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Apple dwarfing rootstocks exhibit an imbalance in carbohydrate allocation and reduced cell growth and metabolism

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Horticulture research 2017年第1期4卷 311-323页

作者： Toshi M Foster Peter A McAtee Chethi N Waite Helen L Boldingh Tony K McGhie the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Palmerston North4474New Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Auckland1142New Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Hamilton3240New Zealand

Apple dwarfing rootstocks cause earlier shoot termination and reduced root and shoot *** identify physiological factors responsible for rootstock-induced growth restriction,we compared vascular-enriched gene expression between two dwarfing rootstocks(‘M27’and‘M9’)and the vigorous rootstock‘M793’using RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcriptase *** expressed genes common to both dwarfing rootstocks belonged to five main biological processes:(1)primary metabolism,(2)cell wall synthesis and modification,(3)secondary metabolism,(4)hormone signalling and response and(5)redox *** promoting the biosynthesis of amino acids,lipids and cell walls were downregulated in dwarfing rootstocks,whereas genes promoting the breakdown of these compounds were *** only exception to this trend was the upregulation of starch synthesis genes in dwarfing ***-structural carbohydrate analysis demonstrated that starch concentrations in‘M9’roots,stems and grafted‘Royal Gala’(‘RG’)scions were double that of equivalent tissues from‘RG’homo-grafted trees(‘RG’/‘RG’).Fructose and glucose concentrations were much lower in all three tissues of the‘RG’/‘M9’***,these data indicate that dwarfing rootstocks are in a state of sugar depletion and reduced cellular activity despite having large starch *** significant finding was the over-accumulation of flavonoids and the downregulation of auxin influx transporters MdAUX1 and MdLAX2 in dwarfing *** propose that both factors reduce polar auxin *** results of this study contribute novel information about the physiological state of dwarfing rootstocks.

关键词： walls roots dwarf

Ecology and management of Bactericera cockerelli and Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in new zealand

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第2期19卷 333-337页

作者： Jessica VEREIJSSEN Applied Entomology the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited

The psyllid Bactericera cockerelli was first reported in new zealand in 2006 and spread quickly throughout all potato growing *** 2009,*** was associated with the plant pathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease in *** the psyllid and the bacterium have non-crop host plants which can serve as reservoirs when the crop is not *** apply different management strategies that fit integrated pest management programmes to manage *** and subsequently lower incidence of zebra chip disease in potato *** best management efforts,complete control of *** and zero incidence of zebra chip disease are not achievable at the current time.

关键词： Bactericera cockerelli Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum potato insect vector

Multiple quantitative trait loci contribute to resistance to bacterial canker incited by Pseudomonas syringae *** in kiwifruit(Actinidia chinensis)

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Horticulture research 2019年第1期6卷 471-488页

作者： Jibran Tahir Stephen Hoyte Heather Bassett Cyril Brendolise Abhishek Chatterjee Kerry Templeton Cecilia Deng Ross Crowhurst Mirco Montefiori Ed Morgan Andrew Wotton Keith Funnell Claudia Wiedow Mareike Knaebel Duncan Hedderley Joel Vanneste John McCallum Kirsten Hoeata Amardeep Nath David Chagné Luis Gea Susan E.Gardiner the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Private Bag 11030Manawatu Mail CentrePalmerston North 4442New Zealand The new zealand institute for plant food research limited HamiltonNew Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Private Bag 92–169Auckland 1025New Zealand new plant via Malpighi 5Forlì47122Italy the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited LincolnNew Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited 412 No 1 RoadRD2Te Puke 3182New Zealand

Pseudomonas syringae ***(Psa)biovar 3,a virulent,canker-inducing pathogen is an economic threat to the kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.)industry *** commercially grown diploid(2×)*** *** is more susceptible to Psa than tetraploid and hexaploid *** information on the genetic loci modulating Psa resistance in kiwifruit is not *** we report mapping of quantitative trait loci(QTLs)regulating resistance to Psa in a diploid kiwifruit population,derived from a cross between an elite Psa-susceptible‘Hort16A’and a resistant male breeding parent *** high-density genetic maps and intensive phenotyping,we identified a single QTL for Psa resistance on Linkage Group(LG)27 of‘Hort16A’revealing 16–19%phenotypic variance and candidate alleles for susceptibility and resistance at this *** addition,six minor QTLs were identified in P1 on distinct LGs,exerting 4–9%*** in the F1 population is improved by additive effects from‘Hort16A’and P1 QTLs providing evidence that divergent genetic pathways interact to combat the virulent Psa *** different bioassays further identified new QTLs for tissue-specific responses to *** genetic marker at LG27 QTL was further verified for association with Psa resistance in diploid Actinidia chinensis *** analysis of Psa-resistant and susceptible genotypes in field revealed hallmarks of basal defense and provided candidate RNA-biomarkers for screening for Psa resistance in greenhouse conditions.

关键词： breeding trait

Turbocharging introgression breeding of perennial fruit crops:a case study on apple

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Horticulture research 2020年第1期7卷 2040-2046页

作者： Satish Kumar Elena Hilario Cecilia HDeng Claire Molloy the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Hawkes Bay Research CentreHavelock NorthNew Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand

The allelic diversity of primitive germplasm of fruit crops provides a useful resource for introgressing novel genes to meet consumer preferences and environmental ***-breeding facilitates the identification of novel genetic variation in the primitive germplasm and expedite its utilisation in cultivar breeding *** generations of pre-breeding could be required to minimise linkage drag from the donor parent and to maximise the genomic content of the recipient *** this study we investigated the potential of genomic selection(GS)as a tool for rapid background selection of parents for the successive generation.A diverse set of 274 accessions was genotyped using random-tag genotyping-by-sequencing,and phenotyped for eight fruit quality *** relationship between‘own phenotypes’of 274 accessions and their general combining ability(GCA)was also *** heritability influenced the strength of correspondence between own phenotype and the *** average(across eight traits)accuracy of predicting own phenotype was 0.70,and the correlations between genomic-predicted own phenotype and GCA were similar to the observed *** results suggest that genome-assisted parental selection(GAPS)is a credible alternative to phenotypic parental selection,so could help reduce the generation interval to allow faster accumulation of favourable alleles from donor and recipient parents.

关键词： breeding crops donor

Fine-mapping and validation of the genomic region underpinning pear red skin colour

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Horticulture research 2019年第1期6卷 1607-1613页

作者： Satish Kumar Chris Kirk Cecilia Hong Deng Claudia Wiedow Mengfan Qin Richard Espley Jun Wu Lester Brewer the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Hawkes Bay Research CentreHavelock NorthNew Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Palmerston North Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Mount Albert Research CentreAucklandNew Zealand Centre of Pear Engineering Technology research Nanjing Agricultural University210095 NanjingChina the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Motueka Research CentreMotuekaNew Zealand

Red skin colour is an important target trait in various pear breeding *** this study,the genetic control of red skin colour was investigated in an interspecific population derived using the descendants of the red sport European pear cultivar‘Max Red Bartlett’(MRB)and the red-blushed Chinese pear cultivar‘Huobali’.Approximately 550 seedlings from nine families were phenotyped for red skin over-colour coverage(Ocolcov)and the intensity of red over-colour(Ocolint)on a 0–9 scale,and genotyped using ***-wide association analyses were conducted using 7500 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).Genomic regions on linkage groups(LG)4 and 5 were found to be associated,and the best SNP(S578_25116)on LG4 accounted for~15%of phenotypic variation in Ocolcov and *** association of S578_25116 with Ocolcov and Ocolint was successfully validated in a sample of~200 European and Asian pear *** association with red skin at locus S578_25116 was not present in Asian pear accessions,suggesting its close proximity to the MRB’s Cardinal *** putative candidate genes,including MYB transcription factors(PCP027962 and PCP027967),were identified in the quantitative trait locus region on LG4 and await functional validation.

关键词： cultivar breeding colour

Soil particle size range correction for improved calibration relationship between the laser-diffraction method and sieve-pipette method

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Pedosphere 2021年第1期31卷 134-144页

作者： Weiwen QIU Wei HU Denis CURTIN Lidia MOTOI new zealand institute for plant&food research limited Private Bag 4704Christchurch 8140New Zealand

Particle size fraction(clay, silt, and sand) is an important characteristic that influences several soil functions. The laser-diffraction method(LDM) provides a fast and cost-effective measurement of particle size distribution, but the results usually differ from those obtained by the traditional sieve-pipette method(SPM). This difference can persist even when calibration is applied between the two methods. This partly relates to the different size ranges of particles measured by the two methods as a result of different operational principles, i.e., particle sedimentation according to Stokes’ Law vs. Mie theory for laser beam scattering. The objective of this study was to identify particle size ranges of LDM equivalent to those measured by SPM and evaluate whether new calibration models based on size range correction can be used to improve LDM-estimated particle size fractions, using 51 soil samples with various texture collected from five soil orders in new zealand. Particle size distribution was determined using both LDM and SPM. Compared with SPM, original data from LDM underestimated the clay fraction(new calibration models(based on the corrected size ranges of these two methods) improved the estimation of clay and silt contents by LDM. Compared with soil-specific models(i.e., different models were developed for different soils), a universal model may be more parsimonious for estimating particle size fractions if the samples to be assessed represent multiple soil orders.

关键词： laser diffraction Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient particle size distribution Pearson’s correlation coefficient sedimentation method soil separate soil texture

Differential regulation of the anthocyanin profile in purple kiwifruit(Actinidia species)

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Horticulture research 2019年第1期6卷 1746-1761页

作者： Yongyan Peng Kui Lin-Wang Janine M.Cooney Tianchi Wang Richard V.Espley Andrew C.Allan School of Biological Sciences University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Mt AlbertAucklandNew Zealand the new zealand institute for plant and food research limited East Street3214 HamiltonNew Zealand

Anthocyanins are a group of secondary metabolites that colour fruit and flowers orange,red,purple or blue depending on a number of factors,such as the basic structure,co-pigmentation,metal ion complexation and vacuolar *** biosynthesis of anthocyanin is regulated at the transcriptional level by a group of transcription factors,the MYB–bHLH–WD40(MBW)*** this study,the purple colouration in several kiwifruit(Actinidia)species was identified and characterised as red cyanidin-based and blue delphinidin-based *** differential pigmentation in the skin and flesh can be attributed to the differential ratio of cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives accumulated in the total anthocyanin *** expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes chalcone synthase(CHS),flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase(F3GT),flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase(F3′H)and flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase(F3′5′H)is crucial for anthocyanin ***,the balance of expression of the F3′H and F3′5′H genes appears responsible for the ratio of cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives,while a lack of CHS,F3GT and MYB110 expression is responsible for a lack of total *** transcriptional regulation of the F3′H and F3′5′H promoters by the R2R3 MYB transcription factor MYB110 is markedly different in tobacco transient *** kiwifruit MYB10 or MYB110 are over-expressed in Actinidia chinensis both cyanidin-based and delphinidin-based anthocyanins are elevated,but F3′H and F3′5′H genes are not strongly correlated with MYB *** results suggest that the core kiwifruit anthocyanin pathway genes are dependent on characterised MYB transcription factors,while other regulatory proteins are more directly responsible for the expression of the F3′H and F3′5′H genes.

关键词： Actinidia orange flowers

Characterization of the proteases in the midgut of the xylophagous larvae of Oemona hirta （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）

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Insect Science 2009年第5期16卷 381-386页

作者： Brian David Shaw John Tane Christeller The new zealand institute of plant and food research Palmerston North New Zealand

The protein digestive capability of the larvae of the longhorn beetle （Oemona hirta, Coleoptera： Cerambycidae, Fabricius, 1775） was investigated. This species feeds only on wood where there is a high proportion of vascular tissue. The pH of the midgut, the major digestive organ, was alkaline and protein hydrolysis was maximal at alkaline pH. Use of specific synthetic peptide substrates showed that the major protease activities were the endopeptidases, trypsin and chymotrypsin-like activity, and the exopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase and the pH curves corresponded to that with protein substrate. Studies using a range ofserine protease inhibitors as well as specific inhibitors ofmetalloproteases, cysteine proteases and aspartate proteases confirmed a serine protease-based digestive system similar to earlier reports of sapwood-feeding Cerambycids. Control of these insect pests using protease inhibitors is discussed.

关键词： chymotrypsin digestion Oemona hirta trypsin xylophagy

Bulbosum to Go： A Toolbox to Utilize Hordeum vulgarelbulbosum Introgressions for Breeding and Beyond

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Molecular plant 2015年第10期8卷 1507-1519页

作者： Neele Wendler Martin Mascher Axel Himmelbach Paul Johnston Richard Pickering Nils Stein Leibniz institute of plant Genetics and Crop plant research (IPK) CorrensstraSe 3 06466 Seeland (or) Gatersleben Germany new zealand institute for plant and food research limited Private Bag 4704 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand

Hordeum bulbosum L., a wild relative of barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）, has been considered as a valuable source of genetic diversity for barley improvement. Since the 1990s, a considerable number of barley/H, bulbosum introgression lines （IL）s has been generated, with segments introgressed from H. bulbosum harboring a diverse set of desirable traits. However, the efficient utilization of these ILs has been hampered, largely due to the lack of suitable molecular tools for their genetic characterization and highly reduced interspecific recombination frequencies in the region of the introgression. In the present study, we utilized genotyping-by-sequencing for the detailed molecular characterization of 145 ILs. Genotypic information allows the genetic diversity within the set of ILs to be determined and a strategy was outlined to tackle the obstacle of reduced recombination frequencies. Furthermore, we compiled exome capture re-sequencing information of barley and H. bulbosum and designed an integrated barley/ H. bulbosum sequence resource with polymorphism information on interspecific and intraspecific sequence variations of both species. The integrated sequence will be valuable for marker development in barley/H, bulbosum ILs derived from any barley and H. bulbosum donors. This study provides the tools for the widespread utilization of barley/H, bulbosum ILs in applied barley breeding and academic research.

关键词： Hordeum vulgare Hordeum bulbosum introgression line genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) exomecapture NGS