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Impact of Tillage and Fertilizer Application Method on Gas Emissions in a Corn Cropping System

Pedosphere 2012年第5期22卷 604-615页

作者： K. SMITH D. WATTS T. WAY H. TORBERT S. PRIOR Department of Math Science and Technology University of Minnesota Crookston Crookston MN 56716 (USA) usda-ars national soil dynamics laboratory 411 S. Donahue Dr. Auburn AL 36832 (USA)

Tillage and fertilization practices used in row crop production are thought to alter greenhouse gas emissions from soil. This study was conducted to determine the impact of fertilizer sources, land management practices, and fertilizer placement methods on greenhouse gas （CO2, CH4, and N2O） emissions. A new prototype implement developed for applying poultry litter in subsurface bands in the soil was used in this study. The field site was located at the Sand Mountain Research and Extension Center in the Appalachian Plateau region of northeast Alabama, USA, on a Hartsells fine sandy loam （fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults）. Measurements of carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4）, and nitrous oxide （N20） emissions followed GRACEnet （greenhouse gas reduction through agricultural carbon enhancement network） protocols to assess the effects of different tillage （conventional vs. no-tillage） and fertilizer placement （subsurface banding vs. surface application） practices in a corn （Zea mays L.） cropping system. Fertilizer sources were urea-ammonium nitrate （UAN）, ammonium nitrate （AN） and poultry litter （M） applied at a rate of 170 kg ha^（-1） of available N. Banding of fertilizer resulted in the greatest concentration of gaseous loss （CO2 and N2O） compared to surface applications of fertilizer. Fertilizer banding increased CO2 and N2O loss on various sampling days throughout the season with poultry litter banding emitting more gas than UAN banding. Conventional tillage practices also resulted in a higher concentration of CO2 and N2O loss when evaluating tillage by sampling day. Throughout the course of this study, CH4 flux was not affected by tillage, fertilizer source, or fertilizer placement method. These results suggest that poultry litter use and banding practices have the potential to increase greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： conventional tillage global warming potential greenhouse gases no-tillage poultry litter

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Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

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Pedosphere 2019年第2期29卷 180-194页

作者： Zhongqi HE Irenus A.TAZISONG Xinhua YIN Dexter B.WATTS Zachary N.SENWO Henry Allen TORBERT United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service(usda-ars) Southern Regional Research Center Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Department of Plant Sciences University of Tennessee United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service(usda-ars) National Soil Dynamics Laboratory

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application > no-tillage > cover crop > cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(N), ammonia-N(NH_4^+-N), and nitrate-N(NO_3^--N) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(Na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.

关键词： conventional tillage cover crop Mehlich-3 extraction no-tillage nutrient management practice organic fertilization soil attributes soil test nutrients

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Evaluation of maize inbred lines and topcross progeny for resistance to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination

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The Crop Journal 2019年第1期7卷 118-125页

作者： Jake C.Fountain Hamed K.Abbas Brian T.Scully Hong Li Robert D.Lee Robert C.Kemerait Baozhu Guo usda-ars Crop Protection and Management Research Unit Department of Plant Pathology University of Georgia usda-ars Biological Control of Pests Research Unit usda-ars national Horticultural Research laboratory Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Millet Research Institute Department of Crop and soil Sciences University of Georgia

Pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination occurs in maize following kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin contamination resistance is a highly desired trait in maize breeding *** identification of novel sources of resistance to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination is a major focus in germplasm screening efforts. Here, we performed a field evaluation of 64 inbred lines over two years for pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination. Topcrosses were also performed with two testers, B73 and Mo17, to generate 128 F1 hybrids which were also evaluated over two years. Hybrid performance was used to calculate both general combining ability(GCA) of the inbreds, and observed heterosis for aflatoxin resistance. Over both years of the study, aflatoxin concentrations ranged from 80 ± 47 to 17,617 ± 8816 μg kg^(-1) for inbreds, and from 58 ± 39 to 2771 ± 780 μg kg^(-1) for hybrids with significant variation between years and lines. The inbred lines CML52, CML69, CML247, GT-603, GEMS-0005, Hi63, Hp301, and M37 W showed ars of the study and less than the resistant check, Mp313 E, in at least one season. Among these, CML52, GT-603, and Hi63 also showed significant GCA with the testers in hybrid progeny. CML52, GT-603, and M37 W also showed heterotic effects of-13.64%,-12.47%, and-24.50%, respectively, with B73 resulting in reduced aflatoxin contamination. GT-603 also showed a similar heterotic effect for aflatoxin contamination,-13.11%, with Mo17 indicating that this line may serve as a versatile source of aflatoxin contamination resistance in breeding programs.

关键词： Aspergillus flavus Pre-harvest Aflatoxin Maize Topcross

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Effects of grass and shrub cover on the critical unit stream power in overland flow

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2011年第3期26卷 385-392页

作者： M.J.M.Rmkens usda-ars national Sedimentation laboratory OxfordMississippiUSA.

Improved knowledge of the effects of grass and shrub cover in overland flow can provide valuable information for soil and water conservation *** simulated rainfall studies were conducted to determine effects of grass and shrub on runoff and soil loss and to ascertain the relationship between the rate of soil loss and the unit stream power of runoff for a 20°slope subjected to rainfall intensities of 45,87,and 127 mm/*** results indicated that the average runoff rates ranged from 4.2 to 73.1 mm/h for grass plots and from 9.3 to 58.2 mm/h for shrub *** rates from shrub plots were less than those from grass plots for all but the 45 mm/h rainfall intensity regime. Average soil loss rates varied from 5.7 to 120.3 g/min.m~2 for grass plots and from 5.6 to 84.4 g/min.m~2 for shrub *** loss rates from shrub plots were generally lower than those from grass *** and soil loss were strongly influenced by soil surface conditions due to the formation of erosion pits and *** rate of soil loss increased linearly with the unit stream power of runoff on both grass and shrub *** unit stream power values were 0.0127 m/s for grass plots and 0.0169 m/s for shrub *** plots showed a greater stability to resist soil detachment and transport by surface flow than grass plots.

关键词： soil erosion soil loss Unit stream power

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Cover crops,crop rotation,and gypsum,as conservation practices,impact Mehlich-3 extractable plant nutrients and trace metals

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International soil and Water Conservation Research 2024年第3期12卷 650-662页

作者： Javier M.Gonzalez Warren A.Dick Khandakar R.Islam Dexter B.Watts Norman R.Fausey Dennis C.Flanagan Marvin T.Batte Tara T.VanToai Randall C.Reeder Vinayak S.Shedekar national soil Erosion Research laboratory USDA-ARSWest LafayetteIN 47904USA School of Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State UnivWoosterOH 44691USA CFAES-South Centers SoilWater&Bioenergy Resources ProgramThe Ohio State Univ.PiketonOH 45661USA national soil dynamics laboratory USDA-ARSAuburnAL 36832USA soil Drainage Research Unit USDA-ARSColumbusOH 43210USA Department of Agricultural Environmental and Development EconomicsThe Ohio State UnivColumbusOH 43210USA Department of Food Agricultural and Biological EngineeringThe Ohio State Univ.ColumbusOHUSA

Conservation practices are encouraged to improve soil health and sustain agronomic crop ***-3 is often used as a multi-nutrient extractant to determine soil fertility status.A study inves-tigated the impacts of the conservation practices of gypsum,cover crops,and crop rotation on 28 Mehlich-3 extractable elements,of which 11 were considered plant nutrients,from soil at three mid-western US *** was collected from 0 to 15 and 15-30 cm depths 5 years after implementing the conservation *** consisted of(1)with and without cereal rye(Secale cereale L.)winter cover,(2)continuous soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]***-corn(Zea mays L.)rotation,and(3)annual gypsum application(0,1.1,and 2.2 Mg ha-1).Differences were observed by site,depth,and conservation practice depending on the element *** interactive effects were observed among *** most consistent effect was observed for crop rotation across *** only affected the site with the greatest clay content,where more Ca and S were retained,and Mg and Mn *** crop only affected elements at this high clay site,where different elements were positively or negatively *** suggest that not one practice fits all,and optimum conservation practices must be tailored for the site.

关键词： Gypsum Cover crops Crop rotation Mehlich-3 Plant nutrients Trace metals

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Scanning Mode Application of Neutron-Gamma Analysis for soil Carbon Mapping

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Pedosphere 2019年第3期29卷 334-343页

作者： Aleksandr KAVETSKIY Galina YAKUBOVA Nikolay SARGSYAN Clyde WIKLE Stephen A. PRIOR Henry Allen TORBERT Bryan A. CHIN United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (usda-ars) National Soil Dynamics Laboratory Auburn AL 36832 (USA) Auburn University Detection and Food Safety Center Samuel Ginn College of Engineering Auburn AL 36849 (USA)

soil carbon mapping is extremely useful in assessing the effect of land management practices on soil carbon storage. Applications of neutron-gamma analysis in scanning mode for mapping of soil carbon are discussed. A Global Positioning System(GPS) device and softwares required to simultaneously acquire gamma signals and geographical positions during scanning operations were added to an existing measurement system. The reliability of soil carbon measurements in scanning mode was demonstrated to be in agreement with results acquired from static mode. The error analysis indicated that scanning measurements can be conducted with the same accuracy as static measurements in approximately one fourth the time. To obtain results suitable for mapping analogous to traditional chemical analyses(i.e.,± 0.5 in weight percent or ± 0.5 w%), scanning time over a given site should be ca. 15 min using the current measurement system configuration. Based on this measurement time, a reasonable towing speed of 3–5 km h^-1, the necessity for complete site coverage during scanning, the number of sites(within the surveyed field), and the required total measurement time can be estimated. soil carbon measurements for 28 field sites(total area ca. 2.5 ha) were conducted in ca. 8 h. Based on acquired data,a soil carbon distribution map was constructed utilizing various softwares. The surveyed field area included an asphalt road that had carbon readings higher than the surrounding land. The clarity with which these carbon-rich zones were delineated on the constructed map represents evidence supporting the veracity of this method. Neutron-gamma analysis technology can greatly facilitate timely construction of soil carbon maps.

关键词： ArcGIS Google Earth Pro IGOR scanning technology soil carbon distribution map soil carbon storage

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The development of *** erosion prediction and modeling

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International soil and Water Conservation Research 2013年第2期1卷 1-11页

作者： John M.Laflen Dennis C.Flanagan lowa State U. usda-ars national soil Erosion Research laboratory West LafayetteIN

soil erosion prediction technology began over 70 years ago when Austin Zingg published a relationship between soil erosion(by water)and land slope and length,followed shortly by a relationship by Dwight Smith that expanded this equation to include conservation ***,it was nearly 20 years before this work's expansion resulted in the Universal soil Loss Equation(USLE),perhaps the foremost achievement in soil erosion prediction in the last *** USLE has increased in application and complexity,and its usefulness and limitations have led to the development of additional technologies and new science in soil erosion research and *** among these new technologies is the Water Erosion Prediction Project(WEPP)model,which has helped to overcome many of the shortcomings of the USLE,and increased the scale over which erosion by water can be *** of application of erosion prediction include almost all land types:urban,rural,cropland,forests,rangeland,and construction *** applications of WEPP include prediction of radioactive material movement with soils at a superfund cleanup site,and near real-time daily estimation of soil erosion for the entire state of Iowa.

关键词： Universal soil Loss Equation Water Erosion Prediction Project soil erosion Erosion prediction History of erosion prediction

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Towards predicting biochar impacts on plant-available soil nitrogen content

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Biochar 2022年第1期4卷 1040-1054页

作者： Claire L.Phillips Kylie M.Meyer Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo Clara S.Weidman Catherine E.Stewart Thomas Wanzek Michael A.Grusak Donald W.Watts Jeff Novak Kristin M.Trippe usda-ars national laboratory for Agriculture and Environment AmesIAUSA usda-ars Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit CorvallisORUSA Department of Environmental Toxicology Oregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA Department of Crop and soil Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA usda-ars soil Management and Sugarbeet Research Unit Ft.CollinsCOUSA usda-ars Edward T.Schafer Agricultural Research Center FargoNDUSA usda-ars Coastal Plain soil Waterand Plant Research CenterFlorenceSCUSA

Biochars can improve soil health but have been widely shown to reduce plant-available nitrogen(N)owing to their high carbon(C)content,which stimulates microbial ***,because biochars contain large amounts of C that are not microbially available,their total elemental C:N ratio does not correspond well with impacts on soil *** hypothesized that impacts on soil plant-available N would relate to biochar mineralizable-C(C_(min))content,and that C:N ratios of the mineralizable biochar component could provide a means for predicting conditions of net soil N-mineralization *** conducted two laboratory experiments,the first measuring biochar C_(min)from respiration of isotopically labeled barley biochars manufactured at 300,500,and 750℃,and the second characterizing C_(min)by proxy measurements for ten biochars from six feedstocks at several *** both experiments,soils were incubated with 2%biochar by mass to determine impacts to soil *** to expectation,all the biochars increased soil N-mineralization relative to unamended *** unexpected,higher temperature(500 and 700℃)barley biochars with less C_(min)stimulated more soil decomposition and more soil N-mineralization than a 350℃barley ***,across diverse biochar feedstocks and production methods,none of the biochar characteristics correlated with soil *** finding of improved soil N-mineralization adds complexity to the range of soil N responses that can be expected in response to biochar *** of the limited ability to predict soil N responses from biochar properties,users should monitor soil N to manage soil fertility.

关键词： C:N ratio Plant-available nitrogen Priming Respiration ^(13)C

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Advancement on techniques for the separation and maintenance of the red imported fire ant colonies

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Insect Science 2007年第1期14卷 1-4页

作者： JIAN CHEN usda-ars National Biological Control Laboratory Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville Minnesota USA

Advancement has recently been made on the techniques for separating and maintaining colonies of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren. A new brood rescue method significantly improved the efficiency in separating colony from mound soil. Furthermore, a new method was developed to separate brood from the colony using fire ant repellants. Finally, a cost-effective method was developed to coat containers with diluted Fluon （AGC Chemicals America, Inc, Moorestown, NJ, USA）, an aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene, to prevent housed ants from escaping a container. Usually the original Fluon solution is directly applied to the wall of the containers. Reduced concentrations of Fhion were found to be equally effective in preventing ant escape. The use of diluted Fluon solutions to coat the containers was recommended because of environmental and cost-saving benefits. Application of these new techniques can significantly reduce labor, cost and environmental contamination. This review paper collates all the new techniques in one reference which readers can use as a manual.

关键词： brood separation Fluon coating Solenopsis invicta Buren

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Atrazine removal from water by activated charcoal cloths

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International soil and Water Conservation Research 2020年第2期8卷 205-212页

作者： Javier M.Gonzalez Lynnette R.Murphy Chad J.Penn Veera M.Boddu Laura L.Sanders national soil Erosion Research laboratory USDA-ARSWest LafayetteIN47907USA Earth Science Department Northeastern Illinois UniversityChicagoIL60625USA O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs University of IndianaBloomingtonIN47405USA Plant Polymer Research Unit National Center for Agriculture Utilization ResearchUSDA-ARSPeoriaIL61604USA

Pollution control structures may be adapted to enhance the removal of nutrients and pesticides from water. Charcoal-like material is known to sorb organic compounds in solution, including atrazine, a herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds, which persists in soils and can migrate from soils to water bodies, ultimately affecting water quality. The primary goal of this study was to investigate if activated charcoal cloths (single-weave, SW;double-weave, DW;and knitted, KT) are more efficient to remove atrazine from aqueous solutions than a cloth without activated charcoal (control) currently used in pollution control structures. The approach consisted of sorption kinetics, flow-through, and desorption/degradation experiments using 50 and 1000μg L-1 atrazine solutions. Results showed that within 30 min of contact time, the control sorbed from 22.6 to 36.1% of atrazine in solution;whereas the activated charcoal cloths sorbed from 76 to 99% of atrazine in solution (SW > KT > DW). The flow-through ex-periments showed that the SW sorbed 88.2, 76.1, and 52.2%of atrazine at the contact time of 0.75, 5, and 10 min, respectively. After 28 days of incubation, previously sorbed atrazine on the SW cloth did not degrade and <2.0% was desorbed. The results showed that activated charcoal cloths are a practical alternative for improving atrazine removal in water in pollution control structures.

关键词： Atrazine Activated charcoal Water quality Pesticide Cloth

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