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A Data Mining Approach to Detecting Bias and Favoritism in Public Procurement

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第6期36卷 3501-3516页

作者： Yeferson Torres-Berru Vivian F.Lopez-Batista Lorena Conde Zhingre University of Salamanca Salamanca37008Spain Instituto Tecnológico Superior Sudamericano Loja1101608Ecuador universidad internacional del ecuador Loja1101608Ecuador

In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender *** paper’s aim is to detect biased purchases using a Spanish Language corpus,ana-lyzing text from the questions and answers registry platform by applicants in a public procurement process in ***,gender bias is detected,pro-moting both men and women to participate under the same *** order to detect gender bias and favoritism towards certain providers by contracting enti-ties,the study proposes a unique hybrid model that combines Artificial Intelli-gence algorithms and Natural Language Processing(NLP).In the experimental work,303,076 public procurement processes have been analyzed over 10 years(since 2010)with 1,009,739 questions and answers to suppliers and public insti-tutions in each *** bias and favoritism were analyzed using a Word2-vec model with word embedding,as well as sentiment analysis of the questions and answers using the VADER *** 32%of cases(96,984 answers),there was favoritism or gender bias as evidenced by responses from contracting *** proposed model provides accuracy rates of 88% for detecting favor-itism,and 90%for detecting gender *** one-third of the procure-ment processes carried out by the state have indications of corruption and *** Latin America,government corruption is one of the most significant challenges,making the resulting classifier useful for detecting bias and favoritism in public procurement processes.

关键词： Favoritism bias natural language processing Word2vec sentiment analysis word embeddings

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Woody plant taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity decrease along elevational gradients in Andean tropical montane forests:Environmental filtering and arrival of temperate taxa

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Plant Diversity 2024年第4期46卷 491-501页

作者： Guillermo Bañares-de-Dios Manuel J.Macía Gabriel Arellano Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda Julia Vega-álvarez Itziar Arnelas Carlos I.Espinosa Norma Salinas Luis Cayuela Departamento de Biología y Geología Física y Química InorgánicaUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosCalle Tulipán s/nMóstolesMadridES-28933Spain Departamento de Biología Área de BotánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCalle Darwin 2MadridES-28049Spain Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global(CIBC-UAM) Universidad Autónoma de MadridCalle Darwin 2MadridES-28049Spain Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA Oikobit LLC ***AlbuquerqueNM87120USA Real Jardín Botánico–CSIC Plaza Murillo 2MadridES-28014Spain Departamento de Biología Animal EcologíaParasitologíaEdafología y Química AgrícolaUniversidad de SalamancaCalle Donantes de Sangre s/nSalamancaES-37007Spain Departamento de Biodiversidad Ecología y EvoluciónUniversidad Complutense de MadridCalle JoséAntonio Nováis 12Ciudad UniversitariaES-28040Spain Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Universidad Técnica Particular de LojaA.P.11-01-608 LojaEcuador Sección Química Pontificia Universidad Católica del PerúA.P.Lima 32LimaPeru ECI School of Geography and EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOX13QYOxfordshireUnited Kingdom Instituto de Investigación en Cambio Global(IICG-URJC) Universidad Rey Juan CarlosCalle Tulipán s/nMóstolesMadridES-28933Spain

Mountains are paramount for exploring biodiversity patterns due to the mosaic of topographies and climates encompassed over short *** research has traditionally focused on taxonomic diversity when investigating changes along elevational gradients,but other facets should be *** first time,we simultaneously assessed elevational trends in taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity of woody plants in Andean tropical montane forests and explored their underlying ecological and evolutionary *** investigation covered four transects(traversing ca.2200 m a.s.l.) encompassing 114 plots of 0.1 ha across a broad latitudinal range(ca.10°).Using Hill numbers to quantify abundance-based diversity among 37,869 individuals we observed a consistent decrease in taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity as elevation increased,although the decrease was less pronounced for higher Hill *** exception was a slight increase in phylogenetic diversity when dominant species were *** decrease in taxonomic and functional diversity might be attributed to an environmental filtering process towards highlands,where the increasingly harsher conditions exclude species and functional ***,the differences in steepness decrease between Hill orders suggest that rare species disproportionately contribute to functional *** phylogenetic diversity the shifting elevational trend between Hill orders indicates a greater than previously considered influence in central Andean highlands of tropical lowlands originated species with strong niche conservatism relative to distantly related temperate *** could be explained by a decreasing presence and abundance of temperate,extratropical taxa towards the central Andes relative to northern or southern Andes,where they are more prevalent.

关键词： Altitudinal gradients Andes Environmentalﬁltering Out of the Tropical Lowlands Functional rarity Tropical Niche Conservatism

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Architectural survey of historical buildings:The orders of classical architecture in the Baptistery of Florence

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2021年第1期10卷 117-133页

作者： Jorge Romero School of Architecture Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador(Iborro Headquarters)IbarraEcuador School of Architecture UIDE Universidad Internacional Del Ecuador(Quito Headquarters)QuitoEcuador

The survey of historic buildings is very important for architectural *** integral survey allows perpetuating the building historical memory,deciphering it for future generations,and recovering it in case of accidental *** Baptistery of Florence survey was done with four measuring methods:the"direct"one,which employs traditional measuring tools;the"indirect"one,which expedites the dimension-gathering process with more preci-sion;and the"photogrammetric"one,which uses snapshots to facilitate the representation process with *** innova tive measuring concept,known here as the"recovery sur-vey",synthetizes graphical reality so that irregularities--due to the project materialization and deterioration over time-disappear;therefore,retrieving the building original ***-umns with their bases,shafts and capitals,as well as entablatures with their architraves,friezes and cornices were under *** three Greek orders(Doric,lonic and Corinthian)together with the two roman orders(Tuscan and Composite)unveiled the classical architecture *** constituents,which reoccur inside and outside the baptistery,were measured as part of these holistic survey and recovery process,to achieve the objective of this research study:the recording of this world historical building through an integral survey and rilievo to decode its significance and symbolism.

关键词： Architectural survey Recovery rilievo Photogrammetric survey Architectural conservation Classical architecture orders Architectural symbolism

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Six forests in one:Tree species diversity in the Bosque Protector Chongón Colonche,a lowland mountain range in coastal ecuadorian

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第6期9卷 725-733页

作者： Oswaldo Jadan David ADonoso Edwin Ponce-Ramírez Franz Pucha-Cofrep Omar Cabrera Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad de Cuenca12 de Octubre y Diego de TapiaCuenca010107Ecuador Programa de Doctorado en Conservacion de Recursos Naturales Escuela Internacional de DoctoradoUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMostolesMadridES-28933Spain Departamento de Biología Escuela Politecnica NacionalLadron de Guevara E11⋅253Quito170525Ecuador Geoforest S.A 12 de febrero y Av.Franklin VegaMacas140150Ecuador Grupo de Investigacion Hidrología y Climatología Universidad Tecnica Particular de LojaSan Cayetano Alto S/NLoja110101Ecuador Brandenburg University of Technology(BTU)Cottbus-Senftenberg 03044CottbusGermany Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias Universidad Tecnica Particular de LojaSan Cayetano Alto S/NLoja110101Ecuador

Tropical mountain ranges shape the structure of tree communities and promote highly diverse natural ***“Bosque Protector Chong on-Colonche”(BPCC),an 86,000-ha mountain formation situated on the coast of ecuador,is biogeographically important for the region by connecting floristic elements of the wet Choco and the dry Tumbesian *** understanding of the factors that model tree and palm diversity and distribution in this mountain range are *** measured and identified all trees and palms(DBH≥10 cm)in 289 plots of0.2 ha,distributed throughout *** used generalized linear models to explain the relationship between forest diversity and structure and climatic variables(temperature,rain,aridity),and *** then used cluster and non-metric multidimensional scale(NMDS)analyses to search for distinct forest communities within the *** partition(varpart)was used to determine which predictor variables best explained these distinct forest communities.A species indicator analysis identified the species most likely to define these distinct forest ***,we carried out a niche modeling approach to identify the potential distribution of these forest communities within *** total,we identified 220 tree and palm species in our *** average number of species per plot was 17.8±5.8,ranging from 3 to 40 *** methods sorted the 289study plots into six different forest communities,three communities in the dry forest and three in the semi-humid Garúa *** and temperature,but not altitude or aridity,explained floristic *** results emphasize the high but little cataloged diversity in the lowland mountain rainforests of coastal ecuador.

关键词： Chongón-Colonche Climatic variables Dry forest Forest communities Garúa forest

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Environmental Assessment for Health Tourism in Baños de Agua Santa, ecuador

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2017年第7期8卷 799-809页

作者： Gutiérrez L. Ruiz Cespedes D. García Ramirez R. Covarrubias universidad internacional del ecuador Quito Ecuador universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres Esmeraldas Ecuador universidad de Colima Colima México

The aim of this study is to apply the methodology for assessment of environmental impact of the heritage town with health tourism interest that is assessed. Health tourism is based on the appropriate employment of natural resources, landscapes and the natural and cultural heritage of a place. In order to carry out the study, a set of both theoretical and empirical methods were used to analyze the case of Ba?os de Agua Santa. The theoretical methods include the analysis and synthesis employed throughout the research process, as well as in the bibliographic study and the evaluation of the information obtained. In addition, the inductive-deductive method was employed to analyze, process, and treat the information and data that were used frequently in this work. As for the empirical methods, the researchers employed participatory techniques with community stakeholders, in order to gather information through interviews. Also, researchers conducted direct observation of community activities. The automated method software is used which requires a baseline study of the environment assessment in Tungurahua, ecuador, to be prepared. In addition, the analysis of the social perception on tourism of the local people from the course work of students at the UIDE shall be applied. The conclusions of the case studies undertaken allow for strategic proposals and recommendations to be prepared so that they can be incorporated into the management plans for health tourism in the town with natural heritage value.

关键词： Environmental Assessment Health Tourism

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Hybrid Security Assessment Methodology for Web Applications

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2021年第1期126卷 89-124页

作者： Roddy A.Correa Juan Ramon Bermejo Higuera Javier Bermejo Higuera Juan Antonio SiciliaMontalvo Manuel Sanchez Rubio A.Alberto Magrenan universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja San Cayetano AltoLojaEcuador Escuela Superior de Ingenieria y Tecnologia Universidad Internacional de La RiojaLogrono26006Spain universidad de la Rioja Logrono26006Spain

This study presents a methodology to evaluate and prevent security vulnerabilities issues for web *** analysis process is based on the use of techniques and tools that allow to perform security assessments of white box and black box,to carry out the security validation of a web application in an agile and precise *** objective of the methodology is to take advantage of the synergies of semi-automatic static and dynamic security analysis tools and manual *** one of the phases contemplated in the methodology is supported by security analysis tools of different degrees of coverage,so that the results generated in one phase are used as feed for the following phases in order to get an optimized global security analysis *** methodology can be used as part of other more general methodologies that do not cover how to use static and dynamic analysis tools in the implementation and testing phases of a Secure Software Development Life Cycle(SSDLC).A practical application of the methodology to analyze the security of a real web application demonstrates its effectiveness by obtaining a better optimized vulnerability detection result against the true and false positive *** analysis with manual checking is used to audit the results,24.6 per cent of security vulnerabilities reported by the static analysis has been checked and it allows to study which vulnerabilities can be directly exploited *** phase is very important because it permits that each reported vulnerability can be checked by a dynamic second tool to confirm whether a vulnerability is true or false positive and it allows to study which vulnerabilities can be directly exploited *** analysis finds six(6)additional critical *** control analysis finds other five(5)important vulnerabilities such as Insufficient Protected Passwords or Weak Password Policy and Excessive Authentication Attacks,two vulnerabilities that permit brute force at

关键词： Web applications security vulnerability weakness security analysis white box black box interactive application security testing static application security testing dynamic application security testing

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Financial Losses Associated with Bovine Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in Carchi-ecuador

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2023年第2期13卷 205-216页

作者： Marcelo Ibarra Martin Campos Christian Ibarra Urgilés Gladys Danny Huera Milena Gutiérrez Andrea Chamorro Luis Núñez Facultad de Industrias Agropecuarias y Ciencias Ambientales. Carrera Agropecuaria. universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi (UPEC). Antisana S/N y Av Universitaria Tulcán Ecuador. Doctorando de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario Argentina universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi (UPEC). Antisana S/N y Av Universitaria Tulcán Ecuador Facultad de Industrias Agropecuarias y Ciencias Ambientales Carrera Agropecuaria Tulcán Ecuador universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi Maestrante Centro de Postgrado Tulcán Ecuador Facultad de Comercio internacional Administración y Economía Empresarial Carrera de Comercio Exterior Universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi Tulcán Ecuador Facultad de Industrias Agropecuarias y Ciencias Ambientales Carrera de Enfermería Universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi Carchi Ecuador Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria One Health Research Group Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA) Quito Ecuador

Brucellosis is an infectious disease of worldwide distribution, which has a great economic impact due to the productive and reproductive losses that it causes, in addition to the serious public health problem. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic losses, through financial analysis, caused by bovine brucellosis in the province of Carchi, over a one-year period. A random sampling was used to determine the prevalence in the study area, where 2976 animals were considered, and the Rose Bengal (RB) test was used as a screening test and the Fluorescence Polarized Assay (FPA) as a confirmatory test, obtaining a prevalence of 8.2% (244/2976). In addition, parameters associated to the losses caused by brucellosis in cattle were determined by literature review. To estimate costs, field information was collected through a survey of a total of 100 randomly selected farmers. The loss estimated due to calves lost as a result of abortions and neonatal death was USD. 79170.00. The loss due to death of 4 cows as a result of metritis was estimated at USD. 5000.00. The cost of examination and treatment of aborted cows was USD. 20100.00. The losses due to reduction in milk production from aborted and non-aborted seropositive cows were estimated at USD. 158114.21. The financial losses due to brucellosis in province of Carchi were estimated at USD. 262384.21.

关键词： Bovine Brucellosis Economic Losses Carchi-ecuador

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Fragmentation patterns and systematic transitions of the forested landscape in the upper Amazon region, ecuador 1990-2008

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第2期25卷 301-309页

作者： Santiago Bonilla-Bedoya Juan R.Molina José E.Macedo-Pezzopane Miguel A.Herrera-Machuca DepartaTento de Ingeniería Forestal E.T.S.I.A.M.Universidad de CórdobaCaTpus de Excelencia Internacional Agroali Tentario (ceiA3) Secretaria Nacional de Educación Superior CienciaTecnología e Innovación del EcuadorWhy Tper E7-37 y Alpallana Quito. Ecuador Departa Tento de Engenharia Florestal universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

The analysis of the systematic transitions in the forested landscape and the study of the forest fragmentation patterns allow us to deepen our understanding of the changes in the vegetation ground cover. The importance of knowing the intricate patterns of the land usage of the upper basin of the Amazon region is widely recognized. This zone is one of the most diverse biological areas in the world, is home to large areas of mature tropical cloud forest and demonstrates high probabilities of stable climatic conditions in light of global warming. The research quan- tiffed systematic transitions through the ＂loss＂ and ＂gain＂ of the different categories of landscape during the eighteen-year study period of the ecuadorian Amazon Region （EAR）, the forest fragmentation patterns were also analyzed based on a set of indicators. Therefore, with respect to the entirety of the landscape, the results registered for the ground coverage in forested areas during the first period （1990-2000）, show a decrease of 6.99% and an increase of 0.68%; and during the second period （2000-2008）, show a decrease of 3.99% and an increase of 2.14%. It demonstrated that forest and agricultural areas tended to replace or be replaced by herbaceous vegetation faster than expected fortuitously. Finally, the indices of fragmentation signaled intense changes during the 1990-2000 period with a reduction during the period 2000-2008. Per- centages registered in the Largest Patch Index （LPI） were between 79.58%; 52.39% and 49.99% respectively; while the Patch Density （PD） varied between 0.04; 0.06 and 0.07. This suggests the propensity of for- est cover to remain intact. The results of this investigation suggest a tendency towards stability in ecuador＇s Amazon landscape. Within the framework for development and management of this area, the tendency is natural regeneration. This permits a consolidation of the conservation, reforestation, forestation and agricultural forestry plans, programs and systems for the

关键词： ecuadorian Amazon systematic transitions fragmentation natural regeneration

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Quito Municipal Schools—Cohort Study: Self-Perception of Body Image and Factors Related with It

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2014年第3期4卷 122-128页

作者： Natalia Romero-Sandoval Oscar Flores Carmen Egas Gabriela Villamar Zuleica Larrea Manuel Cruz Laura Icaza Miguel Martín Postgrado de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad Central del Ecuador Quito Ecuador Unidad Metropolitana de Salud Centro Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito Quito Ecuador universidad internacional del ecuador Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Salud y la Vida Escuela de Medicina Quito Ecuador

Self-perception of body image is one factor to be considered when planning and performing preventive initiatives and interventions in childhood and adolescence. The aim of this study was to analyse self-perception of body image in relation to body-mass index, physical inactivity, not eating breakfast, dieting, smoking and alcohol consumption or toxic habits. Materials and Methods: using data from the “Quito municipal schools” cohort study 6964 students aged from 9 to 17 years were described using a multivariate log linear model of the multidimensional table generated by the variables. A logistic regression model was then fitted to assess associations via OR. Results: 8.2% perceived themselves as overweight. Of those subjects overweight according to their BMI, 21.8% perceived themselves as such, while among those not overweight according to BMI, 96.8% considered themselves as slim or of normal weight. Among students who were dieting, 15.1% perceived themselves as overweight. Among those pupils who perceived themselves has having excess weight, the most common reasons for dieting were: lose weight (56.8%), be healthier (22.6%), and maintain current weight (8.4%). Self-perception of excess weight interacts with excess weight (ORadjusted 8.42;CI95% 6.92-10.25), no breakfast (ORadjusted 2.83;CI95% 2.13-3.77), diet (ORadjusted 2.38;CI95% 1.95-2.89), and with all the variables except toxic habits (ORadjusted 1.01;CI95% 0.78 a 1.29). Conclusion: Interventions to prevent obesity in childhood and adolescence ought to take account of specific determinants within the personal, behavioural and socio-environmental factors, such as the promotion of a positive body image.

关键词： Body Image Self-Perception Overweight and Obesity School Children ecuador

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Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases and Structural Indicators in an Epidemiological Transition Country

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2020年第1期10卷 32-42页

作者： Natalia Romero-Sandoval S. Ramiro Canelos Héctor Javier Sánchez-Pérez Ricardo Romero Fernando Cornejo Miguel Martín-Mateo Escuela de Medicina Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Salud y de la Vida Universidad Internacional del Ecuador Quito Ecuador Grups de Reserca d’Amèrica i àfrica Llatines-GRAAL Cerdanyola del Vallés España Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas Universidad Internacional del Ecuador Quito Ecuador El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-ECOSUR San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas México Instituto Geográfico Militar Seniergues E4-676 y Gral. Telmo Paz y Miño Quito Ecuador Facultad de Medicina Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial Bourgeois Quito Ecuador Unidad de Bioestadística Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallés Barcelona Spain

Objective: To determine associations between standardized prevalence ratios of Metabolic Syndrome (MS), High Blood Pressure (HBP), and Obesity (O) with structural factors in ecuadorian population aged 20 to 59. Methods: An ecological study was conducted through data from the ecuador’s National Health and Nutrition Survey 2013-2014, and National Census. Standardized prevalence ratio (SPR) variability was analyzed with Poisson multiple regression models (adjusted Relative Risk). Results: The SPR variability for the three diseases was associated with non-affiliation to social security, and inversely related to lower urbanization. HBP and O were associated with functional illiteracy and higher rates of primary care physicians/1000 inhabitants. HBP and MS were related to poor housing. Conclusions: Policies of non-communicable chronic diseases control in ecological transition countries need to take structural variations into account.

关键词： Chronic Illness Social Inequality Statistical Analysis Policy Process ecuador

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