complicating lithofacies *** comprehend the distribution and compositional features of lithofacies in the Gulong shale for optimal sweet spot selection and reservoir stimulation,this study introduced a lithofacies classification scheme and a log-based lithofacies evaluation ***,theΔlgR method was utilized for accurately determining the total organic carbon(TOC)content;a multi-mineral model based on element-to-mineral content conversion coefficients was developed to enhance mineral composition prediction accuracy,and the microresistivity curve variations derived from formation micro-image(FMI)log were used to compute lamination density,offering insights into sedimentary *** this method,integrating TOC content,sedimentary structures,and mineral compositions,the Qingshankou Formation is classified into four lithofacies and 12 sublithofacies,displaying 90.6%accuracy compared to core description *** classification results reveal that the northern portion of the study area exhibits more prevalent fissile felsic shales,siltstone interlayers,shell limestones,and ***,the upper section primarily exhibits organic-rich felsic shale and siltstone interlayers,the middle part is characterized by moderate organic quartz-feldspathic shale and siltstone/carbonate interlayers,and the lower section predominantly features organic-rich fissile felsic/clayey felsic *** various sublithofacies in relation to seven petrophysical parameters,oil test production,and fracturing operation conditions indicates that the organic-rich felsic shales in the upper section and the organic-rich/clayey felsic shales in the lower section possess superior physical properties and oil content,contributing to smoother fracturing operation and enhanced production,thus emerging as dominant ***

关键词： Lithofacies division Formation micro-image(FMI)log Lithoscanner logging Fine-scale log-based evaluation Gulong shale

A new method for quantitative evaluation of shale laminae using electrical image logging

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 93-102页

作者： Zhou Feng Hongliang Wu Weilin Yan Han Tian Jiandong Zheng Chaoliu Li Kewen Wang research institute of Petroleum exploration and development CNPCBeijing100083China exploration and development research institute Daqing OilfieldCNPCHelongjiang163311China

Shale oil reservoirs are generally characterized by complex mineral compositions, rapid lithofacies changes, and thin laminae. explorations have confirmed that the type and density of shale laminae significantly influence reservoir quality, highlighting the importance of accurately identifying these laminae through well logging for effective shale reservoir evaluation. Presently, relevant technologies primarily focus on the qualitative identification of shale laminae using vertical slab images from image logs. However, influenced by the complex borehole conditions and image logging quality, this approach is less effective in identifying millimeter-scale laminae. This study proposes a new method for achieving high-resolution slab images and quantitatively evaluating the laminae using electrical image logs. The new method effectively improves the processing accuracy of slab images by delicately flattening and aligning the button electrode curves derived from electrical image logs point by point. Meanwhile, it allows for the accurate quantitative evaluation of the lamina number through precise identification of peaks and troughs in microelectrode curves. As demonstrated by the applications in shale oil reservoirs in the Gulong area in Daqing and the Ganchagou area in Qinghai, the proposed method can significantly improve accuracy compared to traditional slab images. Furthermore, the lamination index calculated using this method is highly consistent with the lamina number observed in cores. This study provides a new technical method for the quantitative lamina evaluation and rock structure analysis of shale reservoirs.

关键词： Shale oil Slab image Lamina evaluation Lamination index

Reservoir characteristics and controlling factor of tight sandstone in Shuixigou Group in Taibei depression,Turpan-Hami basin

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 70-80页

作者： Tong Lin Xuan Chen Fan Yang Hongguang Gou Mingyu Liu Runze Yang PetroChina research institute of Petroleum exploration&development Beijing100083China research institute of exploration&development PetroChina Tuha Oilfield Company HamiXinjiang839009China China University of Geosciences(Beijing) Beijing100083China

The positive structure belts surrounding the Taibei Sag,Turpan-Hami Basin,have been the main targets for oil and gas exploration for years and are now left with remaining resources scattering in reservoirs adjacent to source rocks in the sag,where the Shuixigou Group with substantial oil and gas potential constitutes the primary focus for near-source ***,characterization of development and key controlling factors of reservoir space becomes a must for future exploration in the *** study investigates the development traits,genesis,and controlling factors of the Xishanyao and Sangonghe formations in the Shengbei and Qiudong Sub-sags of the Taibei Sag with techniques such as cast thin-section observation,porosity and permeability tests,high-pressure mercury injection,and saturation fluid NMR analysis of reservoir *** findings reveal that the Shuixigou Group in the Taibei Sag consists of lithic *** in the group are mostly poor in terms of physical properties,with undeveloped primary pores dominated by intergranular dissolved pores as a result of a strong *** analysis of key controlling factors of the Sangonghe Formation reveals significant distinctions in sandstone particle size,sand body thickness,genesis and distribution,provenance location,and source rock type between the Qiudong area and Shengbei ***,the coal seams of the Xishanyao Formation exhibit heightened development with shallower burial depth and lower maturity compared to those of the Sangonghe ***,this environment fosters the formation of organic acids,which have a stronger dissolution effect on minerals to develop secondary dissolution pores,and ultimately resulting in better reservoir physical ***,the reservoirs within the Qiudong area of the Taibei Sag demonstrate superior characteristics compared to those in the Shengbei ***,the reservoir physical properties of the Xishanyao For

关键词： Intergranular dissolved pore Organic acid dissolution Secondary dissolution pore Tight sandstone Shuixigou group Turpan-Hami basin

The Middle and Lower Cambrian salt tectonics in the central Tarim Basin,China:A case study based on strike-slip fault characterization

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 53-61页

作者： Qing Bian Jibiao Zhang Cheng Huang SINOPEC Petroleum exploration and Production research institute BeijingChina SINOPEC Northwest oilfield company UrumuqiChina

Due to the considerable depth of the salt layers and the lack of calibration by exploratory drilling,the interpretation of the Middle and Lower Cambrian salt formations in the central Tarim Basin poses a *** this paper,we apply the coupling and decoupling deformation theory in salt tectonics to analyze the No.7 fault mapped in the seismic datasets by the response characteristics of the Middle and Lower Cambrian *** quantifying the stratigraphic framework of the Middle and Lower Cambrian strata,we define the position of the salt layer with the seismic *** decoupling is observed in the Middle and Lower Cambrian sequences in the Shuntuoguole Low Uplift,while deformation coupling is observed in these two sequences in the Shaya Uplift.

关键词： Tarim Basin Salt tectonics Strike-slip fault Structural analysis Seismic interpretation of decoupling zone

Shale primary porosimetry based on 2D nuclear magnetic resonance of T_(1)-T_(2)

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第3期5卷 52-65页

作者： Junliang Li Min Wang Min Wang Jinbu Li Xinbin Zhao Xingzhong Hu Aibing Fu exploration and development research institute of Shengli oilfield company DongyingShandong257015China School of Geosciences and Technology China University of Petroleum(East China)QingdaoShandong266580China Oil and Gas exploration Management Center of Shengli oilfield company DongyingShandong257015China

Porosity,a key parameter in assessing the physical properties of shale reservoirs and the reserves,is of great significance to the selection and evaluation of shale sweet *** are many methods at present to characterize shale porosity,most of which are aimed at post-core cleaning shale,such as those involving helium and saturated fluid(namely liquid-involved porosimetry).However,due to the low efficiency of shale core cleaning and the possible damage to pore structure during the core cleaning process,it's hard to guarantee the accuracy of porosity *** this regard,we resort to the two-dimensional(2D)nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)technology of T1-T2 in characterizing the primary shale porosity with samples taken from pressure coring in the 4th member of Shahejie Formation(Sha 4 Member)in well Fanxie 184 in the Jiyang ***,comparative experiments of shale porosity measurement by three methods,namely the simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE),helium and fluid measurement,are carried out *** results show that the values obtained by SDE,gas and liquid measurement are similar,which are about 0.6 times of 2D NMR *** cleaning efficiency tends to seriously affect the results involving gas and *** addition,the core cleaning treatment is bound to change the shale pore structure,and this is especially true in clay which tends to swell;consequently,porosity results are to be distorted by gas and liquid *** is thereby recommended to utilize the 2D NMR technology to characterize the primary total porosity of shale samples without core *** effective porosity of samples from pressure coring is determined by T2 cutoff value of around 0.3 ms.

关键词： Shale Porosity Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) Core cleaning Jiyang Depression

Extensive carbon cycle between peatland and vegetation: Insights from high net primary productivity of the Middle Jurassic in northwestern China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2024年第4期13卷 1016-1028页

作者： Yang-Yang Huang Hao Liang Long-Yi Shao Bin Yang Baruch Spiro Jia-Min Zhou Jing Lu Tan-Guang Fan State Key Laboratory for Fine exploration and Intelligent development of Coal Resources College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) research institute of exploration & development PetroChina Tuha Oilfield Company exploration company PetroChina Tuha Oilfield Company Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum School of Marine Sciences University of Haifa

Peatlands have obvious carbon storage capacity and are crucial in mitigating global climate *** the end-product of peatlands,coals have preserved a large amount of palaeoenvironmental *** carbon accumulation rate and the net primary productivity （NPP） of coal-forming peatlands can be used as proxies for recovering palaeoenvironments.A super-thick coal seam （42°35'N,91°25'E） was developed in the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation in the Shaerhu coalfield in the southern margin of the Tuha （Turpan-Hami） Basin,northwestern *** this study,we use the time series analysis to identify the periods of Milankovitch orbital cycles in the Gamma-ray curve of this super-thick （124.85 m） coal and then use the obtained cycle periods of 405 ka,173 ka,44 ka,37.6 ka,22.5 ka to calculate the timeframe of the coalforming peatlands which ranges from 2703.44 to 2975.11 *** that the carbon content of the coal seam is 78.32%and the carbon loss during the coalification is about 25.80%,the carbon accumulation rate of the targeted coal seam is estimated to be 58.47-64.34 g C/m2·a,and the NPP is estimated to be252.28-277.63 g C/m2·*** main palaeoenvironmental factors controlling the NPP of peatlands are CO2content,palaeolatitude and *** reduced NPP values of the palaeo-peatlands in the Shaerhu coalfield can be attributed to the mid-palaeolatitude and/or too low atmospheric *** a certain extent,the NPP of palaeo-peatlands reflects the changes in atmospheric CO2,which can further reveal the dynamic response of the global carbon cycle to climate ***,predicting the level of NPP in the Middle Jurassic and studying the final destination of carbon in the ecosystem are beneficial to understanding the coal-forming process and palaeoenvironment.

关键词： Xishanyao Formation Super-thick coal Milankovitch cycle Carbon accumulation rate Carbon cycle

Prediction and quantification of effective gas source rocks in a lacustrine basin: Western Depression in the Liaohe Subbasin, China

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2218-2239页

作者： Si-Bo Yang Mei-Jun Li Hong Xiao Fang-Zheng Wang Guo-Gang Cai Shuang-Quan Huang State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay College of Petroleum research institute of Petroleum exploration and development Liaohe Oilfield Company PetroChina

Due to limited data on the geochemical properties of natural gas, estimations are needed for the effective gas source rock in evaluating gas potential. However, the pronounced heterogeneity of mudstones in lacustrine successions complicates the prediction of the presence and geochemical characteristics of gas source rocks. In this paper, the Liaohe Subbasin of Northeast China is used as an example to construct a practical methodology for locating effective gas source rocks in typical lacustrine basins. Three types of gas source rocks, microbial, oil-type, and coal-type, were distinguished according to the different genetic types of their natural gas. A practical three-dimensional geological model was developed, refined, and applied to determine the spatial distribution of the mudstones in the Western Depression of the Liaohe Subbasin and to describe the geochemical characteristics(the abundance, type, and maturation levels of the organic matter). Application of the model in the subbasin indicates that the sedimentary facies have led to heterogeneity in the mudstones, particularly with respect to organic matter types. The effective gas source rock model constructed for the Western Depression shows that the upper sequence(SQ2) of the Fourth member(Mbr 4) of the Eocene Shahejie Formation(Fm) and the lower and middle sequences(SQ3 and SQ4) of the Third member(Mbr 3) form the principal gas-generating interval. The total volume of effective gas source rocks is estimated to be 586 km3. The effective microbial, oil-type, and coal-type gas source rocks are primarily found in the shallow western slope, the central sags, and the eastern slope of the Western Depression, respectively. This study provides a practical approach for more accurately identifying the occurrence and geochemical characteristics of effective natural gas source rocks, enabling a precise quantitative estimation of natural gas reserves.

关键词： Effective gas source rock 3D geological modeling Spatial distribution Geochemical characteristics Lacustrine rift basin

Implications for fault reactivation and seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing

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Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1081-1098页

作者： Zi-Han Sun Ming-Guang Che Li-Hong Zhu Shu-Juan Zhang Ji-Yuan Lu Chang-Yu Jin Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines School of Resources and Civil Engineering and Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Deep Engineering and Intelligent TechnologyNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819LiaoningChina research institute of Petroleum exploration&development PetroChina Company LimitedBeijing100084China The exploration and development research institute of Daqing oilfield Limited company Daqing163458HeilongjiangChina

Evaluating the physical mechanisms that link hydraulic fracturing(HF) operations to induced earthquakes and the anticipated form of the resulting events is significant in informing subsurface fluid injection operations. Current understanding supports the overriding role of the effective stress magnitude in triggering earthquakes, while the impact of change rate of effective stress has not been systematically addressed. In this work, a modified critical stiffness was brought up to investigate the likelihood, impact,and mitigation of induced seismicity during and after hydraulic fracturing by developing a poroelastic model based on rate-and-state fraction law and linear stability analysis. In the new criterion, the change rate of effective stress was considered a key variable to explore the evolution of this criterion and hence the likelihood of instability slip of fault. A coupled fluid flow-deformation model was used to represent the entire hydraulic fracturing process in COMSOL Multiphysics. The possibility of triggering an earthquake throughout the entire hydraulic fracturing process, from fracturing to cessation, was investigated considering different fault locations, orientations, and positions along the fault. The competition between the effects of the magnitude and change rate of effective stress was notable at each fracturing stage. The effective stress magnitude is a significant controlling factor during fracturing events, with the change rate dominating when fracturing is suddenly started or stopped. Instability dominates when the magnitude of the effective stress increases(constant injection at each fracturing stage) and the change rate of effective stress decreases(the injection process is suddenly stopped). Fracturing with a high injection rate, a fault adjacent to the hydraulic fracturing location and the position of the junction between the reservoir and fault are important to reduce the Coulomb failure stress(CFS) and enhance the critical stiffness as

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing Coulomb failure stress Rate-and-state fraction model Linear stability analysis Critical stiffness Seismically induced fault

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