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Site-Specific Nitrogen Management in Dry Direct-Seeded Rice Using Chlorophyll Meter and Leaf Colour Chart

Pedosphere 2015年第1期25卷 72-81页

作者： Ali Mohamed ALI Harmit Singh THIND Sandeep SHARMA YADVINDER-SINGH Department of soil Science Punjab Agricultural University Department of soil fertility and Microbiology Desert Research Centre

The need to maintain high rice yields and improve fertilizer nitrogen(N)-use efficiency has fueled the use of tools such as leaf colour chart(LCC) and chlorophyll meter(SPAD meter) in managing fertilizer N based on colour of the leaf. Field experiments were conducted during 2011 to 2013 at Ludhiana, India to assess the need for basal N application and to establish critical threshold values of leaf greenness as measured by LCC and SPAD meter for formulating strategies for in-season management of fertilizer N in dry direct-seeded rice(DDSR). Avoiding application of N at sowing did not adversely affect rice grain yield, indicating that basal N application in DDSR was not necessary and might lead to reduced N-use efficiency. Monitoring N uptake rate during the growing season of DDSR suggested that N uptake rate peaked at the two growth stages: maximum tillering(42 to 56 days after sowing(DAS))and panicle initiation stages(70 to 84 DAS). Using the Cate-Nelson procedure, critical LCC and SPAD meter values for fertilizer N application worked out to be 4 and 37, respectively. Real-time fertilizer N management strategy based on applying 30 kg N ha-1whenever SPAD meter or LCC readings fell below the critical values maintained optimum rice yields along with higher N-use efficiency than that observed by following blanket recommendation for fertilizer N in the region. The fixed-time variable-dose strategy consisted of applying prescriptive doses of 20 kg N ha-1at 14 DAS and 30 kg N ha-1at 28 DAS and corrective doses of 30, 40 or 50 kg N ha-1at 49 and 70 DAS depending upon LCC shade to be ≥ 4, 4–3.5, or < 3.5 and SPAD meter readings to be ≥ 40, 40–35, or< 35, respectively. This strategy also resulted in optimal rice yield along with higher N-use efficiency as compared to the blanket recommendation. This study revealed that in DDSR, fertilizer N could be managed more efficiently using the tools of LCC and SPAD meter than the current blanket recommendation.

关键词： basal N application critical value grain yield leaf greenness N-use efficiency

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Relationship of soil Qualities to Maize Growth Under Increasing Phosphorus Supply in Acid soils of Southern Cameroon

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Pedosphere 2008年第5期18卷 645-652页

作者： TCHIENKOUA M. JEMO R. NJOMGANG C. NOLTE N. SANGINGA J. TAKOW Institut de la Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement P.O. Box 2067Yaoundé(Cameroon) International Institute of tropical Agriculture Humid Forest Ecoregional CenterP.O. Box 2067Yaoundé(Cameroon) tropical soil biology and fertility P.O. Box 30667Nairobi(Kenya)

A large array of soil properties influences plant growth response to phosphorus(P) fertilizer input in acid soils. We carried out a pot experiment using three contrasted acid soils from southern Cameroon with the following main objectives:i) to assess the main soil causal factors of different maize(Zea mays L.) growth response to applied P and ii) to statistically model soil quality variation across soil types as well as their relationships to dry matter production. The soils used are classified as Typic Kandiudox(TKO) ,Rhodic Kandiudult(RKU) ,and Typic Kandiudult(TKU) . Analysis of variance,regression,and principal component analyses were used for data analysis and interpretation. Shoot dry matter yield(DMY) was significantly affected by soil type and P rate with no significant interaction. Predicted maximum attainable DMY was lowest in the TKO(26.2 g pot-1) as compared to 35.6 and 36.7 g pot-1 for the RKU and TKU,respectively. Properties that positively influenced DMY were the levels of inorganic NaHCO3-extractable P,individual basic cations(Ca,Mg,and K) ,and pH. Their effects contrasted with those of exchangeable Al and C/N ratio,which significantly depressed DMY. Principal component analysis yielded similar results,identifying 4 orthogonal components,which accounted for 84.7% of the total system variance(TSV) . Principal component 1 was identified as soil nutrient deficiency explaining 35.9% of TSV. This soil quality varied significantly among the studied soils,emerging as the only soil quality which significantly(P soil organic matter contents,texture,and HCl-extractable P,respectively.

关键词： acid soil maize growth P supply principal component analysis soil quality

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Wheat grain yield and nitrogen uptake prediction using atLeaf and GreenSeeker portable optical sensors at jointing growth stage

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Information Processing in Agriculture 2020年第3期7卷 375-383页

作者： Ali M.Ali S.M.Ibrahim Bijay-Singh Department of soil fertility and Microbiology Desert Research CenterCairo 11753Egypt Department of soil Science Punjab Agricultural UniversityLudhiana 141004India

Rapid acquisition of information about nitrogen(N)uptake and grain yield is an essential step in making site-specific in-season fertilizer N management *** objective of this study was to quantify and validate the relationships between N uptake and grain yield of wheat using in-season measurements with atLeaf chlorophyll meter and GreenSeeker optical sensor at Feekes 6 growth stage(jointing stage)of *** relationships were developed using data generated from experiments with multi-rate fertilizer N treatments and conducted in two consecutive wheat seasons(2017/2018 and 2018/2019)at two locations in the western Nile Delta of Egypt.A power function based on atLeaf measurement at Feekes 6 stage of wheat could explain 55.3%and 53.3%variations in the N uptake at this stage and grain yield at maturity,*** with GreenSeeker were related with N uptake and yield of wheat through exponential function and could explain 68.5%and 60.6%of the variation in N uptake and grain yield,*** developed models were validated on an independent data set from another field experiment on *** normalized root mean square error for the relation between atLeaf measurements and N uptake and grain yield were fair,whereas the fits were good for measurements with *** study reveals that atLeaf chlorophyll meter and GreenSeeker optical sensor can be successfully used for establishing site-specific N management strategies in wheat.

关键词： N uptake Grain yield Wheat atLeaf sensor GreenSeeker sensor

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Complementary effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on maize production in the smallholder farms of Meru South District, Kenya

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Agricultural Sciences 2012年第2期3卷 221-229页

作者： Edwin Mwiti Mutegi James Biu Kung’u Mucheru Muna Pypers Pieter Daniel Njiru Mugendi Kenyatta University Department of Environmental Sciences Nairobi Kenya tropical soil biology and fertility (TSBF) Institute of CIAT Nairobi Kenya

Low soil fertility is a major constraint to maize production in the small holder farms of Meru South District. This is mainly attributed to the mining of nutrients due to cropping without external addition of adequate nutrients. Mineral fertilizers are expensive hence un affordable by most small holder farmers. The use of organic matter to increase and maintain soil fertility is being considered as a solution to help the low-income small holder farmers. A study was conducted in Mucwa location, Meru South District to determine the levels of complementarity between organic and mineral N amendments on maize yields and their influence on soil chemical properties. The experiment was set in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. The treatments were compared with the response obtained from control. The general soil fertility parameters changed slightly with Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium increasing in all treatments. The organic Carbon and total Nitrogen was higher in treatments that received sole organic N sources than in sole mineral N and a combination of organic and mineral N sources. The highest maize grain yield of 4.8 t·ha-1 and 4.2 t·ha-1 were realized from sole application of calliandra during the 2005 Short rains and 2006 Long rains cropping seasons. Generally the maize grain yields were lower in treatments with mineral N alone compared to the treatments with organics. Treatments with sole calliandra and sole tithonia had the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR), followed closely by manure treatment. More so, integration of organic and mineral N sources resulted to higher net benefit and BCR than the application of the recommended rate of mineral fertilizers. Results obtained indicated that the use of either organic or combined organic/mineral N soil amendment appear to be superior to using mineral amendment sources alone.

关键词： soil fertility Organic Carbon Total Nitrogen Benefit Cost Ratio

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Effects of Plant Age and Rock Phosphate on Quality and Nutrient Release of Legume Residue

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Pedosphere 2009年第1期19卷 78-85页

作者： I. ABARCHI ZHANG Zhan-Yu B. VANLAUWE GUO Xiang-Ping WANG Wei-Mu B. T. I. ONG＇OR D. TIMBELY Department of Agricultural Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 （China） tropical soil fertility and biology Nairobi 30592 （Kenya） Department of Civil and Structural Engineering Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Kakamega 50100 （Kenya） Department of Cell Biological Science and Technology Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 （China） Faeultd＇Agronomie Universite Abdou Moumouni Dioffo BP Niamey 10960 （Niger）

An incubation experiment was carried out on plateau and slope fields to investigate the effect of plant age and rock phosphate （RP） on the organic resource （OR） quality and available N and P release of the legume residues, including standing biomass and surface litter. The legumes, Mueuna pruriens （L.） and Lablab purpureus （L.）, were treated with or without Togo rock phosphate （RP） and were sampled at 12, 18, 24 and 30 weeks after planting. Results showed that the application of RP significantly affected the P content of the legume residues on the plateau field for the first 18 weeks, but not the other OR quality parameters, nor their N mineralization, or P release parameters. Although application of RP led to higher P contents in both legumes on the plateau field, the P contents were still far below those observed on the slope field. For both species, the biomass age appeared to have a major impact on their N, P, and polyphenol contents, but not on the liguin content. At 24 weeks, both legume N and P contents dropped to about half their values at 12 weeks of age. Residue age also significantly affected N mineralization both with and without RP addition and the net Olsen-P with RP addition. The younger residues generally led to higher N mineralization and net Olsen-P content than the older residues. The best immediate responses to herbaceous legume addition were expected from younger materials, but often at the cost of the total biomass produced and the possibility to produce seeds. The production of seeds, however, could be potentially implemented on a small area of legumes, thus invariably allowing for maturity and seed production.

关键词： legumes nutrient release plant age quality residues

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Coinoculation of bioinoculants improve Acacia auriculiformis seedling growth and quality in a tropical Alfisol soil

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 660-670页

作者： Thangavelu Muthukumar Karuthamuthu Udaiyan Root and soil biology Laboratory Department of BotanyBharathiar University

We conducted a study to find out if arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi(Acaulospora scrobiculata,Scutellospora calospora) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB, Paenibacillus polymyxa) inoculation either individually or in combinations can improve Acacia auriculiformis seedling growth, uptake of nutrients and quality in a phosphorus deficient tropical Alfisol. The seedlings were assessed for various growth and nutrient uptake parameters after 60 days of treatment. Inoculation with *** stimulated mycorrhizal formation. Seedling height, stem girth, taproot length, number of leaves and leaf area, plant dry matter production, nodulation, and nodular dry weight were significantly higher for seedlings that were either dual inoculated or triple inoculated compared to individual inoculation of AM fungi or PSB, and uninoculated seedlings. Dual and triple application of AM fungi and PSB also significantly improved the nutrient contents of shoots and roots and nutrient uptake efficiencies. The calculated seedling quality indexes of the AM fungi and PSB inoculated seedling were 25–208% higher than uninoculated seedlings. These findings show that *** seedlings when dual inoculated or triple inoculated performed better than seedlings inoculated with the microbes individually and compared with uninoculated control seedlings. We conclude that bioinoculation is important for the production of high-quality *** seedlings in tree nurseries for planting in nutrient deficient soils.

关键词： Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Nutrient uptake efficiency Paenibacillus polymyxa Relative field mycorrhizal dependency Seedling quality

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Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in a Black soil as Affected by Long-Term Fertilization

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Pedosphere 2008年第5期18卷 582-592页

作者： WEI Dan YANG Qian ZHANG Jun-Zheng WANG Shuang CHEN Xue-Li ZHANG Xi-Lin LI Wei-Qun Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 （China）. The Institute of soil fertility and Environmental Sources Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086（China）

Black soil （Mollisol） is one of the main soil types in northeastern China. Biolog and polymerase chain reactiondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） methods were used to examine the influence of various fertilizer combinations on the structure and function of the bacterial community in a black soil collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. Biolog results showed that substrate richness and catabolic diversity of the soil bacterial community were the greatest in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments. The metabolic ability of the bacterial community in the manure treatment was similar to the control. DGGE fingerprinting indicated similarity in the distribution of most 16S rDNA bands among all treatments, suggesting that microorganisms with those bands were stable and not influenced by fertilization. However, chemical fertilizer increased the diversity of soil bacterial community. Principal com- ponent analysis of Biolog and DGGE data revealed that the structure and function of the bacterial community were similar in the control and manure treatments, suggesting that the application of manure increased the soil microbial population, but had no effect on the bacterial community structure. Catabolic function was similar in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments, but the composition structure of the soil microbes differed between them. The use of chemical fertilizers could result in a decline in the catabolic activity of fast-growing or eutrophic bacteria.

关键词： bacteria community black soil chemical fertilizer diversity manure

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Integration of Commercial Microbiological Products into soil fertility Practices as a Potential Option for Acclimatization and Growth of TC Banana in Kenya

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Open Journal of soil Science 2014年第8期4卷 259-271页

作者： Agnes Mumo Kavoo-Mwangi Esther M. Kahangi Elijah Ateka Justus Onguso Joyce M. Jefwa Crop Science Department School of Agriculture and Biotechnology Karatina University Karatina Kenya Department of Horticulture School of Agriculture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya tropical soil biology and fertility Institute of the International Centre for tropical Agriculture (TSBF-CIAT) Nairobi Kenya Department of Horticulture School of Agriculture Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya tropical soil biology and fertility Institute of the International Centre for tropical Agriculture (TSBF-CIAT) Nairobi Kenya

Tissue culture (TC) banana plantlets at the in vitro stage are delicate and devoid of microbes and nutrients that are essential for establishment and subsequent growth. Some microbes are known for function best under certain soil threshold levels of macro and micronutrients and have been associated with growth and performance of TC banana. A green house and field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of combining two commercial biological products [Rhizatech and ECO-T (mycorrhiza and Trichoderma based products, respectively)] with various sources of nitrogen and phosphorous including Mavuno, Minjingu phosphate rock, Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), manure and diammonium phosphate (DAP) on growth and performance of TC banana in Vertisol and Rhodic Ferralsol soil conditions. Tissue culture plants were initially inoculated with Rhizatech and ECO-T at the acclimatization stage and subsequently at the beginning of the potting stage and field establishment. Addition of nutrient sources was also done at the same stages of plant growth by mixing with the soil substrates prior to planting. The performance of plants was significantly (at p ≤ 0.05) affected by the combinations of nutrient sources depending on the soil type and stage of plant development. The growth of plants in the Vertisol increased with Trichoderma combined with either organic manure, DAP or combined with a macro and micro nutrient source (Mavuno) as compared to the sole application of Trichoderma. Performance of plants treated with combination of mycorrhiza and either Mavuno and minjigu rock phosphate was consistently higher in the Rhodic Ferralsol than either mycorrhiza alone or fertilizer alone. This indicates that TC plants could highly benefit from combined application of microbiological products and inorganic and organic fertilizers. However, a prior knowledge of the product’s microbial formulation and prevailing soil conditions is essential for optimizing the potential benefits of integrating micr

关键词： Microbiological Products soil fertility Practices Integration Tissue Culture Banana Growth and Performance

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Different survival of chromium-exposed Oxya chinensis among allozyme genotypes

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第4期21卷 509-513页

作者： LI Lijun LU Fuping ZHANG Min GUO Yaping MA Enbo School of Life Science and Technology Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China Institute of soil Science and Fertilizer Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Taiyuan 030031 China Environment and Plant Protection Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory for Baleful Biology Detection and Monitor of Tropical Agriculture of Hainan Province Danzhou 571737 China

The goal of the present study was to compare the different survival of Oxya chinensis exposed to chromium（VI） among allozyme genotypes to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the genetic variations and environmental disturbance. This study analyzed the occurrence of genotypes in O. chinensis population exposed to Cr（VI）. O. chinensis samples were collected at Yuanping, Shanxi Province, China and used in acute toxicity tests. Specimens were assigned to Cr（VI） exposure （LDs0：291.0 mg/kg） for 24 h. The genetic composition of both dead and survived specimens was analyzed with horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in four enzymes （GPI, PGM, LDH, and ME）. The results indicated that under Cr（VI） exposure, specimens with different genotypes had various mortalities at the four loci in laboratory conditions, and there was a genetic basis for tolerance in O. chinensis during acute exposure to Cr（VI）.

关键词： allozyme genotype tolerance chromium(VI) Oxya chinensis

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Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第2期19卷 185-193页

作者： DING Wei-xin MENG Lei CAI Zu-cong HAN Feng-xiang State Key Laboratory of soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China College of Agriculture South China University of Tropical Agriculture Danzhou 571737 China Department of Plant and soil Sciences Mississippi State University StarkviUe MS 39759 USA

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.

关键词： denitrification N fertilizer nitrification N2O emission organic manure

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