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August–September Runoff Variation in the Kara Darya River Determined from Juniper(Juniperus turkestanica) Tree Rings in the Pamirs-Alai mountains, Kyrgyzstan, Back to 1411 CE

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第3期94卷 682-689页

作者： ZHANG Heli HE Qing CHEN Feng Dogdurbek CHONTOEV Rysbek SATYLKANOV Bakytbek ERMENBAEV CHEN Youping Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of the Chinese Meteorological Administration/Xinjiang Laboratory of Tree-ring Ecology Institute of Desert MeteorologyChinese Meteorological AdministrationUrumqi 830002China Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security Institute of International Rivers and Eco-SecurityYunnan UniversityKunming 650500China tien-shan mountain scientific center Institute of Water Problems and Hydro PowerNational Academy of Sciences of The Kyrgyz RepublicBishkekKyrgyzstan

A 606 year runoff reconstruction of the Kara Darya River was developed, based on the tree-ring width chronology of Turkestan juniper(Juniperus turkestanica) from the Pamir-Alai mountains of Kyrgyzstan. Preliminary comparison between the snow cover variation and these climate/runoff reconstructions found that Central Asian snow cover may have strong associations with large-scale ocean-atmosphere-land circulations. The runoff reconstruction demonstrated that instrumental runoff was not representative of runoff over the past 606 years. The drought of the 1960 s-1990 s resulted in low runoff levels during the past 50 years;however, this probably does not represent a worst-case scenario for the Kara Darya because the runoff reconstruction showed additional extremely low runoff prior to the 20 th century. The reconstruction will provide a long-term perspective on runoff variation in the Kara Darya River basin, aid sustainable water resource management and be useful in guiding expectations of future variations and water resource planning.

关键词： tree rings runoff reconstruction snow cover Kara Darya River

Mass balance of saline lakes considering inflow loads of rivers and groundwater: the case of Lake Issyk-Kul, Central Asia

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Journal of Arid Land 2021年第12期13卷 1260-1273页

作者： Kei SAITOH Rysbek SATYLKANOV Kenji OKUBO Beppu Geothermal Research Laboratory Institute for Geothermal SciencesGraduate School of ScienceKyoto UniversityOita 8740903Japan tien shan High mountain Research center Institute of Water Problem and Hydropower of National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz RepublicBishkek 720033Kyrgyzstan Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science Okayama UniversityOkayama 7008530Japan

This study aimed to elucidate the influence of inflow water on the salinity concentration process of a saline lake and the mass balance of Lake Issyk-Kul,a tectonic saltwater lake in *** on the survey results and meteorological data from 2012 to 2015,we analyzed the dissolved chemical composition loads due to water ***,we discussed the relationship between the increase in salinity and water inflow into the *** the water quality analysis data,we used the tank model to estimate the river inflow and analyze the loads by the L-Q *** groundwater loads were then estimated from the average annual increase in salinity of the lake over a period of 30 *** results suggest that Lake Issyk-Kul was temporarily freshened between about AD 1500 and 1800 when an outflowing river existed,and thereafter,it became a closed lake in AD 1800 and continued to remain a saline lake until *** chemical components that cause salinization are supplied from the rivers and groundwater in the catchment area,and when they flow into the lake,Ca^(2+),HCO_(3)−and Mg^(2+)precipitate as CaCO_(3) and MgCO_(3).These compounds were confirmed to have been left on the lakeshore as *** model analysis showed that 1.67 mg/L of Ca^(2+)and Mg^(2+)supplied from rivers and groundwater are precipitated as evaporite and in other forms per *** the other hand,salinity continues to remain in the lake water at a rate of 27.5 mg/L per *** are the main causes of increased salinity in Lake *** Na^(+)and Cl^(-)are considered to be derived from geothermal water,they will continue to flow in regardless of the effects of human ***,as long as these components are accumulated in Lake Issyk-Kul as a closed lake,the salinity will continue to increase in the future.

关键词： groundwater geothermal water mass balance salinity saline lake L-Q curve

Comparison of drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the tien shan of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (China) during the last six centuries

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第1期8卷 18-25页

作者： WANG Hui-Qin CHEN Feng Bakytbek ERMENBAEV Rysbek SATYLKANOV Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration/Xinjiang Laboratory of Tree-ring Ecology Institute of Desert Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Urumqi 830002 China tien-shan mountain scientific center Institute of Water Problems and Hydro Power National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic Bishkek 720033Kyrgyzstan

In this study, tree-ring width data of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from the upper timberline of the tien shan (Kyrgyzstan) were analyzed to investigate the effect of climate change. Growtheclimate response analyses revealed that the tree rings of spruce at the upper timberline of the tien shan also can provide hydrometeorological (precipitation and streamflow) signals. Tree-ring records from both Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang exhibited similar tree-growth variability at both annual and decadal time scales during the common period 1457e2009. In Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan, tree growth was reduced during the Little Ice Age (LIA); however, the timing and magnitude of LIA differ between the two regions. During 1470e1660, the two chronologies diverged, and this phenomenon is considered to be caused by a different response to the harsh climate of the LIA. In this study, the tree-ring width series from the upper tree line of the tien shan is negatively associated with temperature. As opposed to previous studies, the tree-ring width series from the upper timberline of the tien shan appears to respond well to hydrometeorological factors. Therefore, we highlight the need for more detailed ecophysiological response studies for spruce trees at the upper timberline of the tien shan, in particular, with regard to the role of water availability and temperature during the growth season.

关键词： Kyrgyzstan Picea schrenkiana Upper tree line tien shan Drought signals

High-precision measurements of the inter-annual evolution for Urumqi Glacier No.1 in eastern tien shan,China

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2021年第6期13卷 474-487页

作者： ChunHai Xu ZhongQin Li JianXin Mu PuYu Wang FeiTeng Wang State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science/tien shan Glaciological Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China National Cryosphere Desert Data center Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China

High-precision measuring of glacier evolution remains a challenge as the available global and regional remote sensing techniques cannot satisfactorily capture the local-scale processes of most small-and medium-sized mountain *** this study,we use a high-precision local remote sensing technique,long-range terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),to measure the evolution of Urumqi Glacier No.1 at an annual *** found that the dense point clouds derived from the TLS survey can be used to reconstruct glacier surface terrain,with certain details,such as depressions,debris-covered areas,and supra-glacial drainages can be *** glacier experienced pronounced thickness thinning and continuous retreat over the last four mass-balance years(2015−2019).The mean surface slope of Urumqi Glacier No.1 gradually steepened,which may increase the removal of glacier *** glacier was deeply incised by two very prominent primary supra-glacial rivers,and those rivers presented a widening *** networks of supra-glacial channels had a significant impact on accelerated glacier mass ***-precision measuring is of vital importance to understanding the annual evolution of this type of glacier.

关键词： glacier thickness change front variation supra-glacial drainage pathway long-range terrestrial laser scanning(TLS) climate change

Microscopic Analyses of Insoluble Particles in an Ice Core of ürümqi Glacier No. 1: Quantification of Mineral and Organic Particles

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第4期22卷 431-440页

作者： Nozomu Takeuchi Yoriko Ishida 李忠勤 Department of Earth Sciences Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba 263-8552 Japan State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences/tien shan Glaciological Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Geography and Environment Sciences Northwest Normal University

Insoluble particle concentration in ice cores is commonly analyzed as a proxy for varia- tions in atmospheric mineral dust （aerosol concentration）. However, recent studies have revealed that the mineral dust is not only a constituent of the particles but that biogenic organic particles are also contained. We microscopically analyzed insoluble particles in a shallow ice core drilled on a mountain glacier, the Urumqi Glacier No. 1, in eastern tienshan, China. We distinguished different morphological particles in the ice core and quantified them separately. Results showed that the insoluble particles in this ice core consisted mainly of mineral particles, amorphous organic particles, pollen, and micro- organisms. Mineral particles were the most dominant, accounting for approximately 67% of total par- ticles, and amorphous organic particles were the second most dominant, accounting for approximately 33% of the total. The annual variation in the particles for the last 11 years differed between mineral and amorphous organic particles. The results suggest that the total insoluble particle concentration in the ice core reflects not only the atmospheric mineral dust but also the organic particles blown from ground soil or produced by microbes on the glacial surface.

关键词： ice core insoluble particle mineral dust microbes organic particles.

Numerical investigation of effects of “baffles-deceleration strip” hybrid system on rock avalanches

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Journal of mountain Science 2019年第2期16卷 414-427页

作者： BI Yu-zhang HE Si-ming DU Yan-jun shan Jie YAN Shuai-xing WANG Dong-po SUN Xin-po Institute of Geotechnical Engineering of Southeast University School of Transportation Southeast University Key Laboratory of mountain Hazards and Surface Process Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences center for Excellence in Tibet Plateau Earth Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu University of Technology College of civil engineering Sichuan University of Science and Engineering

Arrays of baffles are usually installed in front of protection site to attenuate the flow energy of rock avalanches in mountainous areas. Optimization design is crucial for efficiency promotion in hazard energy dissipation engineering. In this study, a deceleration strip was added in the baffles protection system to optimize the traditional baffles system. The effects of the "baffles-deceleration strip" hybrid protection system was discussed in detail with the nails number and nails angle. This study presents details of numerical experiments using the discreteelement method(DEM). The effect of the optimization of hybrid protection system(nail angle and nail number) were investigated specifically, especially the impact force that avalanches exerted on structures. The results show that the maximum impact forces and kinetic energy of the rock avalanches decreases with the increase of the number and angle of the nail. Moreover, the distance between the toe and the bearing structure(L_m) is also a key factor. The shorter the distance L_m(30 m) is, the higher the maximum impact force are. The longer the distance L_m(70 m) is, the lower the maximum impact force are. Under the same size of the nails, increasing the numbers can enhance the dissipation ability of the hybrid protection system. Meanwhile, increasing itsangle can also enhance the dissipation ability. There are three key ways for nails attenuate rock avalanches:(i) block the fine particles directly;(ii) form the particles bridge between nails and baffles;(iii) dissipate the coarse particles energy directly. The effect of segregation in rock avalanches is crucial for the energy dissipation mechanism, which is a key factor to optimize the traditional baffle system.

关键词： Rock avalanches Baffles Hybrid system Energy dissipation Impact force

Species richness and biodiversity significance of alpine micro-waterbody systems in Gaoligong mountain, Northwest Yunnan, China

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Journal of mountain Science 2020年第4期17卷 907-918页

作者： LIU Shuo-Ran Davide FORNACCA YANG Dao-De TAN Lu LI Xian-Fu REN Guo-Peng SUN Jun HE Xiao-Yang YANG Wen-Shu CAI Qing-Hua XIAO Wen Institute of Wildlife Conservation Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha 410004China Institute of Materia Medica Dali UniversityDali 671003China Collaborative Innovation center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China Dali 671003China Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali UniversityDali 671003China State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072China Gong-shan Administration Bureau Gao-li-gong Mountain National Nature ReserveNujiang 67350China

Water quality, size, connectivity and other physical properties of hydrological systems might have different functions in the formation and maintenance of biodiversity, but this remains mostly unclear due to the lack of undisturbed sites for experimental modelling. Alpine freshwater habitats such as micro-waterbodies(MWB) represent a kind of natural system suitable for biodiversity research. In order to assess potential linkages between environmental factors, connectivity of MWBs and aquatic species richness, we conducted a pilot study in two separated MWB systems located in Gaoligong mountain, northwest Yunnan province, China. A total of 27 MWBs have been analyzed, including 22 connected and 5 isolated bodies. 13 conventional environmental factors were tested while all kinds of aquatic macro-organisms were collected and classified. Results showed a high environmental heterogeneity among MWBs and significant differences between the two systems but only a few environmental variables such as the depth of soil bottom, total Nitrogen and altitude were related to species richness and the formation of the community structure. As a benefit from the high environmental heterogeneity, the cascaded MWB systems provided divergent habitats able to support species richness at a higher level than the same number of randomly selected MWBs. This finding supports the idea that habitat connectivity matters also in extremely small aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, although still a preliminary result, a polarization effect within connected chains where edge MWBs host higher taxa and endemic taxa richness as well as larger populations, was detectable. This study gives interesting insights on the spatial processes driving community structure and a new prospective for biodiversity conservation. Since alpine MWBs have significant effects on the maintenance of watershed biodiversity, further research on such small and crucial ecosystems is encouraged.

关键词： Habitat connectivity High mountain Extreme fine scale Cascaded water system Richness maintenance Polarized dispersal

Variations of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the western Qilian mountains, China, from 1957 to 2015

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Journal of mountain Science 2018年第1期15卷 25-32页

作者： LIU Yu-shuo QIN Xiang CHEN Ji-zu LI Zhen-lin WANG Jing DU Wen-tao GUO Wan-qin State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Qilian shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Geomatics center of Gansu Province Gansu Bureau of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation

Glaciers were solid reservoirs and important water resources in western China,but they were retreating significantly in context of global *** Glacier No.12 was the largest valley glacier in Qilian *** this study,realtime kinematic(RTK)data,topographic map and World View-2 satellite imagery were used to measure changes in terminus,extent and volume of Laohugou Glacier *** showed that Laohugou Glacier No.12 was shrinking significantly since ***1960 to 2015,the terminus reduction of Laohugou Glacier No.12 was 402.96 m(3.99%)in total,and glacier length decreased to 9.7 km from 10.1 *** of glacier area and volume were the most *** 1957 to 2015,glacier area and volume decreased by 1.54 km^2(7.03%)and 0.1816 km^3,*** trend of terminus and area was slowing in 1950-1980s,even stable for a period in the mid-1980s,and then *** core analysis result and nearly meteorological station data shown an increasing trend of temperature in 1957-2015,it was a main reason of continuous retreating of Laohugou Glacier No.12.

关键词： Glacier changes Laohugou Glacier No.12 Qilian mountains Real-time kinematic Remote sensing image

Changes in cultivated land patterns and driving forces in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China, from 1992 to 2015

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Journal of mountain Science 2020年第1期17卷 203-215页

作者： ZHANG Yu-xin WANG Yu-kuan FU Bin LI Ming LU Ya-feng DIXIT Amod Mani CHAUDHARY Suresh WANG shan Institute of mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal Kathmandu LalitpurP.O.Box 13667Nepal Chengdu Land Planning and Cadastre center Chengdu 610074China

Changes of cultivated land patterns caused by major water conservation projects are rarely reported. We selected the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China to study the change in area and landscape pattern of the cultivated land in the head,central, and tail areas of the reservoir that took place between 1992 and 2015;we then studied the spatial distribution of the cultivated land in the three parts of the reservoir;finally, we studied the driving forces behind the changes in the cultivated land. The results derived are as follows.(1) During the construction of the Three Gorges Project(TGP, 1992–2015), the area of cultivated land around the reservoir decreased by30.23 million ha. This reduction occurred in phases:the most severe change in cultivated land occurred during the later stage of the project(2002–2010);only 0.62 million ha of cultivated land did not change between 1992 and 2015.(2) Spatial pattern analysis showed that the cultivated land in the three parts of the reservoir changed from a northern distribution to a southern distribution;thus, the area of cultivated land in the north decreased over the time period. The area of cultivated land in the head and tail areas decreased by varying degrees, while it increased in the central area over the 23 years, indicating that the change in cultivated land showed regional differences.(3) The TGP, the policy of reverting farmland to forest,and urbanization were the main driving factors for the change of cultivated land, but there were differences in their impacts at different stages.(4) According to the patch dynamics of the land cover change, the degree of change gradually intensified during the early and later stages of the project and then stabilized during the operational period. Our research provides scientific support for the protection of cultivated land resources and food security in the reservoir area and for the coordination of social and economic development, which is of great significance to sustainable de

关键词： Agricultural land change Three Gorges Reservoir area Landscape index The standard deviation ellipse Cultivated land Driving forces