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Increased number of symptoms during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in athletes is associated with prolonged time to return to full sports performance—AWAREⅧ

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第3期13卷 280-287,I0001页

作者： Carolette Snyders Marlise Dyer Nicola Sewry Esme Jordaan Martin Schwellnus Sport Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute(SEMLI)Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoria 0083South Africa Section Sports Medicine Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoria 0083South Africa IOC Research Centre of South africa Pretoria 0083South Africa Biostatistics Unit South African Medical Research CouncilTygerberg 7505South Africa Statistics and Population Studies Department University of the Western CapeCape Town 7535South Africa

Purpose The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with prolonged time to return to full performance(RTFP)in athletes with recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.Methods Prospective cohort study with cross sectional analysis.A total of 84 athletes with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed at a coronavirus disease 2019 recovery clinic gave a history of age,sex,type/level of sport,co-morbidities,pre-infection training hours,and 26 acute SARS-CoV-2 symptoms from 3 categories(“nose and throat”,“chest and neck”,and“whole body”/systemic).Data on days to RTFP were obtained by structured interviews.Factors associated with RTFP were demographics,sport participation,history of co-morbidities,pre-infection training history,and acute symptoms(type,number).Outcomes were:(a)days to RTFP(median,interquartile range(IQR))in asymptomatic(n=7)and symptomatic athletes(n=77),and(b)hazard ratios(HRs;95%confidence interval)for symptomatic athletes with vs.without a factor(univariate,multiple models).HR0.05).Factors associated with prolonged RTFP(univariate models)were:females(HR=0.57;p=0.014),endurance athletes(HR=0.41;p<0.0001),co-morbidity number(HR=0.75;p=0.001),and respiratory disease history(HR=0.54;p=0.026).In symptomatic athletes,prolonged RTFP(multiple models)was significantly associated with increased“chest and neck”(HR=0.85;p=0.017)and“nose and throat”(HR=0.84;p=0.013)symptoms,but the association was more profound between prolonged RFTP and increased total number of“all symptoms”(HR=0.91;p=0.001)and“whole body”/systemic(HR=0.82;p=0.007)symptoms.Conclusion A larger number of total symptoms and specifically“whole body”/systemic symptoms during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in athletes is associated with prolonged RTFP.

关键词： Athletes COVID-19 Performance Recovery Return to play

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The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第2期21卷 184-196页

作者： Maxine A.Höft Wendy A.Burgers Catherine Riou Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa Division of Medical Virology Department of PathologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in africa University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa

This review examines the intersection of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 pandemics.People with HIV(PWH)are a heterogeneous group that differ in their degree of immune suppression,immune reconstitution,and viral control.While COVID-19 in those with wellcontrolled HIV infection poses no greater risk than that for HIV-uninfected individuals,people with advanced HIV disease are more vulnerable to poor COVID-19 outcomes.COVID-19 vaccines are effective and well tolerated in the majority of PWH,though reduced vaccine efficacy,breakthrough infections and faster waning of vaccine effectiveness have been demonstrated in PWH.This is likely a result of suboptimal humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination.People with advanced HIV may also experience prolonged infection that may give rise to new epidemiologically significant variants,but initiation or resumption of antiretroviral therapy(ART)can effectively clear persistent infection.COVID-19 vaccine guidelines reflect these increased risks and recommend prioritization for vaccination and additional booster doses for PWH who are moderately to severely immunocompromised.We recommend continued research and monitoring of PWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection,especially in areas with a high HIV burden.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 HIV Immune dysfunction Vaccine efficacy Prolonged infection Immunogenicity

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Multi-scale detector optimized for small target

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Optoelectronics Letters 2024年第4期20卷 243-248页

作者： ZHU Yongchang YANG Sen TONG Jigang WANG Zenghui School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Tianjin University of TechnologyTianjin 300384China Center of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science University of South AfricaFlorida 1709South Africa Department of Electrical Engineering University of South AfricaFlorida 1709South Africa

The effectiveness of deep learning networks in detecting small objects is limited,thereby posing challenges in addressing practical object detection tasks.In this research,we propose a small object detection model that operates at multiple scales.The model incorporates a multi-level bidirectional pyramid structure,which integrates deep and shallow networks to simultaneously preserve intricate local details and augment global features.Moreover,a dedicated multi-scale detection head is integrated into the model,specifically designed to capture crucial information pertaining to small objects.Through comprehensive experimentation,we have achieved promising results,wherein our proposed model exhibits a mean average precision(mAP)that surpasses that of the well-established you only look once version 7(YOLOv7)model by 1.1%.These findings validate the improved performance of our model in both conventional and small object detection scenarios.

关键词： networks details thereby

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Design consideration of phthalocyanines as sensitizers for enhanced sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy of cancer

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2024年第3期14卷 1077-1097页

作者： Lindokuhle Cindy Nene Heidi Abrahamse Laser Research Centre Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of JohannesburgDoornfontein 2028South Africa

Cancer remains one of the diseases with the highest incidence and mortality globally.Conventional treatment modalities have demonstrated threatening drawbacks including invasiveness,noncontrollability,and development of resistance for some,including chemotherapy,radiation,and surgery.Sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy(SPDT)has been developed as an alternative treatment modality which offers a non-invasive and controllable therapeutic approach.SPDT combines the mechanism of action of sonodynamic therapy(SDT),which uses ultrasound,and photodynamic therapy(PDT),which uses light,to activate a sensitizer and initiate cancer eradication.The use of phthalocyanines(Pcs)as sensitizers for SPDT is gaining interest owing to their ability to induce intracellular oxidative stress and initiate toxicity under SDT and PDT.This review discusses some of the structural prerequisites of Pcs which may influence their overall SPDT activities in cancer therapy.

关键词： Sonodynamic therapy Photodynamic therapy Combinatorial therapy Phthalocyanines Sensitizer Cancer

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A Systematic Analysis of Systems Approach and Flood Risk Management Research:Trends,Gaps,and Opportunities

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2024年第1期15卷 45-57页

作者： Lum Sonita Awah Johanes Amate Belle Yong Sebastian Nyam Israel Ropo Orimoloye Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for africa University of the Free StateBloemfontein 9300South Africa School of Environment Geographyand SustainabilityWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazooMI 49008USA

Flooding is a global threat,necessitating a comprehensive management approach.Due to the complexity of managing flood hazards and risks,researchers have advocated for holistic,comprehensive,and integrated approaches.This study,employing a systems thinking perspective,assessed global flood risk management research trends,gaps,and opportunities using132 published documents in BibTeX format.A systematic review of downloaded documents from the Scopus and Web of Science databases revealed slow progress of approximately 11.61% annual growth in applying systems thinking and its concomitant approaches to understanding global flood risk management over the past two decades compared to other fields like water resource management and business management systems.A significant gap exists in the application of systems thinking methodologies to flood risk management research between developed and developing countries,particularly in africa,highlighting the urgency of reoriented research and policy efforts.The application gaps of the study methodology are linked to challenges outlined in existing literature,such as issues related to technical expertise and resource constraints.This study advocates a shift from linear to holistic approaches in flood risk management,aligned with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2023 and the Sustainable Development Goals.Collaboration among researchers,institutions,and countries is essential to address this global challenge effectively.

关键词： Flood risk management research Gaps and opportunities Global trends in flood research Systematic review.Systems thinking

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Use of cognitive-behavioral career coaching to reduce work anxiety and depression in public employees

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024年第2期12卷 322-334页

作者： Mkpoikanke Sunday Otu Maximus Monaheng Sefotho Department of Educational Psychology University of JohannesburgJohannesburg 2006GautengSouth Africa

BACKGROUND Public employees worldwide are increasingly concerned about work anxiety and depression.Cognitive-behavioral career coaching has emerged as a promising strategy for addressing these mental health disorders,which can negatively impact on a person's overall well-being and performance.AIM To examine whether cognitive-behavioral career coaching reduces work anxiety and depression among Nigerian public employees.METHODS A total of 120 public employees(n=60)suffering from severe anxiety and depression were randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups in this study.Cognitive behavioral coaching was provided twice a week to those in the treatment group,whereas no treatment was given to those in the control group.As part of the study,the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scales and Beck Depression Inventory were used to collect data.RESULTS Analysis of covariance of the data from participants indicates a significant effect of cognitive-behavioral career coaching on work anxiety and depression.CONCLUSION Insights into the underlying mechanisms by which cognitive behavior career coaching exerts its effects have been gained from this study.Also,the study has gathered valuable data that can inform future practice and guide the development of strategies for supporting mental health at work.

关键词： Cognitive-behavioral career coaching Work anxiety Depression Public employees North Central Nigeria

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Substrate control in track registration and preservation:insights across the Triassic—Jurassic boundary in southern africa

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2024年第2期13卷 351-371页

作者： Loyce Mpangala Miengah Abrahams Emese M.Bordy Department of Geological Sciences University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa

Tracks registration is influenced by the dynamic interplay between the pedal anatomy of the trackmaker,its behaviour,and the substrate conditions it interacts with.Differences in substrate conditions,especially those linked to grain size and moisture content,often result in the most dramatic variations in track morphology.In the upper Stormberg Group,main Karoo Basin of southern africa,diverse trace fossils,primarily comprising Late Triassic—Early Jurassic dinosaur tracks,are preserved.Numerous studies have extensively documented individual ichnosites,investigating variations between sites over time,with recent studies suggesting that track abundance and anatomical fidelity increase up-stratigraphy.Despite the well-established link between substrate and track morphology,past studies have not specifically focused on substrate conditions,often emphasizing macro-sedimentary features instead.Here,we examine the micro-sedimentary features of track-bearing units in the upper Stormberg Group using petrographic techniques to better understand the palaeosubstrate and its effect on fossil track registration and preservation.The analysis revealed that very fine-grained sandstones and substrates modified by microbial activity tend to preserve tracks with greater abundance and/or higher anatomical fidelity.Furthermore,the prevalence of very fine-grained and microbially modified strata,and their associated track trends increases in younger stratigraphic units.Across the Triassic—Jurassic boundary in southern africa,a boom in dinosaur track abundances is observed and credited to the proliferation of dinosaur populations during the Early Jurassic.Our findings,however,suggest that the observed local increase in track abundance(and anatomical fidelity)up-stratigraphy may be linked to substrate composition differences,which were ultimately controlled by large-scale changes in the palaeoenvironment from high-energy meandering fluvial to lower-energy aeolian-lacustrine settings in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic,respectively.The

关键词： Dinosaur tracks Footprint anatomical fidelity Micro-sedimentary features Substrate conditions Track registration Palaeoenvironmental context

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Light correcting light with nonlinear optics

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Advanced Photonics 2024年第2期6卷 41-49页

作者： Sachleen Singh Bereneice Sephton Wagner Tavares Buono Vincenzo D'Ambrosio Thomas Konrad Andrew Forbes University of the Witwatersrand School of PhysicsJohannesburgSouth Africa Universitàdegli studi di Napoli“FedericoⅡ” Dipartimento di Fisica“E.Pancini”NapoliItaly University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Chemistry and PhysicsDurbanSouth Africa

Structured light,where complex optical fields are tailored in all their degrees of freedom,has become highly topical of late,advanced by a sophisticated toolkit comprising both linear and nonlinear optics.Removing undesired structure from light is far less developed,leveraging mostly on inverting the distortion,e.g.,with adaptive optics or the inverse transmission matrix of a complex channel,both requiring that the distortion be fully characterized through appropriate measurement.We show that distortions in spatially structured light can be corrected through difference-frequency generation in a nonlinear crystal without any need for the distortion to be known.We demonstrate the versatility of our approach using a wide range of aberrations and structured light modes,including higher-order orbital angular momentum(OAM)beams,showing excellent recovery of the original undistorted field.To highlight the efficacy of this process,we deploy the system in a prepare-and-measure communications link with OAM,showing minimal cross talk even when the transmission channel is highly aberrated,and outline how the approach could be extended to alternative experimental modalities and nonlinear processes.Our demonstration of light-correcting light without the need for measurement opens an approach to measurement-free error correction for classical and quantum structured light,with direct applications in imaging,sensing,and communication.

关键词： phase conjugation aberration correction orbital angular momentum nonlinear optics

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On dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy using textured cutting tool inserts

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第4期12卷 1608-1618页

作者： Shailendra Pawanr Kapil Gupta Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology University of JohannesburgDoornfontein CampusJohannesburg 2028 South Africa

Magnesium alloys have many advantages as lightweight materials for engineering applications,especially in the fields of automotive and aerospace.They undergo extensive cutting or machining while making products out of them.Dry cutting,a sustainable machining method,causes more friction and adhesion at the tool-chip interface.One of the promising solutions to this problem is cutting tool surface texturing,which can reduce tool wear and friction in dry cutting and improve machining performance.This paper aims to investigate the impact of dimple textures(made on the flank face of cutting inserts)on tool wear and chip morphology in the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy.The results show that the cutting speed was the most significant factor affecting tool flank wear,followed by feed rate and cutting depth.The tool wear mechanism was examined using scanning electron microscope(SEM)images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)analysis reports,which showed that at low cutting speed,the main wear mechanism was abrasion,while at high speed,it was adhesion.The chips are discontinuous at low cutting speeds,while continuous at high cutting speeds.The dimple textured flank face cutting tools facilitate the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy and contribute to ecological benefits.

关键词： Magnesium alloy Dry machining Textured tools Flank wear Sustainability

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Transcranial photobiomodulation for the brain: a wide range of clinical applications

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第3期19卷 483-484页

作者： Michael R.Hamblin Laser Research Centre Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of Johannesburg-Doornfontein CampusDoornfonteinSouth Africa

Photobiomodulation therapy(PBMT)is a rapidly growing approach to the healing,stimulation,protection,and regeneration of many human organs and tissue types.PBMT started in the 1960s as low-level laser therapy for wound healing,but since then the introduction of light-emitting diodes(LEDs)has dramatically increased the number of applications and reports of positive results.PBMT generally uses red(620-700 nm)and/or near-infrared(780-1270 nm)wavelengths of light at an intensity that causes no tissue heating,and its activity is based on well-established biological and cellular mechanisms(de Freitas and Hamblin,2016).While laser therapists continue to use various types of laser in their office practice,LEDs are ideally suited for home use devices because they are completely safe and without any known significant adverse effects.Among the various body parts on which PBMT has been shown to exert beneficial effects,the brain stands out as perhaps the most promising overall.PBMT has been shown to reduce neuroinflammation,while increasing mitochondrial function,oxygen consumption,and blood flow within the brain(Hamblin,2016).Moreover,PBMT can stimulate the processes of synaptogenesis,neurogenesis,and neuroplasticity thus helping the brain to heal itself.

关键词： healing stimulation wound

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