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Impacts of Increasing Temperature on the Future Incidence of West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease in the united states

American Journal of Climate Change 2017年第1期6卷 166-216页

作者： Anna Belova David Mills Ronald Hall Alexis st. Juliana Allison Crimmins Chris Barker Russell Jones Cognistx Pittsburgh PA USA Abt Associates Boulder CO USA Climate Change Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC USA school of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA USA

Multiple studies have identified links between climate and West Nile virus disease since the virus arrived in North America. Here we sought to extend these results by developing a Health Impact Function (HIF) to generate county-level estimates of the expected annual number of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases based on the county’s historical WNND incidence, annual average temperature, and population size. To better understand the potential impact of projected temperature change on WNND risk, we used the HIF to project the change in expected annual number of WNND cases attributable to changing temperatures by 2050 and by 2090 using data from five global climate models under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). To estimate the costs of anticipated changes, as well as to enable comparisons with other public health impacts, projected WNND cases were allocated to nonfatal and fatal outcomes, then monetized using a cost-of-illness estimate and the u.s. environmental protection agency.s value of a statistical life, respectively. We found that projected future temperature and population changes could increase the expected annual number of WNND cases to ≈2000 - 2200 cases by 2050 and to ≈2700 - 4300 cases by 2090, from a baseline of 970 cases. Holding population constant at future levels while varying temperature from a 1995 baseline, we estimated projected temperature change alone is responsible for ≈590 and ≈960 incremental WNND cases in 2050 and 2090 (respectively) under the RCP4.5 scenario, and ≈820 and ≈2500 cases in 2050 and 2090 (respectively) for the RCP8.5 scenario, with substantial regional variation. The monetized impact of these temperature-attributable incremental cases is estimated at $0.5 billion in 2050 and $1.0 billion in 2090 under the RCP4.5 scenario, and $0.7 billion in 2050 and $2.6 billion in 2090 under the RCP8.5 scenario (undiscounted 2015 u.s. dollars).

关键词： Human Health Climate Change Temperature West Nile Virus West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease Economic Impacts

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Removing polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water using Fe/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles

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Frontiers of environmental science & Engineering 2015年第5期9卷 832-839页

作者： Min ZHANG Jian Lu ZhenchengXu Yiliang HF Bo ZHANG song JIN Brian BOMAN school of environmental science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Indian River Research and Education-Cenierl u-niversi-ty- of-Florida Fort PierceFL34945USA south China Institute of Environment sciences Ministry of Environmental Protection Guangzhou 510655 China Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 USA

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） have been widely used as fire-retardants. Due to their high production volume, widespread usage, and environmental persistence, PBDEs have become ubiquitous contaminants in various *** zero-valent iron （ZVI） is an effective reductant for many halogenated organic compounds. To enhance the degradation efficiency, ZVI/ Palladium bimetallic nanoparticles （nZVI/Pd） were synthe- sized in this study to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether （BDE209） in water. Approximately 90% of BDE209 was rapidly removed by nZVI/Pd within 80 min, whereas about 25% of BDE209 was removed by nZVL Degradation of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd fits pseudo-first-order kinetics. An increase in pH led to sharply decrease the rate of BDE209 degradation. The degradation rate constant in the treatment with initial pH at 9.0 was more than 6.8 x higher than that under pH 5.0. The degradation intermediates of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd were identified and the degradation pathways were hypothesized. Results from this study suggest that nZV//Pd may be an effective tool for treating polybromi- nated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water.

关键词： bimetallic nanoparticles nanoscale zerovalent iron polybrominated diphenyl ethers degradation

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Variations in Optical scattering and Backscattering by Organic and Inorganic Particulates in Chinese Lakes of Taihu, Chaohu and Dianchi

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Chinese Geographical science 2015年第1期25卷 26-38页

作者： LYu Heng WANG Qiao Wu Chuanqing ZHu Li LI Yunmei HuANG Jiazhu Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment Ministry of Education College of Geographic Science Nanjing Normal University satellite Environment Application Center Ministry of Environmental Protection

This study presents an investigation of the scattering and backscattering properties of the particulates in three Chinese inland lakes(the Taihu Lake, the Chaohu Lake and the Dianchi Lake) based on in situ measurements taken at 119 sites. We modeled the particulate scattering spectra using a wavelength-dependent power-law function, finding that the power-law exponents in the Taihu Lake and the Chaohu Lake differ from those in the Dianchi Lake but are similar to the values in the u.s. coastal waters. In contrast to the open ocean, the backscattering properties in the three lakes can not be determined only from chlorophyll-a concentration. The backscattering ratio spectra exhibit a wavelength dependence feature in all three lakes, generally decreasing with the increasing wavelength. Analysis results of the correlations between the backscattering ratio and the individual water quality parameters clearly show that there are distinctive relations among the three lakes, attributed primarily to different compositions of optically active materials in the three lakes. Analysis of the mass-specific scattering and backscattering coefficients shows that the coefficients at wavelength 532 nm in the Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake are similar, but they are apparently different from those in the Dianchi Lake. Lastly, Model I multiple linear regressions were adopted to partition the mass-specific cross-sections for scattering and backscattering into organic and inorganic cross-sections to further interpret the scattering and backscattering properties. The relative contribution of organic and inorganic particulates to scattering and backscattering is clearly different among the three lakes. The scattering and backscattering properties of the particulates in the three inland lakes vary significantly based on our collected data. The results indicated that the existing semi-analytical water quality retrieval models of the Taihu Lake can not be applied perfectly to the Chaohu Lake and the Di

关键词： scattering/backscattering coefficient backscattering ratio mass-specific cross-section organic/inorganic particulates Chinese inland lakes

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美国环境管理体系中联邦与地方政府角色透视

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环境科学研究 2006年第B11期19卷 126-132页

作者： Mary A.Gade Cynthia A.Faur sonnenschein Nath & Rosentha Former Director of the Illinois Environmental Protection AgencyUSA sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal USA

自美国环境保护局(EPA)成立以来,美国各州的环境执政体制产生了巨大的变化,取得了卓越的成绩.美国的环境执政体制从分权的、由州驱动的体制演变为自上而下、技术强制、联邦驱动的体制.近几年该体制更加分权化,各州的作用更为强大;引入... 详细信息

自美国环境保护局(EPA)成立以来,美国各州的环境执政体制产生了巨大的变化,取得了卓越的成绩.美国的环境执政体制从分权的、由州驱动的体制演变为自上而下、技术强制、联邦驱动的体制.近几年该体制更加分权化,各州的作用更为强大;引入了市场力量,加强了环境保护力度,成本竞争力亦得到改善.自上而下/技术强制的体制和以非集权化/市场为主的体制有其各自的优缺点.笔者将试图阐明环境保护体制的良好运转同时需要来自这2种方式的元素.

关键词：美国环境保护局非集权化/市场为主的体制自上而上/技术强制制度

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Comparative Laboratory-scale Testing of Dispersant Effectiveness of 23 Crude Oils using Four Different Testing Protocols

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Journal of environmental protection 2015年第6期6卷 628-639页

作者： Edith L. Holder Robyn N. Conmy Albert D. Venosa Pegasus Technical services Inc. Cincinnati OH USA us environmental protection agency ORD Cincinnati OH USA

A controlled laboratory study was conducted to measure the dispersion effectiveness of Corexit 9500 on 23 different crude oils. This study was a part of a larger project initiated by the Bureau of safety and environmental Enforcement (BsEE) testing 20 oils to compare the predictive value of laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests with their larger scale test conducted at Ohmsett, BsEE’s national oil spill response test facility located in Leonardo, NJ. The test used in this study was the Baffled Flask Test (BFT), which is planned for adoption as EPA’s official testing protocol for listing commercial dispersant products on the National Contingency Plan Product schedule, replacing the current swirling Flask Test (sFT) [1]. In addition, the results of 3 additional oils, the 2 used in the sFT and BFT as currently written plus another reference oil, are presented. The temperature used for the tests was 15°C, to match the temperature used at Ohmsett. The dispersion effectiveness ranged from 3.4% to 93%. The BFT is a laboratory test with results that are inversely correlated with oil viscosity and therefore has predictive value in the decision to use a dispersant in the event of a spill.

关键词： Dispersion Oil spill Dispersant Crude Oil Viscosity Dispersion Effectiveness

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Optimization of fermentation medium for xylanase-producing strain Xw2

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Frontiers in Biology 2013年第6期8卷 611-617页

作者： Bingying YE Ting XuE shichao YE shengyan Xu Weiyan LI Jihua Lu Fang WEI Wenjin HE Youqiang CHEN College of Life sciences Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350108 China Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Fuzhou 350108 China Key Laboratory of sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture Fuzhou 350108 China environmental protection agency Fuzhou Sanming 350400 China

To improve the fermentation yield of xylanase by optimizing the fermentation conditions for strain Xw2, a Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate the effects of eight variables on xylanase production by strain Xw2. The steepest ascent （descent） method was used to approach the optimal response surface experimental area. The optimal fermentation conditions were obtained by central composite design and response surface analysis. The results showed that the composition of the optimal fermentation medium was corn cob ＋ 1.5% wheat bran （1：1）, 0.04% MnsO4, 0.04% K2HPO4. 3H2O, and an inoculum size of 6% in 50 mL liquid volume （pH = 6.0）. The optimal culture conditions were 28oc at 150 r/min for 54.23 h. The results of this study can serve as the basis for the industrial production and application of xylanase.

关键词： enzyme activity fermentation Plackett-Burman test xylan

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Forest Wetland Area and the Forest sector Economy in the u.s. south

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Open Journal of Forestry 2018年第3期8卷 409-428页

作者： Frederick Cubbage Robert Abt Ray sheffield Curt Flather James Wickham North Carolina state university Raleigh North Carolina USA Consultant Asheville North Carolina USA usDA Forest service Fort Collins Colorado USA u.s.environmental protection agency Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA

This article reviews current data on forest wetlands and their economic contributions in the south, ranging from Texas to Virginia. Based on usDA Forest service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, the wetland category comprised 17.7% of timber land area on all private and public lands in the south. This included 4.25 million ha of hydric sites;0.77 million ha mesic wet;9.55 million ha mesic, with only seasonal access;for a total of 14.57 million ha. The Natural Resource Inventory (NRI) for 2012 on private lands estimated that there were 14.71 million ha forested wetlands, which comprised 17.7% of all forested private forest area. The 2015 National Land Cover Data for the south estimated that there were 17.8 million ha of woody wetlands, which comprised 8% to 12% of the southern land area, and there were also 4.45 million ha of emergent herbaceous sites. About 10% of the southern timber forest sector would be based on harvests from wetland forests economy ($455 million per year), while the 17.7% of wetland land area would provide a proportional share of the annual nontimber forest products ($44 million) and payments for ecosystem services ($134 million). Wetlands also provide important nontimber forest products, and ecosystem services, which are beginning to develop active private and public markets.

关键词： Forest Wetlands Area Economics Valuation

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Biochar compost blends facilitate switchgrass growth in mine soils by reducing Cd and Zn bioavailability

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Biochar 2019年第1期1卷 97-114页

作者： Jeffrey M.Novak James A.Ippolito Donald W.Watts Gilbert C.sigua Thomas F.Ducey Mark G.Johnson Coastal Plains soil Water and Plant Research CenterUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceFlorenceSC 29501USA Department of soil and Crop sciences Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA National Health and environmental Effects Research Laboratory United States Environmental Protection AgencyCorvallisOR 97331USA

Biochars have the potential to reclaim mine-impacted soils;however,their variable physico-chemical properties incite specu-lation about their successful remediation *** investigation examined the capability of biochars produced from three different feedstocks along with a compost blend to improve switchgrass growth conditions in a mine-impacted soil by examining influences on soil pH,grass metal contents,and soil-extractable metal ***(Cd)-and zinc(Zn)-contaminated mine soil was collected from a site near Webb City,Missouri,usA-a location within the Tri-state Min-ing *** a full factorial design,soil was treated with a 0%,2.5%,and 5%(w/w)compost mixture(wood chips+beef cattle manure),and 0%,2.5%and 5%of each biochar pyrolyzed from beef cattle manure,poultry litter,and lodgepole pine ***(Panicum virgatum,‘Cave-In-Rock’variety)was grown in a greenhouse for 50 days and the mass of shoots(above-ground biomass)and roots was assessed,while soil pH,deionized H_(2)O-and 0.01 M CaCl_(2)-extractable Cd and Zn concentrations were *** litter biochar and compost had the greatest ability to raise soil pH(from 4.40 to 6.61),beef cattle manure biochar and compost moderately raised pH(from 4.4 to 5.92),and lodgepole pine biochar and compost weakly raised pH(from 4.40 to 5.05).soils treated with beef cattle manure biochar,poultry litter biochar signifi-cantly reduced deionized H_(2)O-and 0.01 M CaCl_(2)-extractable Cd and Zn concentrations,while lodgepole pine biochar-treated soils showed mixed *** shoot and root masses were greatest in soil treated with compost in combination with either beef cattle manure biochar or poultry litter *** treated with 5%beef cattle manure biochar+5%compost had greater reductions in total Cd and Zn concentrations measured in switchgrass shoots and roots compared to the other two *** three biochars and compost mixtures applied to heavy metal,mine-im

关键词： Biochar Heavy metals Metal sorption Tri-state Mine soil Remediation switchgrass

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Preparation optimization of multilayer-structured snO_2–sb–Ce/Ti electrode for efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of tetracycline in water

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018年第12期26卷 2622-2627页

作者： Kun Yang Yuyu Liu Jiawen Liu Jinli Qiao Institute of sustainable Energy/College of science Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China state environmental protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry College of Environmental Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai 201620China shanghaiJinyuan senior High school Shanghai 200333China

In this study, electrodeposition and thermal decomposition were alternatively used for the fabrication of a series of novel multilayer-structured snO_2–sb–Ce/Ti(ssCT) electrodes, and their physiochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated for electrochemical oxidation of tetracycline(TC) in aqueous ***, after the snO_2–sb–Ce(ssC) composite was electrodeposited for 120 s on the titanium substrate in aqueous solution, the outer thermal coatings composed of ssC were synthesized by a hydrothermal *** influences of electrodeposition time(T_(ed)) and thermal decomposition time(Ttd) were investigated to obtain the optimum preparation. It was found that when increasing T_(ed)to a certain extent a longer lifetime of electrode can be achieved, which was attributed to a more solid interlayer structure. A notable ssCTT_(ed),Ttdelectrode,i.e., ssCT3,10, which was prepared through three times of 120 s' electrodeposition(T_(ed)= 3) and ten times of thermal decomposition(Ttd= 10) obtained the highest oxygen evolution potential 3.141 V vs. sCE. In this selected electrode, when 10 mg·L^(-1) initial TC concentration was added to this wastewater, the highest color removal efficiency and mineralization rate of TC were 72.4% and 41.6%, respectively, with an applied electricity density of 20 m A·cm^(-2) and treatment time of 1 h. These results presented here demonstrate that the combined application of electrodeposition and thermal decomposition is effective in realization of enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation activity.

关键词： Multilayer structured electrode Nano-hollow sphere Antibiotics Electro-oxidation

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Applying Artificial Intelligence(AI)to improve fire response activities

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Emergency Management science and Technology 2022年第1期2卷 48-53页

作者： Ray Hsienho Chang Yan-Tsung Peng seongchul Choi Changjie Cai Department of security and Emergency services Embry-Riddle University WorldwideDaytona BeachFL-32746U.S.A Department of Computer science Chengchi UniversityTaipei City-11605China Rescue Division National Fire AgencySejong-30128South Korea Department of Occupational and environmental Health The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterUniversity of OklahomaOklahoma CityOK-73104U.S.A

This research discusses how to use a real-time Artificial Intelligence(AI)object detection model to improve on-site incident command and personal accountability in fire *** utilized images of firegrounds obtained from an online resource and a local fire department to train the AI object detector,***,the real-time AI object detector can reach more than ninety percent accuracy when counting the number of fire trucks and firefighters on the ground utilizing images from local fire *** initial results indicate AI provides an innovative method to maintain fireground personnel accountability at the scenes of *** connecting cameras to additional emergency management equipment(e.g.,cameras in fire trucks and ambulances or drones),this research highlights how this technology can be broadly applied to various scenarios of disaster response,thus improving on-site incident fire command and enhancing personnel accountability on the fireground.

关键词： connecting disaster utilizing

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